uses of radioactive materials in industry.ppt
DESCRIPTION
Uses of Radioactive materials in IndustryTRANSCRIPT
Uses of Radioactive Uses of Radioactive materials in Industrymaterials in Industry
Gamma RadiographyGamma Radiography
X-ray filmGamma Source
Gamma radiographyGamma radiography
► Gamma vs X-rayGamma vs X-ray► Smaller instrumentSmaller instrument► Don’t need Don’t need
electricity, so good electricity, so good for remote areasfor remote areas
► Discrete energiesDiscrete energies► Higher energiesHigher energies
Gamma radiographyGamma radiography
Checking for cracks in an aircraft engine
A gamma radiograph of pipe…looking for faults
Using a pipe crawler to test welds in the field
Gamma RadiographyGamma Radiography
► Common IsotopesCommon Isotopes Iridium-192Iridium-192 Co-60Co-60
► Source shielding Source shielding from 50 to 500 from 50 to 500 pounds of DU.pounds of DU.
► Safety IssuesSafety Issues License requirementLicense requirement
► TrainingTraining ClassClass 2 month on the job2 month on the job Refresher every 12 Refresher every 12
monthsmonths► MonitoringMonitoring► Leak testsLeak tests► Security of deviceSecurity of device
Neutron MethodsNeutron Methods
► Takes advantage of Takes advantage of neutrons interacting neutrons interacting with substances and with substances and causing them to causing them to emit gamma rays emit gamma rays which are analyzed.which are analyzed. Thermal Neutron Thermal Neutron
CaptureCapture Neutron inelastic Neutron inelastic
scattering.scattering.
Neutron Source
NaIDector
Gammas
Neutrons
Soil Density GaugeSoil Density Gauge
Uses an Am241/Be9 source to generate neutrons and a Bismuth/germanium solid state detector
Neutron RadiographyNeutron RadiographyOne of the biggest uses is monitoring conveyers in coal and concrete industry.
Neutron Radiography SafetyNeutron Radiography Safety
► UseUse Training Training Monitoring (neutron)Monitoring (neutron) Most are self shieldingMost are self shielding Leak testingLeak testing Security is a big issueSecurity is a big issue
► Lost gaugesLost gauges► Gauges run over by Gauges run over by
equipment.equipment.
► TransportationTransportation Lots of these are used at Lots of these are used at
remote sites.remote sites. DOT regs. These are DOT regs. These are
usually yellow II, and usually yellow II, and have to be labeled.have to be labeled.
Have to be blocked and Have to be blocked and braced, not in passenger braced, not in passenger compartmentcompartment
Have to have shipping Have to have shipping papers, even if papers, even if transported in a company transported in a company trucktruck
Radiation and hazmat Radiation and hazmat training required to carry.training required to carry.
Fixed Fixed gaugesgauges
► Level, flow, and Level, flow, and thickness gaugesthickness gauges Gamma, usuallyGamma, usually
► Detect level of Detect level of material in a hoppermaterial in a hopper
► Detect presence and Detect presence and flow of material in flow of material in pipspips
BetaBeta► Determine thickness Determine thickness
of plastic sheets.of plastic sheets.
Gamma irradiatorsGamma irradiators
Typically these have Co60 or Cs137…Up to 5 million Curies
EnergyEnergy
•Moderator is often water. Slows down the neutrons without absorbing them. Others include carbon as graphite.
•Control rods limit the fission reaction by absorbing neutrons. Cd and B are the most common.
Have to assemble a critical mass of fissionable material.
For U235 without a moderator takes 50Kg=17 cm sphere.
No moderator, lots of fast neutrons -get a bomb.
Nuclear Power Nuclear Power plantsplants
Reactor fuel rods
Potential Potential CatastrophCatastroph
ic ic ProblemsProblems
► Reactor core Reactor core meltdownmeltdown ChernobylChernobyl
► Large leak of Large leak of radioactive radioactive material to material to environmentenvironment
Reactor DateImmediate
DeathsEnvironmental
effect Follow-up action
NRX, Canada (experimental, 40 MWt) 1952 Nil Nil
Repaired (new core) closed 1992
Windscale-1, UK (military plutonium-producing pile) 1957 Nil
Widespread contamination.
Farms affected (c 1.5 x 1015 Bq
released)Entombed (filled with
concrete) Being demolished.
SL-1, USA (experimental, military, 3 MWt) 1961
Three operators
Very minor radioactive
release Decommissioned
Fermi-1 USA (experimental breeder, 66 MWe) 1966 Nil Nil
Repaired and restarted, then closed in 1972
Lucens, Switzerland (experimental, 7.5 MWe) 1969 Nil
Very minor radioactive
release Decommissioned
Browns Ferry, USA (commercial, 2 x 1080 MWe) 1975 Nil Nil Repaired
Three-Mile Island-2, USA (commercial, 880 MWe) 1979 Nil
Minor short-term radiation dose (within ICRP
limits) to public, delayed release of 2 x 1014 Bq of Kr-
85
Clean-up program complete, in monitored storage stage of
decommissioning
Saint Laurent-A2, France (commercial, 450 MWe) 1980 Nil
Minor radiation release (8 x 1010
Bq) Repaired, (Decomm. 1992)
Chernobyl-4, Ukraine (commercial, 950 MWe) 1986
47 staff and firefighters (32
immediate)
Major radiation release across E.
Europe and Scandinavia (11 x
1018 Bq) Entombed
Vandellos-1, Spain (commercial, 480 MWe) 1989 Nil Nil Decommissioned
Real-World day to day problemsReal-World day to day problemsPower Reactor Event Number: 43736
Facility: PALO VERDERegion: 4 State: AZUnit: [1] [ ] [ ]RX Type: [1] CE,[2] CE,[3] CENRC Notified By: RAY BUZARDHQ OPS Officer: PETE SNYDER
Notification Date: 10/22/2007Notification Time: 09:27 [ET]Event Date: 10/22/2007Event Time: 03:11 [MST]Last Update Date: 10/22/2007
Emergency Class: NON EMERGENCY10 CFR Section: 50.72(b)(2)(i) - PLANT S/D REQD BY TS
Person (Organization): CHUCK CAIN (R4)
Event Text SHUTDOWN DUE TO INOPERABLE STEAM DRIVEN AUXILIARY FEEDWATER PUMP
"The following report is based on information currently available. If through subsequent reviews of this event, additional information is identified that is pertinent to this event or alters the information being provided at this time, a follow-up notification will be made via the ENS or under the reporting requirements of 10 CFR 50.73.
"On Monday October 22, 2007, at 0311 Mountain Standard Time (MST) Palo Verde Nuclear Station Unit 1 initiated a normal reactor shutdown to comply with condition C of Technical Specifications (TS) Limiting Condition for Operation (LCO) 3.7.5. At 0504 MST Mode 3 was entered.
"LCO 3.7.5 requires that three auxiliary feedwater (AF) pumps be operable in Modes 1, 2, and 3. The shutdown was necessary due to an inoperable steam supply for the essential steam driven AF pump turbine. The steam supply had been declared inoperable on October 15, 2007, at 0904 MST and will not be restored to operable status within the TS required 7 day completion time. Efforts are in progress to correct the condition.
"The event did not result in the release of radioactivity to the environment and did not adversely affect the safe operation of the plant or health and safety of the public."
The licensee notified the NRC Resident Inspector.
Nuclear fuel preparation – why Nuclear fuel preparation – why there are environmental there are environmental
remediation jobs.remediation jobs.
The nuclear fuel cycle.The nuclear fuel cycle.