~uslim World (622-1629)

RISE OF ISLAM

TEXT SUMMARYIn 622, a new religion called Islam arosein Arabia. According to Islam, God senthis angel Gabriel with a command toMuhammad to spread the message ofIslam. Muhammad spent the rest of hislife spreading the word of Islam. Soonthousands of people adopted Islam.

People who practice Islam are calledMuslims. Like Jews and Christians,Muslims believe in one God, Allah. Allahis compassionate and all-powerful. Islamteaches that people are responsible for theway they behave. Muslims must prayevery day and are expected to fast, or gowithout food, from sunrise to sunset dur-ing the holy month of Ramadan. Muslimsare supposed to help the poor and visit

the holy city of Mecca. If Muslims followIslamic teachings, they will have eternalhappiness after death.

The sacred book of Islam isthe Quran. Muslims believe thatthe Quran contains the word ofGod, so it is the final authorityin all matters. It also provides acomplete guide to life. Overtime, Muslims developed a sys-tem of law, called the Sharia.The laws teach people how tobehave in family life, business, and otheraspects of the community. In this way,Islam is both a religion and a way of life.The Quran, the Sharia, and the Arabic lan-guage helped unite all Muslims.

Islam arose inArabia around 622and became one ofthe world's majorreligions.

GRAPHIC SUMMARY: The Five Duties of Islam

REVIEW QUESTIONS1. What do the Quran and the Sharia

teach?

All Muslims accept fivebasic duties called theFive Pillars of Islam.

2. Diagram Skills Name threeduties of Islam.

© Prentice-Hall, Inc. Guide to the Essentials CHAPTER 11 Survey Edition 57

Inspired byMubammad's teach-ings, Arab armiesspread Islamthrough parts ofthree continents.

ISLAM SPREADS

TEXT SUMMARY

After the death of Muhammad,Muslims disagreed about who should bethe leader of Islam. They split into twogroups, Sunnis and Shiites. Today, Sunnisand Shiites share most religious beliefs,laws, and ways of life, but they still differover the issue of who should have suc-ceeded Muhammad as leader of theIslamic community.

Several strong dynasties ruled the Arabempire. However, around 850, the empirebegan to decline. Independent dynastiesarose to rule separate Muslim states. Inthe 900s, the Seljuk Turks adopted Islamand built their own empire. They tookcontrol of the Arab capital, Baghdad.Then, in the 1200s, the Mongolsdestroyed Baghdad.

GRAPHIC SUMMARY: The Spread of Islam

Arabs spread Islam across parts of threecontinents. After Muhammad died, Arabarmies built a large empire. They con-quered parts of the Byzantine empire, thePersian empire, Egypt, and Spain. TheArabs were strong fighters. Their cavalry,mounted on camels and horses, over-

whelmed opponents. The Arabswere successful partly becausethe Byzantine and Persianempires were weak from fight-ing wars against each other.Most important, the Arabs wereunited by their belief in Islam.The Arabs treated conqueredpeople fairly. People in defeatedempires welcomed the. Arabs

after years of living under harsh rulers.Many converted to Islam.

Arab armies mademighty conquests thatcarried Islam from theAtlantic Ocean to India.

N

+S

NORTH AFRICA

SAHARA

D Muslim lands at deathof Muhammad, 632

O lands conquered byMuslims by 750

Arabian Sea

500 1000 kilometers

500 1000 miles, I

II REVIEW QUESTIONS1. Name three reasons that the Arabs

were able to build a large empire.

"'-Survey Edition CHAPTER 11 Guide to the Essentials

2. Map Skills What lands did theMuslims rule at the time ofMuhammad's death?

58 © Prentice-Hall, Inc.

GOLDEN AGE OFMUSLIM CIVILIZATION

TEXT SUMMARYAs the Muslim empire grew, it added buildings. Arabs loved stories, soPersians, Egyptians, Africans, Europeans, they collected tales from all overand others to the Arab population. Over the Islamic world. However, thetime, Muslim culture blended many dif- Quran was the most importantferent traditions. piece of Arab literature. Many

A strong economy helped to spread writers wrote poems and storiesIslam. Between 750 and 1350, Muslim mer- based on the Quran.chants built a trade network across the The Muslims were excellentIslamic world and beyond. Muslims invent- scientists. They contributed toed new ways of doing business that includ- the development of algebra.ed credit sales and bank checks. Muslim Muslim astronomers studiedartisans produced fine carpets, glassware, eclipses, and they figured out the circum-and steel swords. To help farm the deser-, ~erence of, or distance around, the Earth.leaders built huge irrigation systems. ,\The government set up hospitals with emer-

The many cultures of the Muslim ~ency rooms and wards for women. Doctorsempire influenced art and literature. For had to pass difficult tests to practice. Theyexample, Muslim architects adapted traveled to jails and to the countryside toByzantine domes and arches for their care for sick people.

During the goldenage of Muslim civi-lization, Muslimsof many landsmade advances inart, literature, andscience.

GRAPHIC SUMMARY: The Golden Age of MuslimCivilization

Art literature• Use beautiful writing and patterns to decorate • Consider Quran most important piece of Arabic

buildings and art literature• Adapt Byzantine domes and arches • Chant oral poetry• Paint people and animals in nonreligious art • Collect stories from other people

I Muslim Civilization Ilearning Medicine

• Translate writings of Greek philosophers • Require doctors to pass difficult tests• Develop algebra • Set up hospitals with emergency rooms• Observe Earth turning and measure its • Study diseases and write medical books

circumference

Muslim civilization adapted and greatlyexpanded the learning of other cultures.

REVIEW QUESTIONS1. How did merchants help to spread

Islam?2. Chart Skills What were three

Arab advances in science andmedicine?

© Prentice-Hall, Inc. Guide to the Essentials CHAPTER 11 Survey Edition 59

MUSLIMS IN INDIA

TEXT SUMMARYIn the late 1100s, Turkish Muslims con-quered northern India. They set up adynasty called the Delhi sultanate.Muslim rule brought changes to Indiangovernment and society. Muslim sultans

introduced Muslim ways of gov-ernment. Trade between Indiaand the Muslim world increased.Many Muslim scholars went toIndia. They helped create a bril-liant civilization at Delhi.

Muslim rule of India broughttogether two very different reli-

gions and cultures. Hinduism was anancient religion, with many gods andmany sacred texts. Islam was a newer reli-gion with one God and one sacred text.The Delhi sultans allowed Hindus to prac-

Muslim invasionsresulted in Islamicrule of northernIndia.

tice their religion. Over time, Muslim andHindu cultures blended together. ManyHindus converted to Islam. IndianMuslims adopted Hindu marriage customsand the caste system. A new language,Urdu, mixed Persian, Arabic, and Hindi.Also, a new religion called Sikhism devel-oped. Sikhism blended Muslim and Hindubeliefs.

In 1526, Turkish and Mongol invadersconquered India. They set up the Mughaldynasty. The most important Mughalruler was Akbar the Great. Akbar built astrong government through his policy ofreligious tolerance. He married a Hinduprincess and allowed Hindu princes tohelp rule the empire. He modernized thearmy and encouraged trade.

GRAPHIC SUMMARY: Islam and Hinduism

Islam Hinduism

One sacred book Many sacred books

One God Many gods and goddesses

Believers do not make statues of God Believers pray before statues of gods and goddesses

All believers are equal before God People of different castes are not equal

When the Muslims conquered India, two very different religions came into contact.

REVIEW QUESTIONS1. Describe two ways in which

Muslim rule changed India.2. Chart Skills Name two differ-

ences between Hinduism andIslam. .~

60 Survey Edition CHAPTER11 Guide to the Essentials © Prentice-Hall, Inc.

THE OTTOMAN ANDSAFAVID EMPIRES

TEXT SUMMARY

Starting in the 1400s while the Mughalsruled India, two other Muslim dynastiesarose. Both used new weapons and mili-tary strategies to win territory. Onegroup, the Ottomans, built a hugeempire in the Middle East, EasternEurope, and northern Africa. The othergroup, the Safavid dynasty, built a pow-erful empire in Persia.

Muslim traditions influenced bothempires. Ottoman Sultan Suleiman theMagnificent strengthened the governmentand improved the system of justice.Ottoman law was based on the Sharia. (SeeSection 1.) Government officials workedwith religious leaders who interpreted thelaw. The Safavidscreated a strong govern-ment, strengthened the army, and formedalliances with European states. Wise lead-

ers of both empires accepted people ofother religions. However, the Ottomansand Safavidswere bitter enemies becauseof their opposing views of Islam.

Both the Ottomans and theSafavids enjoyed a golden ageunder great leaders. During thereign of Suleiman, Ottomanpainters used Persian styles tocreate beautiful manuscripts.Architects built many palacesand places of worship calledmosques. Safavid leader ShahAbbas the Great restored the culture ofPersia. He welcomed artists, poets, andscholars to his capital city. His palaceworkshops produced beautiful porcelains,clothes, and rugs.

New military t'i£ -nology helped boththe Ottomans andSafavids to createpowerful empires.

GRAPHIC SUMMARY: Powerful Muslim Empires

Empire extends fromHungary to Arabia and

across North Africa

Suleiman the Magnificent rulesfrom 1520 to 1566

Shah Abbas the Great rulesfrom 1588 to 1629

Other religious beliefstolerated in the empire

Use Persian and Arabideas in literature

Empires fight each otherin religious wars

Capital city is Istanbul,previously Constantinople

Sultan improves the legalsystem

Shiite Muslims

Isfahan, the capital, is center ofarts and learning

Alliances with Europeanstates

The period from about 1450 to 1650 is sometimes called "the age of gunpowderempires" because the Ottomans and the Safavids used new military technology.

REVIEW QUESTIONS1. What helped both the Ottomans

and Safavids to win new territory?2. Diagram Skills Name a great

Ottoman ruler. Name a greatSafavid ruler.

© Prentice-Hall, Inc. Guide to the Essentials CHAPTER 11 Survey Edition 61

Name Class Date _

CHAPTER 11.'" E' 'I; Test

IDENTIFYING MAIN IDEASWrite the letter of the correct answer in the blank provided. (10 points each)

1. Which of the following beliefs is held byMuslims, Jews, and Christians?A. belief in reincarnationB. belief in Jesus as the messiahC. belief in one GodD. belief in Muhammad

2. To Muslims, the Quran isA. a theoretical work with little application

to daily life.B. only a guide written by a group of

Muslim scholars.C. superseded by the Sharia.D. the final authority on all matters.

3. According to the Five Pillars of Islam,every Muslim mustA. read the Bible.B. give alms.C. believe in many gods.D. obey official priests.

4. The key reason for Muslim success inconquest wasA. the weakness of the Persians.B. the Arab camel cavalry.C. their common faith.D. their bravery.

5. The split between Sunni and ShiiteMuslims began with disagreement overA. the choice of a leader.B. a belief in one God.C. acceptance of the Quran.D. the required pilgrimage to Mecca.

6. Extensive trade led Muslims to invent newA. products.B. ways of doing business.C. highways.D. religious beliefs.

7. Which of the following events created aMuslim empire in India?A. the fall of the Gupta empireB. the establishment of the Delhi sultanateC. the invasion by TamerlaneD. the conquest by Mahmud

8. Sikhism blended the beliefs of Islam withthose ofA. Christianity.B.Judaism.C. Buddhism.D. Hinduism.

9. Which of the following statementsdescribes the Ottoman and Safavidempires?A. Both were ruled by a caliph.B. Both persecuted non-Muslims.C. Both preserved peace.D. Both based their government on

Muslim traditions.

10. How did the arts fare under Suleiman?A. They declined.B. They remained the same.C. They flourished.D. They were outlawed.

62 © Prentice-Hall, Inc.Survey Edition CHAPTER11 Guide to the Essentials