utilization of the hydrogen energy carrier in large scale power plant · 2019-06-11 · power time...

Utilization of the hydrogen energy carrier

in large scale power plant

Copyright © 2019 IHI Corporation All Rights Reserved.

2019 MIT ENERGY INITIATIVE SPRING SYMPOSIUM

Can hydrogen become part of the climate solution?

Session 2: The path to low-carbon hydrogen infrastructure deployment

Senior researcher

Heat & Fluid Dynamics Gr.

Technology Platform Center

Technology & Intelligence Integration

Takamasa Ito

Ph. D in Engineering


5th Strategic Energy Plan in Japan

2

Ideal composition of power sources in 2030FY Source : Japan's ENERGY (2017 EDITION)

GHG reduction targets in Japan Mid-term : 26% by 2030FY (compared to 2013FY) Long term : 80% by 2050FY

Promotion of hydrogen energy is assigned as the one of the measures to achieve mid-term target.

Measures to reduce 26% GHG by 2030FY Source : The 5th Strategic Energy Plan

In July 3, 2018


Basic Hydrogen Strategy

3

Basic Hydrogen Strategy is composed of “Supply” and “Use”. The sector of power generation is expected to increase the demand of

hydrogen energy and accelerate a promotion of hydrogen into the society.

In December 25th, 2017


Comparison of Hydrogen Energy Carrier

4

Japan is an energy importer. There are several hydrogen energy carriers under

consideration for the commercialization.

For the transportation in long distance, ammonia is estimated the most feasible

option.

All rights reserved by SIP


Cost of Hydrogen Energy Carrier

5

Hydrogen needs a certain investment for the infrastructure.

For the large scale power plant with long distance transportation, ammonia is

estimated the most feasible option.

All rights reserved by SIP


Comparison of Hydrogen Energy Carrier

6

Pressurized

Hydrogen

(700 bar)

Liquefied

hydrogen

Organic

hydride

(MCH)

Ammonia

Molecular weight 2.0 2.0 98.2 17.0

Hydrogen content

[wt%] 100 100 6.2 17.8

Hydrogen content

[kg-H2/m3]

39.6 70.8 47.3 121

Boiling point [℃] - -253 101 -33.4

Energy for

hydrogen

expression

[kJ/mol-H2]

- 0.90 67.5 30.6

Feature of Ammonia

High hydrogen content → Relatively compact infrastructure

Boiling point is close to ambient temperature → Easy evaporation


Ammonia in Trading Market

7

From Yara Fertilizer Industry Handbook January 2017

・Total production is 180 Million tones/year in the world. (Increasing with 2.2%/year)

・1/10 of the total production is in trading market.

・Main usage: fertilizer 0.8, chemical materials 0.2


Hydrogen Energy Carrier in SIP

8

Research subjects

From SIP H.P.


Hydrogen Energy Carrier in SIP

9

General issue to utilize the hydrogen energy carrier in the sector of power generation

(1) Technical feasibility (Combustion, Efficiency, Operation, Retrofitting etc.) (2) Safety assessment (Standard, Leakage, Blackout, etc.)

IHI has joined in Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP）for the development of Ammonia Direct Combustion technology for gas turbine, coal fired boiler. In addition IHI also investigated ammonia fuel cell.

Coal fired boiler

※CFT(Coal Firing Test Furnace)

Gas turbine

※IM270 Gas turbine

SOFC

Insulator

FC stack

Heat

exchanger


Combustion of Hydrogen Energy Carrier

10

Technical Issues concerning the direct combustion

Hydrogen: H2 Ammonia: NH3

Feature of

combustion

(comparing with CH4)

High combustion speed

High flame temperature

Low combustion speed

Low flame temperature

Risk Back fire

Erosion by high temperature

Less flame stability

NH3 leakage

NOx production Thermal NOx Fuel NOx

Design concept of

combustor

Erase the spatially high

temperature region to

avoid the thermal NOx.

Method:

・Lean premixed combustion

・Micro mixed combustion

Fuel rich combustion to

stabilize the flame and remove

the fuel NOx.

Method:

・Rich Quench Lean concept

・Over-firing


Reaction path of fuel-NOx (in coal combustion)

11

Fuel-N

Char-N

N2

+ NO

+ O2 NOx

+ O2

NH3

Volatile-N + CHi

HCN

+ Char

NOx formation in coal combustion

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1100 1600 2100

Rea

ctio

n r

ate

[s-1

]

Temperature [K]

XNO=1000 ppm

XO2≥3%HCN + O2 → NO + …

NH3 + O2 → NO + …

HCN + NO → N2 + …

NH3 + NO → N2 + …

Calculated by most widely used De Soete’s expression

Reactions of intermediate N species

From De Soete’s expression

High-temp.: RNH3-O2 ≫ RHCN-O2, RHCN-NO, RNH3-NO

Increasing [NH3]/[HCN] facilitates more NOx formed

Contradict with some literature:

Increasing [NH3]/[HCN] facilitates more N2 formed

Some studies showed RHCN-O2 is too low


Achievements in SIP: Boiler

12

Objectives Optimization of the combustion system for the NOx reduction Feasibility study to retrofit the existing power plant

Achievements 2017FY : Co-firing test in 10MW test furnace 2018FY : Feasibility study retrofitting to 1000MW coal fired power plant

1.Optimization of

combustor to reduce

NOx

4. Feasibility study for

Receiving Terminal,

Storage Tank

Steam turbine

Boiler

DeSOxDeNOx

Ash handling

Coal

Tanker

Ammonia

Tanker

Tank Vaporizer

Conditions

Output:1000MWe

Ammonia mixing ratio:

20% in calorific base.

2. Evaluation of boiler performance by CFD

3. Feasibility study for boiler

Coal storage



13

NOx reduction by the NH3 injection

method (CHEMKIN)

Consideration of the NH3 Reaction path

＋

Temp.(K)

1800

300

Consideration of the fluid dynamics

Method:

・Consideration of the NOx injection by experimental and numerical analysis

・Consideration of the boiler performance by numerical analysis

Reduction zone Weak → Strong

NH3 co-firing

Coal only

NO

x@6

%O

2[p

pm

]C

O@

6%

O2

[pp

m]



14

Pulverized coal burner

for ammonia co-firing

Experimental results

Fuel feeding

rate

Coal 1.0-1.6 ton/hour

Ammonia 0.4 ton/hour

Burner type IHI-Dual Flow burner,

Target NO below 200 ppm

(@ O2 6% conversion, NH3 20% co-firing)

Exhaust CO2:Coal-only 13.3%

NH3 co-firing 10.6%

Exhaust O2:Coal-only 3.9%NH3 co-firing 3.9%

Exhaust NH3:Coal-only 0ppmNH3 co-firing 1ppm

Time [min]C

O2@

6%

O2

[%],

O2@

dry

[%

], N

H3

[pp

m]

▲20% ammonia co-firing

◆100%coal

Combustion air

Ammonia

Pulverized Coal

+Primary air

Reduction zone



15

Gas temperature

Heat absorption

Numerical results

100% Coal 20% Ammonia co-firing


Achievements in SIP: Gas turbine

16

Objectives Optimization of combustor design to reduce NOx Demonstration with 2MW scale commercial gas turbine (IM270)

Comparison of flame in swirl burner

City gas City gas

+

Ammonia 20%

2MW scale commercial gas turbine (IM270)


Achievements in SIP: Gas turbine

17

Results Stable operation in 20% co-firing condition. Combustion efficiency is approximately 99.87%. NOx can be controlled below regulation limit with de-NOx catalyst.

NOx and CO2 emission Combustion efficiency and generator end efficiency

Generator-end efficiency, ηGE

Normalized by value of NH3 mixing

ratio=0%LHV

NH3 + 0.75O2 → 0.5N2 + 1.5H2O + 𝟑𝟏𝟖kJ/mol

NH3 + 1.25O2 → NO + 1.5H2O + 𝟐𝟐𝟔kJ/mol

Effect of NOx

formation

By increase of gas

volume


Achievements in SIP: SOFC

18

Objectives Evaluation of SOFC stack performance with 100% ammonia. Optimized design of SOFC system including stack and other components. Demonstration test using 1kW-class SOFC integrated system.

⇒ 2017-2018 : Demonstration test by 1kW-class integrated SOFC system

[K]

Numerical simulation of temperature

distribution in hot module

Development of SOFC hot module

Structure of hot module

Mechanism of ammonia fueled SOFC

①Fuel electrode (Anode)

②Ceramic membrane (Electrolytes)

③Air electrode (Cathode)

Insulation

materials

Fuel cell

Heat

exchanger


Achievements in SIP: SOFC

19

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

発電

電力

[W]

電流

[A],

電

圧[V

]

発電

効率

[%]

時間 [min]

Efficiency

Current

Voltage

Start up Steady Shut down

Power

Time [min]

Pow

er[

W]

Cu

rren

t[A

], V

olt

ag

e[V

],Eff

icie

ncy[%

]

Temp. [K]

Hot module

• MFCs

• Air blower

• Start-up heaters

Temperature distribution in the system

Results High efficiency (56% DC) and

thermal independent operation is achieved by the optimized thermal design.

Stable operation 1000 hours continuous run is

on-going.

Thermal design of SOFC system

Operation of SOFC system


Achievements in SIP: Other organizations

20 Clean Coal Day in Japan 2018

International Symposium, Program Director for SIP Energy Carriers, Mr. Muraki


Green Ammonia Consortium (Established in 2019)

23

Development of a commercial CO2 free ammonia value chain toward low carbon society.

Objectives

(a) Promotion of collaborations between industry,

government and academia.

(b) Commercialization of NH3 utilization technologies

and supply chain.

(c) Studies on Feasibilities, Environmental Impact and

Standard & Regulation

(d) Strategy & Policy making

(e) International collaborations

Main activities

Auditors

General Meeting

Planning & Operating Committee

Board of Directors

to be established as necessary

Secretariat

Committees or WGs

Organization of GAC

Member

・More than 40 organizations.

・International

・Related to

Energy, Trading, Chemicals, Engineering, Research Institute etc.


Roadmap of Ammonia Supply Chain



Supply

utilization of the hydrogen energy carrier in large scale power plant · 2019-06-11 · power time...

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