UT Level II Questions

1. Of the following sound wave modes, which one has multiple or varying wave velocities?a. Longitudinal wavesb. Shear wavesc. Transverse wavesd. Lamb waves

2. Which of the following would be considered application(s) of ultrasonic techniques?a. Determination of a material's elastic modulusb. Study of a material's metallurgical structurec. Measurement of a material's thicknessd. All of the above

3. The only significant sound wave mode that will travel through a liquid is:a. Shearb. Longitudinalc. Surfaced. Rayleigh

4. The acoustic impedance of a material is used to determine the:a. Angle of refraction at an interfaceb. Attenuation within the materialc. Relative amounts of sound energy coupled through and reflected at an interfaced. Beam spread within the material

5. When angle beam contact testing a test piece, increasing the incident angle until the second critical angle is reached results in:a. Total reflection of a surface waveb. 45 degree refraction of the shear wavec. Production of a surface waved. None of the above

6. Acoustic energy propagates in different modes. Which of the following represent a mode?a. Longitudinal waveb. Shear wavec. Surface waved. All of the above

7. The simple experiment where a stick in a glass of water appears disjointed at the water surface illustrates the phenomenon of:a. Reflectionb. Magnificationc. Refractiond. Diffraction

8. The crystal thickness and transducer frequency are related. The thinner the crystal:a. The lower the frequencyb. The higher the frequencyc. There is no appreciable affectd. None of the above

9. The random distribution of crystallographic direction in alloys with large crystalline structures is a factor in determining:a. Acoustic noise levelsb. Selection of test frequencyc. Scattering of soundd. All of the above

10. The length of the zone adjacent to a transducer in which fluctuations in sound pressure occur is mostly affected by:a. The frequency of the transducerb. The diameter of the transducerc. The length of transducer cabled. Both a and b

11. The differences in signals received from identical reflectors at different material distances from a transducer may be caused by:a. Material attenuationb. Beam divergencec. Near field effectsd. All of the above

12. It is possible for a discontinuity smaller than the transducer to produce indications of fluctuating amplitude as the search unit is moved laterally if testing is being performed in the: a. Fraunhofer zoneb. Near fieldc. Snell fieldd. Shadow zone

13. In immersion testing, the near field effects of a transducer may be eliminated by:a. Increasing transducer frequencyb. Using a larger diameter transducerc. Using an appropriate water pathd. Using a focused transducer

14. In Figure 1, assuming a uniform beam pattern, what relationship would you expect to exist between the amplitudes of the reflected laminar signals at positions A and B?a. 12 dB differenceb. Equal amplitudesc. 2 to 1d. 3 to 1

15. In the far field of a uniform ultrasonic beam, sound intensity is ______________ the beam centerline.a. Minimum atb. Maximum atc. Maximum throughout twice the angle (sin sigma = C/Df) where C is acoustic velocity, D is crystal diameter, and f is frequency atd. Not related to orientation of

16. Which of the following may result in a long narrow rod if the beam divergence results in a reflection from a side of the test piece before the sound wave reaches the back surface?a. Multiple indications before the first back reflectionb. Indications from multiple surface reflectionsc. Conversion from the longitudinal mode to shear moded. Loss of front surface indications

17. Where does beam divergence occur?a. Near fieldb. Far fieldc. At the crystald. None of the above

18. As frequency increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle of beam divergence of a given diameter crystal:a. Decreasesb. Remains unchangedc. Increasesd. Varies uniformly through each wavelength

19. As the radius of curvature of a curved lens is increased, the focal length of the lens will:a. Increase b. Decreasec. Remain the samed. Be indeterminate unless the frequency is known

20. When examining materials for planar flaws oriented parallel to the part surface, what testing method is most often used?a. Angle beam b. Through-transmissionc. Straight beamd. Dual crystal

21. If a contact angle beam transducer produces 45 degree shear wave in steel, the angle produced by the same transducer in an aluminum specimen would be: (VSteel = 0.323 cm/micro sec; VSal = 0.310 cm/micro sec)a. Less than 45 degreesb. Greater than 45 degreesc. 45 degreesd. Unknown: more information is required

22. Rayleigh waves are influenced most by defects located:a. Close to or on the surfaceb. 1 wavelength below the surfacec. 3 wavelengths below the surfaced. 6 wavelengths below the surface

23. The ultrasonic test method in which finger damping is most effective in locating a discontinuity is:a. Shear waveb. Longitudinal wavec. Surface waved. Compression wave

24. Lamb waves can be used to detect:a. Laminar-type defects near the surface of a thin materialb. Lack of fusion in the center of a thick weldmentc. Internal voids in diffusion bondsd. Thickness changes in heavy plate material

25. The ratio of the velocity of sound in water compared to that for aluminum or steel is approximately:a. 1:8b. 1:4c. 1:3d. 1:2

26. Which of the following scanning methods could be classified as an immersion type test?a. Tank in which the search unit and test piece are immersedb. Squirter bubbler method in which the sound is transmitted in a column of flowing waterc. Scanning with a wheel-type search unit with the transducer inside a liquid filled tired. All of the above

27. In an immersion test of a piece of steel or aluminum, the water distance appears on the display as a fairly wide space between the initial pulse and the front surface reflection because of:a. Reduced velocity of sound in water as compared to test specimenb. Increased velocity of sound in water as compared to test specimenc. Temperature of the waterd. All of the above

28. Using the immersion method, a distance amplitude curve (DAC) for a 19mm (0.75in) diameter, 5 MHz search unit shows the high point of the DAC at the B/51mm (2in) block. One day later, the high point of the DAC for the same search unit is at the J/102mm (4in) block. Assuming that calibration has not changed, this would indicate that the search unit:a. Is improving in resolutionb. Is becoming defectivec. Has the beam of a smaller search unitd. Both b and c

29. What law can be used to calculate the angle of refraction within a metal for both longitudinal and shear waves?a. Poisson's ratio lawb. Snell's lawc. Fresnel's field lawd. Charles' law

30. At an interface between two different materials, an impedance difference results in:a. Reflection of the entire incident energy at the interfaceb. Absorption of soundc. Division of sound energy into transmitted and reflected modesd. None of the above

31. When using focused transducers, non-symmetry in a propagated sound beam may be caused by:a. Backing material variationsb. Lens centering or misalignmentc. Porosity in lensesd. All of the above

32. Ultrasonic wheel units may be used for which of the following types of examinations?a. Straight or longitudinal examinationb. Angle beam or shear wave examinationc. Surface wave or Rayleigh wave examinationd. All of the above

33. During straight beam testing, test specimens with non-parallel front and back surfaces can cause:a. Partial or total loss of back reflectionb. No loss in back reflectionc. A widened (broad) back reflection indicationd. A focused (narrow) back reflection indication

34. In the immersion technique, the distance between the face of the transducer and the test surface (water path) is usually adjusted so that the time required to send the sound beam through the water:a. Is equal to the time required for the sound to travel through the test pieceb. Is greater than the time required for the sound to travel through the test piecec. Is less than the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece?d. None of the above

35. In a B-scan display, the length of a screen indication from a discontinuity is related to:a. A discontinuity's thickness as measured parallel to the ultrasonic beamb. The discontinuity's length in the direction of the transducer travelc. Both a and bd. None of the above

36. Which circuit triggers the pulser and sweep circuits in an A-scan display?a. Receiver-amplifierb. Power supplyc. Clockd. Damping

37. On an A-scan display, the "dead zone", refers to:a. The distance contained within the near fieldb. The area outside the beam spreadc. The distance covered by the front surface pulse width and recovery timed. The area between the near field and the far field

38. On an A-scan display, what represents the intensity of a reflected beam?a. Echo pulse widthb. Horizontal screen locationc. Signal brightnessd. Signal amplitude

39. Of the following scan types, which one can be used to produce a recording of flaw areas superimposed over a plan view of the test piece?a. A-scanb. B-scanc. C-scan d. D-scan

40. In immersion testing in a small tank, a manually operated manipulator is used to:a. Set the proper water pathb. Set the proper transducer anglec. Set the proper index functiond. Both a and b

41. A 45 degree shear angle beam transducer produces a wave in the metal that is polarized:a. Perpendicular to the direction of propagation and parallel to the entry surfaceb. In the direction of propagation and at 45 degrees to the normal to the entry surfacec. Perpendicular to the entry surfaced. Perpendicular to the direction of propagation and 45 degrees to the entry surface

42. In straight (normal) beam contact testing, a reduction in the back surface reflection amplitude could indicate:a. Inadequate couplingb. A flaw which is not normal to the beamc. A near surface defect that cannot be resolved from the main bang (initial pulse)d. All of the above

43. A 15cm (6in) diameter rod is being inspected for centerline cracks. The A-scan presentation for one complete path through the rod is as shown in Figure 2. Where should there be an alarm gate?a. An alarm gate should be used between points A and Eb. An alarm gate should be used at point D onlyc. An alarm gate should be used between points B and Dd. An alarm gate could not be used for this application

44. In an automatic scanning immersion unit, the bridge or carriage serves to:a. Support the manipulator and scanner tube and to move it about transversely and longitudinallyb. Control the angular and transverse positioning of the scanner tubec. Control the vertical and angular positioning of the scanner tubed. Raise and lower the transducer

45. When adjusting the flaw locating rule for a shear wave weld inspection, the zero point on the rule must coincide with the:a. Sound beam exit point of the wedgeb. Point directly over the flawc. Wheel search unitd. Circular scanner

46. A special scanning device with the transducer mounted in a tire-like container filled with couplant is commonly called:a. A rotating scannerb. An axial scannerc. A wheel transducerd. A circular scanner

47. Which best describes a typical display of a crack whose major surface is perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam?a. A broad indicationb. A sharp indicationc. The indication will not show due to improper orientationd. A broad indication with high amplitude

48. A primary purpose of a reference standard is:a. To provide a guide for adjusting instrument controls to reveal discontinuities that are considered harmful to the end use of the productb. To give the technician a tool for determining exact discontinuity sizec. To provide assurance that all discontinuities smaller than a certain specified reference reflector are capable of being detected by the testd. To provide a standard reflector which exactly simulates natural discontinuities of a critical size

49. Compensation for the variation in echo height related to variations in discontinuity depth in the test material is known as:a. Transferb. Attenuationc. Distance amplitude correctiond. Interpretation

50. Which of the following is a reference reflector that is not dependent on beam angle?a. A flat bottom holeb. A vee notchc. A side drilled hole which is parallel to the plate surface and perpendicular to the sound pathd. A disc-shaped laminar reflector

51. During a straight beam ultrasonic test, a discontinuity indication is detected that is small in amplitude compared to the loss in amplitude of back reflection. The orientation of this discontinuity is probably:a. Parallel to the test surfaceb. Perpendicular to the sound beamc. Parallel to the sound beamd. At an angle to the test surface

52. A discontinuity is located having an orientation such that its long axis is parallel to the sound beam. The indication from such a discontinuity will be:a. Large in proportion to the length of the discontinuityb. Small in proportion to the length of the discontinuityc. Representative of the length of the discontinuityd. Such that complete loss of back reflection will result

53. Gas discontinuities are reduced to flat discs or other shapes parallel to the surface by:a. Rollingb. Machiningc. Castingd. Welding

54. In which zone does the amplitude of an indication from a given discontinuity diminish exponentially as the distance increases?a. Far field zoneb. Near field zonec. Dead zoned. Fresnal zone

55. A smooth flat discontinuity whose major plane is not perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation may be indicated by:a. An echo amplitude comparable in magnitude to the back surface reflectionb. A complete loss of back surface reflectionc. An echo amplitude larger in magnitude than the back surface reflectiond. All of the above

56. Using a pulse echo technique, if the major plane of a flat discontinuity is oriented at some angle other than perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation, the result may be:a. Loss of signal linearityb. Loss or lack of a received discontinuity echoc. Focusing of the sound beamd. Loss of interference phenomena

57. As transducer diameter decreases, the beam spread:a. Decreasesb. Remains the samec. Increasesd. Becomes conical in shape

58. A set of standard reference blocks with the same geometrical configuration and dimensions other than the size of the calibration reflectors, e.g., flat bottom holes, is called a set of:a. Distance amplitude standardsb. Area amplitude standardsc. Variable frequency blocksd. Beam spread measuring blocks

59. The angle at which 90 degree refraction of a longitudinal sound wave is reached is called:a. The angle of incidenceb. The first critical anglec. The angle of maximum reflectiond. The second critical angle

60. Which of the following controls the voltage supplied to the vertical deflection plates of the CRT in an A-scan setup?a. Sweep generatorb. Pulserc. Amplifier circuitd. Clock timer

61. Attenuation is a difficult quantity to measure accurately, particularly in solid materials, at the test frequencies normally used. The overall result usually observed includes other loss mechanisms which can include:a. Beam spreadb. Couplant mismatchc. Test piece geometryd. All of the above

62. The vertical linear range of a test instrument may be determined by obtaining ultrasonic responses from:a. A set of distance amplitude reference blocksb. Steel balls located at several different water path distancesc. A set of area amplitude reference blocksd. All of the above

63. Large grains in a metallic test specimen usually result in:a. Decrease or loss of back surface reflectionb. Large "hash" or noise indicationsc. Decrease in penetrationd. All of the above

64. The total energy losses occurring in all materials is called:a. Attenuationb. Scatterc. Beam spreadd. Interface

65. Delay-tip (stand-off) type contact search units are primarily used for:a. Defect detectionb. Sound wave characterizationc. Thickness measurement or flaw detection in thin materiald. Attenuation measurements

66. Acoustical lenses are commonly used for contour correction. When scanning the inside of a pipe section by the immersion method, which of the following lens types would be used?a. Focused cupb. Convexc. Concaved. Variable pitch

67. In Figure 3, transducer A is being used to establish:a. Verification of wedge angleb. Sensitivity calibrationc. Resolutiond. Index point

68. In Figure 3, transducer C is being used to check:a. Distance calibrationb. Resolutionc. Sensitivity calibrationd. Verification of wedge angle

69. In Figure 3, transducer D is being used to check:a. Sensitivity calibration b. Distance calibration c. Resolutiond. Verification of wedge angle

70. When the incident angle is chosen to be between the first and second critical angles, the ultrasonic wave generated within the part will be:a. Longitudinalb. Shearc. Surfaced. Lamb

71. In Figure 4, transducer B is being used to check:a. Verification of wedge angleb. Resolutionc. Sensitivity calibrationd. Distance calibration

72. The angle at which 90 degree refraction of the shear wave mode occurs is called the:a. First critical angleb. Second critical anglec. Third critical angled. Angle of reflection

73. In a water immersion test, ultrasonic energy is transmitted into steel at an incident angle of 14 degrees. What is the angle of the refracted shear wave within the material? Vs = 3.2 x 10exp5 cm/sVw = 1.5 x 10exp5 cm/s (Trigonometry Tables Required)a. 45 degreesb. 23 degreesc. 31 degreesd. 13 degrees

74. If you were requested to design a plastic shoe to generate a Rayleigh wave in aluminum, what would be the incident angle of the ultrasonic energy? Va = 3.1 x 10exp5 cm/sVp = 2.6 x 10exp5 cm/s (Trigonometry Tables Required)a. 37 degreesb. 57 degreesc. 75 degreesd. 48 degrees

75. Compute the wavelength of ultrasonic energy in lead at 1 MHz.Vl = 2.1 x 10exp5 cm/sVel. = wavelength x frequencya. 0.21 cmb. 21 cmc. 0.48 cmd. 4.8 x 10exp-5 cm

76. The attenuation of energy within a material in the far field of the ultrasonic beam may be expressed as the:a. Arithmetic meanb. Geometrical averagec. Exponential averaged. Exponential decay

77. For aluminum and steel, the longitudinal velocity is approximately _____________ the shear velocity.a. Equal tob. Twicec. Half ofd. Four times

78. Water travel distance for immersion inspections should be:a. Such that the second front reflection does not appear between the first front and back reflectionsb. Exactly 76mm (3in)c. Less than 76mm (3in)d. Always equal to the thickness of the material being inspected

79. The electronic circuitry that allows selection and processing of only those signals relating to discontinuities that occur in specific zones of a part is called:a. An electronic gateb. An electronic attenuatorc. A distance amplitude correction circuitd. A fixed marker

80. When conducting a contact ultrasonic test, the "hash" or irregular signals that appear in the CRT display of the area being inspected could be caused by:a. Fine grains in the structureb. Dirt in the water couplantc. Coarse grains in the structured. A thick but tapered back surface

81. In inspecting a 102mm (4in) diameter threaded steel cylinder for radial cracks extending from the root of the threads, it would be preferable to transmit:a. Shear waves at an angle to the threadsb. Longitudinal waves from the end of the cylinderc. Surface waves perpendicular to the thread rootsd. Shear waves around the circumference of the cylinder

82. In an immersion inspection of raw material, the water travel distance should be:a. Exactly 76mm (3in)b. Equal to 76mm (3in) + or - 13mm (+ or - 0.5in)c. Equal to the water travel distance used in setting up on the reference standardsd. Equal to the thickness of a material

83. The angle formed by an ultrasonic wave as it enters a medium of different velocity than the one from which it came and a line drawn perpendicular to the interface between the two media is called the angle of:a. Incidenceb. Refractionc. Rarefactiond. Reflection

84. The process of adjusting an instrument or device to a reference standard is referred to as:a. Angulationb. Scanningc. Correcting for distance amplitude variationsd. Calibration

85. An electron tube in which a beam of electrons from the cathode is used to reproduce an image on a fluorescent screen at the end of the tube is referred to as:a. An amplifier tubeb. A pulser tubec. A cathode ray tubed. A sweep tube

86. A grouping of a number of crystals in one search unit, with all contact surfaces in the same plane, and vibrating in phase with each other to act as a single transducer is called a:a. Focusing crystalb. Crystal mosaicc. Scrubberd. Single plane manipulator

87. The scattering of the rays of an ultrasonic beam due to reflection from a highly irregular surface is called:a. Angulationb. Dispersionc. Refractiond. Rarefaction

88. The angle of reflection is:a. Equal to the angle of incidenceb. Dependent on the couplant usedc. Dependent on the frequency usedd. Equal to the angle of refraction

89. The angular position of the reflecting surface of a planar discontinuity with respect to the entry surface is referred to as:a. The angle of incidenceb. The angle of refractionc. The orientation of the discontinuityd. None of the above

90. A short burst of alternating electrical energy is called:a. A continuous waveb. A peaked DC voltagec. An ultrasonic waved. A pulse

91. In ultrasonic testing, the time duration of the transmitted pulse is referred to as:a. The pulse length or pulse widthb. The pulse amplitudec. The pulse shaped. None of the above

92. The phenomenon by which a wave strikes a boundary and changes the direction of its propagation within the same medium is referred to as:a. Divergenceb. Impedancec. Angulationd. Reflection

93. The change in direction of an ultrasonic beam when it passes from one medium to another whose velocity differs from that of the first medium is called:a. Refractionb. Rarefactionc. Angulationd. Reflection

94. The coated inside surface of the large end of a cathode ray tube which becomes luminous when struck by an electron beam is called:a. An electron gunb. An electron amplifierc. A CRT screend. An electron counter

95. Which of the following modes of vibration exhibits the shortest wavelength at a given frequency and in a given material?a. Longitudinal waveb. Compression wavec. Shear waved. Surface wave

96. In general, shear waves are more sensitive to small discontinuities than longitudinal waves for a given frequency and in a given material because:a. The wavelength of shear waves is shorter than the wavelength of longitudinal wavesb. Shear waves are not as easily dispersed in the materialc. The direction of particle vibration for shear waves is more sensitive to discontinuitiesd. The wavelength of shear waves is longer than the wavelength of longitudinal waves

97. In general, which of the following modes of vibration would have the greatest penetrating power in a coarse-grained material if the frequency of the waves are the same?a. Longitudinalb. Shearc. Transversed. All of the above modes would have the same penetrating power

98. A testing technique in which the crystal or transducer is parallel to the test surface and ultrasonic waves enter the material being testing in a direction perpendicular to the test surface is:a. Straight beam testingb. Angle beam testingc. Surface wave testingd. None of the above

99. The distance from a given point on an ultrasonic wave to the next corresponding point is referred to as:a. Frequencyb. Wavelengthc. Velocityd. Pulse length

100. The speed with which ultrasonic waves travel through a material is known as its:a. Velocityb. Pulse repetition ratec. Pulse recovery rated. Ultrasonic response

101. A substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid is referred to as:a. A couplantb. An ultrasonic dampenerc. A wetting agentd. None of the above

102. The transducers most commonly found in ultrasonic search units (probes) used for discontinuity testing utilize:a. Magnetostriction principlesb. Piezoelectric principlesc. Mode conversion principlesd. None of the above

103. Mechanical and electrical stability, insolubility in liquids, and resistance to aging are three advantages of search units containing transducers made of:a. Lithium sulfateb. Barium titanatec. Quartzd. Rochelle salts

104. The formula (sin theta 1/V1) = (sin theta 2/V2) is referred to as:a. The acoustical impedance ratio formula b. The phase conversion formulac. The Fresnal zone formulad. Snell's law

105. The formula (sin theta 1/V1) = (sin theta 2/V2) is used to determine:a. Angular relationshipsb. Phase velocitiesc. Amount of reflected sound energyd. Acoustic impedance

106. The amount of energy reflected from a discontinuity will be dependent on:a. The size of the discontinuityb. The orientation of the discontinuityc. The type of the discontinuityd. All of the above

107. If an ultrasonic wave is transmitted through an interface of two materials in which the first material has a higher acoustic impedance value but the same velocity value as the second material, the angle of refraction will be:a. Greater than the angle of incidenceb. Less than the angle of incidencec. The same as the angle of incidenced. Beyond the critical angle

108. Which of the following frequencies would probably result in the greatest ultrasonic attenuation losses?a. 1 MHzb. 2.25 MHzc. 10 MHzd. 25 MHz

109. The product of the sound velocity and the density of a material is known as the:a. Refraction value of the materialb. Acoustic impedance of the materialc. Elastic constant of the materiald. Poisson's ratio of the material

110. The amplifier range over which the unsaturated signal response increases in amplitude in proportion to the discontinuity surface area is the:a. Sensitivity rangeb. Vertical linearity rangec. Selectivity ranged. Horizontal linearity range

111. When inspecting a rolled or forged surface with a thin scale that is generally tightly adhering to the part, what is necessary to do before testing the part?a. Clean the surface of loose scaleb. Have all scale removedc. Rough machine the surfaced. Caustic etch the surface

112. The angle of reflection of an ultrasonic beam at an aluminum-water interface is:a. 0.256 times the angle of incidenceb. Approximately 1/2 the angle of incidencec. Equal to the angle of incidenced. Approximately 4 times the angle of incidence

113. What kind of waves travel at a velocity slightly less than shear waves and their mode of propagation is both longitudinal and transverse with respect to the surface?a. Rayleigh wavesb. Transverse wavesc. L-wavesd. Longitudinal waves

114. Which ultrasonic test frequency would probably provide the best penetration in a 30cm 12in) thick specimen of coarse-grained steel?a. 1 MHzb. 2.25 MHzc. 5 MHzd. 10 MHz

115. During immersion testing of an ASTM Ultrasonic Standard Reference Block, a B-scan presentation system will show a:a. "plan" view of the block, showing the area and position of the hole bottom as seen from the entry surfaceb. Basic test pattern showing the height of indication from the hold bottom and its location in depth from the entry surfacec. Cross-section of the reference block, showing the top and bottom surfaces of the block and the location of the hole bottom in the blockd. None of the above

116. Properties of shear or transverse waves used for ultrasonic testing include:a. Particle motion normal to propagation direction, and a propagation velocity which is about 1/2 the longitudinal wave velocity in the same materialb. Exceptionally high sensitivity due to low attenuation resulting from longer wavelengths when propagating through waterc. High coupling efficiency because shear waves are less sensitive to surface variables when traveling from a coupling liquid to the partd. None of the above statements apply to shear waves

117. One of the most common applications of ultrasonic tests employing shear waves is:a. Detection of discontinuities in welds, tube, and pipeb. Determination of elastic properties of metallic productsc. Detection of laminar discontinuities in heavy plated. Measurement of thickness of thin plate

118. Significant errors in ultrasonic thickness measurement can occur if:a. The test frequency is varying at a constant rateb. The velocity of propagation deviates substantially from an assumed constant value for a given materialc. Water is employed as a couplant between the transducer and the part being measuredd. None of the above should cause errors

119. Generally, the best ultrasonic testing method for detecting discontinuities oriented along the fusion zone in a welded plate is:a. An angle beam contact method using surface wavesb. A contact test using a straight longitudinal wavec. An immersion test using surface wavesd. An angle beam method using shear waves

120. An ultrasonic testing instrument that displays pulses representing the magnitude of reflected ultrasound as a function of time or depth of metal is said to contain:a. A continuous wave displayb. An A-scan presentationc. A B-scan presentationd. A C-scan presentation

121. At a water-to-steel interface the angle of incidence in water is 7 degrees. The principal mode of vibration that exists in the steel is:a. Longitudinalb. Shearc. Both a and bd. Surface

122. In a liquid medium, the only mode of vibration that can exist is: a. Longitudinalb. Shearc. Both a and bd. Surface

123. In an ultrasonic instrument, the number of pulses produced by an instrument in a given period of time is known as the:a. Pulse length of the instrumentb. Pulse recovery timec. Frequencyd. Pulse repetition rate

124. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that coordinates the action and timing of other components is called a:a. Display unit or CRTb. Receiverc. Marker circuit or range marker circuit d. Synchronizer, clock, or timer

125. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces the voltage that activates the search unit is called:a. An amplifierb. A receiverc. A pulserd. A synchronizer

126. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces the time base line is called a:a. Sweep circuitb. Receiverc. Pulserd. Synchronizer

127. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces visible signals on the CRT which are used to measure distance is called a:a. Sweep circuitb. Marker circuitc. Receiver circuitd. Synchronizer

128. Most basic pulse echo ultrasonic instruments use:a. Automatic read-out equipmentb. An A-scan presentationc. A B-scan presentationd. A C-scan presentation

129. The cathode ray tube screen will display a plan view of the part outline and defects when using:a. Automatic read-out equipmentb. An A-scan presentationc. A B-scan presentationd. A C-scan presentation

130. The incident angles at which 90 degree refraction of longitudinal and shear waves occurs are called:a. The normal angles of incidenceb. The critical anglesc. The angles of maximum reflectiond. None of the above

131. Compression waves whose particle displacement is parallel to the direction of propagation are called:a. Longitudinal wavesb. Shear wavesc. Lamb wavesd. Rayleigh waves

132. Which of the following modes of vibration are quickly damped out when testing by the immersion method?a. Longitudinal wavesb. Shear wavesc. Transverse wavesd. Surface waves

133. The motion of particles in a shear wave is:a. Parallel to the direction of propagation of the ultrasonic beamb. Transverse to the direction of beam propagationc. Limited to the material surface and elliptical in motiond. Polarized in a plane at 45 degrees to the direction of beam propagation

134. An ultrasonic longitudinal wave travels in aluminum with a velocity of 635,000 cm/s and has a frequency of 1 MHz. The wavelength of this ultrasonic wave is:a. 6.35mm (0.25in)b. 78mm (3.1in)c. 1.9m (6.35 ft)d. 30,000A

135. The refraction angle of longitudinal ultrasonic waves passing from water into a metallic material at angles other than normal to the interface is primarily a function of:a. The impedance ratio (r=ZwZm) of water to metalb. The relative velocities of sound in water and metalc. The frequency of the ultrasonic beamd. The density ratio of water to metal

136. In contact testing, shear waves can be induced in the test material by:a. Lacing an X-cut crystal directly on the surface of the materials, and coupling through a film of oilb. Using two transducers on opposite sides of the test specimenc. Placing a spherical acoustic lens on the face of the transducerd. Using a transducer mounted on a plastic wedge so that sound enters the part at an angle

137. As frequency increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle of beam divergence of a given diameter crystal:a. Decreasesb. Remains unchangedc. Increasesd. Varies uniformly through each wavelength

138. Which of the following is not an advantage of contact ultrasonic search units (probes) adapted with Lucite shoes?a. Eliminates most of the crystal wearb. Permits adaptation to curved surfacesc. Increases sensitivityd. Allows ultrasound to enter a part's surface at oblique angles

139. In which medium listed below would the velocity of sound be lowest?a. Airb. Waterc. Aluminumd. Plastic

140. A longitudinal ultrasonic wave is transmitted from water into steel at an angle of 5 degrees from the normal. In such a case, the refracted angle of the transverse wave is:a. Less than the refracted angle of the longitudinal waveb. Equal to the refracted angle of the longitudinal wavec. Greater than the refracted angle of the longitudinal waved. Not present at all

141. The velocity of longitudinal waves will be highest in:a. Waterb. Airc. Aluminumd. Plastic

142. In steel, the velocity of sound is greatest in which of the following modes of vibration?a. Longitudinalb. Shearc. Surface waved. Sound velocity is identical in all modes, in a given material

143. The acoustic impedance is:a. Used to calculate the angle of reflectionb. The product of the density of the material and the velocity of sound in the materialc. Found by Snell's lawd. Used to determine resonance values

144. Thin sheet may be inspected with the ultrasonic wave directed normal to the surface by observing: a. The amplitude of the front surface reflectionb. The multiple reflection patternc. All front surface reflectionsd. None of the above

145. A diagram in which the entire circuit stage or sections are shown by geometric figures and the path of the signal or energy by lines and/or arrows is called a:a. Schematic diagramb. Blueprintc. Block diagramd. None of the above

146. A hole produced during the solidification of metal due to escaping gasses is called:a. A burstb. A cold shutc. Flakingd. A blow hole

147. A discontinuity that occurs during the casting of molten metal which may be caused by the splashing, surging, interrupted pouring, or the meeting of two streams of metal coming from different directions is called:a. A burstb. A cold shutc. Flakingd. A blow hole

148. The ratio between the wave speed in one material and the wave speed in a second material is called:a. The acoustic impedance of the interfaceb. Young's Modulusc. Poisson's ratiod. The index of refraction

149. The expansion and contraction of a magnetic material under the influence of a changing magnetic field is referred to as:a. Piezoelectricityb. Refractionc. Magnetostrictiond. Rarefaction

150. The ratio of stress to strain in a material within the elastic limit is called:a. Young's modulusb. The modulus of elasticityc. Both a and bd. The index of refraction

151. A point, line, or surface of a vibrating body marked by absolute or relative freedom from vibratory motion is referred to as:a. A nodeb. An antinodec. Rarefactiond. Compression

152. The factor which determines the amount of reflection at the interface of two dissimilar materials is: a. The index of rarefactionb. The frequency of the ultrasonic wavec. Young's modulusd. The acoustic impedance

153. A quartz crystal cut so that its major faces are parallel to the Z and Y axes and perpendicular to the X axis is called:a. A Y-cut crystalb. An X-cut crystalc. A Z-cut crystald. A ZY-cut crystal

154. The equation describing wavelength in terms of velocity and frequency is:a. Wavelength = velocity x frequencyb. Wavelength = z (frequency x velocity)c. Wavelength = velocity/frequencyd. Wavelength = frequency + velocity

155. Which of the following can occur when an ultrasonic beam reaches the interface of two dissimilar materials:a. Reflectionb. Refractionc. Mode conversiond. All of the above

156. When inspecting aluminum by the immersion method using water for a couplant, the following information is known:Velocity of sound in water = 1.49x10exp5 cm/s,Velocity of longitudinal waves in aluminum = 6.32x10exp5 cm/s, and angle of incidence = 5 degreesThe angle of refraction for longitudinal waves is approximately:a. 22 degreesb. 18 degreesc. 26 degreesd. 16 degrees

157. Of the piezoelectric materials listed below, the most efficient sound transmitter is: a. Lithium sulfateb. Quartzc. Barium titanated. Silver oxide

158. Of the piezoelectric materials listed below, the most efficient sound receiver is: a. Lithium sulfateb. Quartzc. Barium titillated. Silver oxide

159. The most commonly used method of producing shear waves in a test part when inspecting by the immersion method is:a. By transmitting longitudinal waves into a part in a direction perpendicular to its front surfaceb. By using two crystals vibrating at different frequenciesc. By using a Y-cut quartz crystald. By angulating the search tube to the proper angle

160. Beam divergence is a function of the dimensions of the crystal and the wavelength of the beam transmitted through a medium, and it:a. Increases if the frequency or crystal diameter is decreasedb. Decreases if the frequency or crystal diameter is decreased c. Increases if the frequency is increased and crystal diameter is decreased d. Decreases if the frequency is increased and crystal diameter is decreased

161. The wavelength of an ultrasonic wave is:a. Directly proportional to velocity and frequencyb. Directly proportional to velocity and inversely proportional to frequencyc. Inversely proportional to velocity and directly proportional to frequencyd. Equal to the product of velocity and frequency

162. The fundamental frequency of a piezoelectric crystal is primarily a function of:a. The length of the applied voltage pulseb. The amplifying characteristics of the pulse amplifier in the instrumentc. The thickness of the crystald. None of the above

163. Acoustic velocities of materials are primarily due to the material's:a. Densityb. Elasticityc. Both a and bd. Acoustic impedance

164. Inspection of castings is often impractical because of:a. Extremely small grain structureb. Coarse grain structurec. Uniform flow linesd. Uniform velocity of sound

165. Lamb waves may be used to inspect:a. Forgingb. Bar stockc. Ingotsd. Thin sheet

166. The formula used to determine the angle of beam divergence of a quartz crystal is:a. Sin theta = diameter 1/2 x wavelengthb. Sin theta diameter = frequency x wavelengthc. Sin theta = frequency x wavelengthd. Sin theta/2 = 1.22 x wavelength/diameter

167. The resolving power of a search unit is directly proportional to its:a. Diameterb. Bandwidthc. Pulse repetitiond. None of the above

168. Acoustic lens elements with which of the following permit focusing the sound energy to enter cylindrical surfaces normally or along a line of focus?a. Cylindrical curvaturesb. Spherical lens curvaturesc. Convex shapesd. Concave shapes

169. In the basic pulse echo instrument, the synchronizer, clock, or timer circuit will determine the:a. Pulse lengthb. Gainc. Pulse repetition rated. Sweep length

170. The primary requirement of a paintbrush transducer is that:a. All crystals be mounted equidistant from each otherb. The intensity of the beam pattern not vary greatly over the entire length of the transducerc. The fundamental frequency of the crystals not vary more than 0.01%d. The overall length not exceed 76mm (3in)

171. Heat conduction, viscous friction, elastic hysteresis, and scattering are four different mechanisms which lead to:a. Attenuationb. Refractionc. Beam spreadingd. Saturation

172. Since the velocity of sound in aluminum is approximately 245,000 in/s, it takes how long for sound to travel through 25mm (1in) of aluminum?a. 1/8 sb. 4 micro sec.c. 4 milli sec.d. 1/4 x 10exp4 sec

173. When testing a part with a rough surface, it is generally advisable to use:a. A lower frequency search unit and a more viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surfaceb. A higher frequency search unit and a more viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface c. A higher frequency search unit and a less viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surfaced. A lower frequency search unit and a less viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface

174. Reflection indications from a weld area being inspected by the angle beam technique may represent:a. Porosityb. Cracksc. Weld beadd. All of the above

175. During a test using A-scan equipment, strong indications that move at varying rates across the screen in the horizontal direction appear. It is impossible to repeat a particular screen pattern by scanning the same area. A possible cause of these indications is:a. Porosity in the test partb. An irregularly shaped crackc. A blow holed. Electrical interference

176. In an A-scan presentation, the horizontal line formed by the uniform and repeated movement of an electron beam across the fluorescent screen of a cathode ray tube is called:a. A square wave patternb. A sweep linec. A marker patternd. None of the above

177. Which of the following frequencies would probably result in the greatest amount of attenuation losses?a. 1 MHzb. 2.25 MHzc. 5 MHzd. 10 MHz

178. In general, which waves will travel around gradual curves with little or no reflection from the curve?a. Transverse wavesb. Surface wavesc. Shear wavesd. Longitudinal waves

179. To evaluate and accurately locate discontinuities after scanning a part with a paintbrush transducer, it is generally necessary to use a:a. Search unit with a smaller crystalb. Scrubberc. Grid mapd. Crystal collimator

180. An ultrasonic instrument has been calibrated to obtain a 51mm (2in) indication from a 2mm (0.08in) diameter flat bottom hole located 76mm (3in) from the front surface of an aluminum reference block. When testing an aluminum forging, a 51mm (2in) indication is obtained from a discontinuity located 76mm (3in) from the entry surface. The cross sectional area of this discontinuity is probably:a. The same as the area of the 2mm (0.08in) flat bottom holeb. Greater than the area of the 2mm (0.08in) flat bottom holec. Slightly less than the area of the 2mm (0.08in) flat bottom holed. About 1/2 the area of the 2mm (0.08in) flat bottom hole

181. As the impedance ratio of two dissimilar materials increases, the percentage of sound coupled through an interface of such materials:a. Decreasesb. Increasesc. Is not changedd. May increase or decrease

182. Low frequency sound waves are not generally used to test thin materials because of:a. The rapid attenuation of low frequency soundb. Incompatible wavelengthsc. Poor near-surface resolutiond. None of the above will actually limit such a test

183. When using two separate search units (one a transmitter, the other a receiver), the most efficient combination would be a:a. Quartz transmitter and a barium titanate receiverb. Barium titanate transmitter and a lithium sulfate receiverc. Lithium sulfate transmitter and a barium titanate receiverd. Barium titanate transmitter and a quartz receiver

184. In immersion testing, the accessory equipment to which the search cable and the search unit are attached is called a:a. Crystal collimatorb. Scrubberc. Jet-stream unitd. Search tube or scanning tube

185. In general, discontinuities in wrought products tend to be oriented:a. Randomlyb. In the direction of the grain flowc. At right angles to the entry surface d. At right angles to the grain flow

186. In immersion testing, irrelevant or false indications caused by contoured surfaces are likely to result in a:a. Broad-based indicationb. Peaked indicationc. "Hashy" signald. Narrow-based indication

187. In contact testing, defects near the entry surface cannot always be detected because of:a. The far-field effectb. Attenuationc. The dead zoned. Refraction

188. In cases where the diameter of tubing being inspected is smaller than the diameter of the transducer, what can be used to confine the sound beam to the proper range of angles?a. A scrubberb. A collimatorc. An angle plane angulatord. A jet-stream unit

189. The maximum scanning speed possible is primarily determined by:a. The frequency of the search unitb. Viscous drag problemsc. The pulse repetition rate of the test instrumentd. The persistency of the CRT screen

190. Which of the following is frequently displayed by a facsimile recording instead of a CRT presentation?a. A-scan presentationb. B-scan presentationc. C-scan presentationd. None of the above are adaptable for facsimile recordings

191. The property of certain materials to transform electrical energy to mechanical energy and vice versa is called:a. Mode conversionb. Piezoelectric effectc. Refractiond. Impedance matching

192. Surface waves are reduced to an energy level of approximately 1/25 of the original power at a depth of:a. 25mm (1in)b. 102mm (4in)c. 1 wavelengthd. 4 wavelengths

193. To prevent the appearance of the second front surface indication before the first back reflection when inspecting aluminum by the immersion method (water is used as a couplant), it is necessary to have a minimum of at least 1 inch of water for every:a. 51mm (2in) of aluminumb. 102mm (4in) of aluminumc. 152mm (6in) of aluminumd. 203mm (8in) of aluminum

194. Increasing the length of the pulse used to activate the search unit will:a. Increase the strength of the ultrasound but decrease the resolving power of the instrumentb. Increase the resolving power of the instrumentc. Have no effect on the testd. Decrease the penetration of the sound wave

195. The lack of parallelism between the entry surface and the back surface:a. May result in a screen pattern that does not contain back reflection indicationsb. Makes it difficult to locate discontinuities that lie parallel to the entry surfacec. Usually indicates that a porous condition exists in the metald. Will decrease the penetrating power of the test

196. A discontinuity with a concave surface will: a. Diffuse the sound energy throughout the partb. Cause the reflected beam to focus at a point c. Cause mode reinforcement of the ultrasonic waved. None of the above

197. Rayleigh waves:a. Are generated at the first critical angleb. Are generated at the second critical anglec. Are generated at either critical angled. Travel only in a liquide. Are another name for Lamb waves

198. Angle beam testing of plate will often miss:a. Cracks that are perpendicular to the sound waveb. Inclusions that are randomly orientedc. Laminations that are parallel to the front surfaced. A series of small discontinuities

199. Reducing the extent of the dead zone of a transducer by using a delay tip results in:a. Improved distance amplitude correction in the near fieldb. Reduced frequency of the primary ultrasonic beamc. Reduced ability to detect flaws in the near fieldd. Improved accuracy in thickness measurement of thin plate and sheete. None of the above

200. In a plate, skip distance can be calculated from which of the following formulas where (t= plate thickness, theta = angle of sound beam refraction, and V = sound velocity):a. S = (2 x t) / tan thetab. S= 2 x t x sin thetac. S = 2 x t x tan thetad. S = 2 x V x sin thetae. None of the above

201. The technique of examining an ultrasonic reflector from different directions might be used to enable the technician to:a. Distinguish between different types of flawsb. Predict the useful service life of the test specimensc. Distinguish between flaw indications and spurious or false indicationsd. All of the abovee. None of the above

202. The principal applications of ultrasonic techniques consist of:a. Flaw detectionb. Thickness measurementsc. Determination of elastic modulid. All of the abovee. None of the above

203. Attenuation is the loss of ultrasonic wave energy during the course of propagation in the material due to:a. Reflection and refractionb. Dispersion and diffractionc. Absorption and scatteringd. Composition and shapee. All of the above

204. When setting up an ultrasonic inspection, the repetition frequency of the ultrasonic instrument should be set:a. So that its period is at least as long as the operating timeb. The same as the transducer resonance frequencyc. As low as possible to avoid overpulsing and distortiond. According to the instruction manual of the instrumente. None of the above

205. In immersion shear wave testing, waves are normally generated by angulating the transducer beyond the first critical angle. What is the direction of the material's particle motion?a. The same as the wave propagationb. Normal to the material surfacec. Parallel to the direction of wave propagationd. Perpendicular to the direction of wave propagatione. Only surface waves existed beyond the first critical angle

206. Which of the following modes of vibration are quickly dampened out when testing by the immersion method?a. Longitudinal wavesb. Shear wavesv. Transverse wavesd. Surface waves

207. The most commonly used method of producing shear waves in a test part when inspecting by the immersion method is:a. By transmitting longitudinal waves into a part in a direction perpendicular to its front surfaceb. By using two crystals vibrating at different frequenciesc. By using Y-cut quartz crystald. By angulating the search tube or manipulator to the proper angle