uses of ethicsl theories
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Uses of ethical theories
Ethical Theories
Utilitarianism Duty Ethics
Rightsethics
Rawls’ principles
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Utilitarian Theory
• the standard of right conduct is maximization ofgood consequences
• ACT UTILITARIAN theory
• focuses on actions, rather than on general rules.
An action is right, if it generates the most overallgood for the most people involved
• RULE UTILITARIAN theory
• individual actions are right when they arerequired by set of rules which maximizes the
public good.
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Duty Ethics ( proposed by Immanuel Kant)
• actions are consequences of performance ofone‟s duties such as, „being honest‟, „not cause
suffering of others‟, „being fair to others including
the meek and week‟, „being grateful‟, „keepingpromises
• Rawl’s Principles • (1) each person is entitled to the most extensive
amount of liberty compatible with an equalamount for others,
• (2) differences in social power and economicbenefits are justified only when they are likely tobenefit every one, including members of the
most disadvantaged groups
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Rights theory
• The right to access the truth
• The right of privacy
• The right not to be injured
• The right to what is agreed
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Uses of Ethical Theories
• In understanding moral dilemma
• In Justifying professional obligations anddecisions
• In relating ordinary and professional morality
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Resolving moral dilemmas
• Ethical theories aid in identifying the moralconsiderations that constitute a dilemma
• Ethical theories provide a more precise sense ofwhat kinds of information are relevant to solving
moral dilemmas• To rank the relevant moral considerations in
order of importance thereby provide guidance insolving moral problems
Provides a framework for moral reasoning
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Justifying Moral obligations
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Relating Professional and Ordinarymorality
View 3
View 2InterpersonalCommunication
View 4
View 1
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Relating Professional and Ordinary morality
• View 1 engineers acquire moral obligationsconcerning safety through laws or enforced codes.
• View 2 engineers acquire special obligations by joining special society and agreeing to live by thatsociety‟s code of ethics.
• View 3 through contractual agreements
• View 4 vow to protect and safeguard the public
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© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 –10
Overcoming the Barriers to EffectiveInterpersonal Communications
• Use Feedback• Simplify Language
• Listen Actively
• Constrain Emotions• Watch Nonverbal Cues
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Exhibit 11 –3 Active Listening Behaviors
Source: Based on P.L. Hunsaker, Training in Management Skills (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001).
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Communication Flows
Lateral
Downward
Upwa rd
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Exhibit 11 –4 Three Common Organizational Communication Networksand How They Rate on Effectiveness Criteria
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The Grapevine
• An informal organizational communication
network that is active in almost everyorganization.
Provides a channel for issues not suitable for formalcommunication channels.
The impact of information passed along the grapevinecan be countered by open and honest communicationwith employees.
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Current Communication Issues (cont’d)
• Managing the Organization‟s Knowledge
Resources
Build online information databases that employeescan access.
Create “communities of practice” for groups of people
who share a concern, share expertise, and interactwith each other.
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“Politically Correct” Communication
• Do not use words or phrases that stereotype,
intimidate, or offend individuals based on theirdifferences.
• However, choose words carefully to maintain as
much clarity as possible in communications.