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Introduction

NFC is a wireless communication

technology with low power, short distance

(approximately 4-10 cm) using radio waves

operatingatafrequencyof13.56MHzwithdata

transfer capability up to 424 kilobits per

second.AtthebeginningofthisNFCtechnology

that is part of the RFID (Radio Frequency

Identification)isademandfromthedesiresof

thepublicthatthereisaunifiedtechnologythat

could supportlifeand a single technologywill

provideeaseofdatacommunicationforvarious

purposeswithavarietyofelectronicdevicesor

handled. Consumer electronics is currently atendency to look for something fast,

multifunctionalandnetworked.

NFC is designed to support existing

RFID transactions including contactless

payments, and some ticketing system, and a

general programmable platform. When there

aretwoNFCenableddevicesbroughtintoclose

proximitytoeachother(broughtclosertoeach

other),thenthe inducedmagnetic fieldareset

to start the exchange of information between

the two electronic devices. NFC technology is

notnew,ithasbeenthereallaroundus.Atfirst

RFID tag is used to simplify the inventorycontrolsystem(inventory),efficientprocessof

identification with ID badges and are also

widely used for payment in mass transit

systems, increasing efficiency and significantly

reduce operating costs. NFC is an open

technologythathasbeenstandardizedtoISO/

IEC,ETSI,andECMA.

DuetothesizeandcostoftheNFCtechnology

will emerge various forms of interesting

applications especially if combined with a

mobile phone or related electronics devices.

EspeciallyinIndonesiathedevelopmentofNFC

technology is still very limited but promising

prospect is quite broad due to electronic

devices, especially mobile users is very large.

Not a few manufacturers of mobile phones

todayhavesupplytheirlatestdeviceswithNFC

technology such as Nokia, Bleackberry,

SamsungandtheAndroid-basedsmart phones

todayhavestartedtoaddtheabilitytechnology

intheNFC but the extensive use in Indonesia

stillneedsfurther processingparticularlywith

respect to an application system that can

sustaintheNFCtechnologyanditsuses.

Figure 1 NFC Benefits to Mobile Phone

Users

NFCstandardsaredefinedbytheNFCForum, a global consortium of hardware,

software/applications, credit card companies,

banks, and network provider, was first

established by the company NXP

Semiconductors,SonyandNokia.

NFCTechnology

NFC technology is a simple extension

oftheISO/IEC14443proximity-cardstandard

(contactless card, RFID) that combines the

interface of a smartcard and a reader into a

singledevice.

AnNFCdevicecancommunicatewithboth existing ISO/IEC 14443 smartcards and

Near Field Communication (NFC) has been introduced since 2003 but until now the uses of this

technology is less developed, including in Indonesia. NFC technology itself is a standard RFID-basedwirelessdatacommunicationatcloserange(severalcm)thatallowstwo-wayinteractionsquicklyand

securely between multiple electronic devices, allowing contactless transactions waged (without

touching), access digital content and connections between electronic deviceswith one touch. In this

paper will explain development of NFC and its implementation in the commercial industry aswell as

providing an alternative to the ease of data communication between various electronic devices for

variousneeds.

Keywords-RFID,NFC,contactless,mobilepayments,NFCapplications,security

NFC(NEARFIELDCOMMUNICATION)ASATRENDOFCLOSERANGEDATA

COMMUNICATIONBASEDONRFID

MuhammadAkbar

1111601058

MagisterComputerProgram,BudiLuhurUniversity

[email protected]


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readers,aswellaswithotherNFCdevices,and

istherebycompatiblewithexistingcontactless

infrastructure already in use for public

transportationandpayment.

NFC devices are unique because they

can change themode ofoperation in reader/

writer mode, peer-to-peer mode, or cardemulationmode.Differentoperatingmodesare

basedonISO/IEC18092NFCIP-1andISO/

IEC14443standardcontactlesssmartcard.

NFCdata transmissionis measured in

KiloBitsPerSecond(kbps).TheNFCstandard

supports varying data rates, again to ensure

interoperability between pre-existing

infrastructure. The currentdata rates are106

kbps,212kbps,and424kbps.

NearFieldCommunicationisbasedon

inductive-coupling, where loosely coupled

inductivecircuitssharepoweranddataovera

distance of a few centimeters. NFC devices

share the basic technology with proximity

(13.56MHz) RFID tags and contactless

smartcards, but have a number of key new

features.

NFC is based on existing contactless

infrastructurearoundtheworldthatisalready

in use by millions of people on a daily basis.

NFC is not a fashionable nice-to-have

technology, but actually a technology that

makespeoples' lives easier easierto pay for

goods and services, easier to use public

transport, and easier to share data betweendevices. NFC communication is achieved via

magnetic field induction, where two loop

antennas are locatedwithin each other's near

field, effectively forming an air- core

transformer.

Figure2MagneticfieldinductiononNFC

NFC operates within the globally

available and unlicensed radio frequency

ISM band of 13.56 MHz placing the NFC

equipped device toadistance less than 4cm

createstheconnectionwith thereceiver.

The NFC standard supports varying

data rates, again to ensure nteroperabilitybetween pre-existing infrastructure. The

current data ratesare106kbps, 212kbps, and

424kbps.

At the heart of NFCs benefits is its

simplicityofusebringingtwoobjectstogether

is intuitive foreveryone,young orold. NFC is

buildingonexistingsystemsandhumanactions,

soit has avery goodchanceto bevalued and

used formany years to come. NFC technologyprovidessimplicityandeaseofuse.Usershold

NFC-enableddevicestogethertoaccessservices,

interactwithcontent,setupconnections,make

a payment, or present a ticket. Many

corporationsusecontactlessIDcardstocontrol

accesstotheirfacilitiesandnetworks.NFCcan

reduce the cost of card issuance and

management. NFC-enabled devices can also

simplify login to enterprise networks. As NFC

technologypenetratesthroughouttheoffice,we

will see WLAN settings, printer IDs, and

building maps picked up by NFC-enabled

devices, allowing mobile workers to work in

anyofficelocation.

Compared to other wireless

communication technology such as Bluetooth

orWi-Fi, NFCdoesnotrequire users to enter

the processing information manually. NFC is

preferred for payment methods over other

communication technology due toits fast and

automatic connection. This technology also

has the advantage of only working at very

short distance, hence reducing fraudulent

connections and interference. Compared to

other wireless communication technologysuch as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, NFC does not

require users to enter the processing

information manually. NFC is preferred for

payment methods over other communication

technology due to its fast and automatic

connection. This technology also has the

advantage of only working at very short

distance, hence reducing fraudulent

connectionsandinterference.

Figure 3 NFCcomparison with other close

rangewirelesscommunicationtechnology.


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Even though both Bluetooth and

NFC use short-range frequency, the latter

consumes much less power and does not

require pairing. Despite the protocol for the

future Bluetooth 4.0 stipulating low energy

consumption, it's still higher than what

consumed by NFC while used in an activemode.

On the other hand Bluetooth has

transfer rate of 2.1Mbits/s, Bluetooth 3.0 has

even higher transfer rate of up to24Mbits/s

comparedtolowdatatransferrates offeredby

NFCstandards.

RFID and NFC use the same working

standards but the advantage ofNFC is that it

combines the feature to read outand emulate

RFID tags, andshares data between electronic

devices that both have active power (2-way

communication).

NFCreliesondirectmagneticcoupling

betweencomponentsinsidethecommunicating

devices, rather than free space propagation of

radio waves. RFID is highly insecure for

transactions and information can easily be

corrupted unlike NFC. NFC can be used to

initiateBluetoothandWi-FibutRFIDcannot.

HowsNFCWork

There are two modes of

communication and the data transfer ishalf

duplex,meaningatonetime onedevice isonly

in sending and the other isonly in receivingmode. Without a message a reply is not

obtained

Passive Communication Mode: The

Initiator deviceprovides acarrierfieldandthe

target deviceanswers by modulating existing

field.Inthismode,theTargetdevice maydraw

itsoperatingpowerfromtheInitiator-provided

electromagnetic, thus making the Target

device atransponder.

Active Communication Mode: Both

Initiator and Target device communicate by

alternately generating their own field. A

devicedeactivatesitsRFfield while itiswaitingfor data. Inthis mode, both devices typically

needtohaveapower supply

Figure4HowNFCwork

OperatingMode

PEER-TO-PEER MODE (NFC): Thismode is the classic NFC mode, allowing data

connection for up to 424 Kbit/sec. The

electromagnetic properties and the protocol

(NFCIP-1) are standardized inISO18092 and

ECMA320/340.

READER/WRITER MODE (PCD):

NFCdevices can be used as a reader/writer

fortagsandsmart cards.Inthis case the NFC

device acts asaninitiator and thepassivetag

isthetarget.Inreader/writer mode datarates

of106 Kbit/secarepossible.

TAG EMULATION MODE (PICC): Inthis mode the NFC device emulates an ISO

14443 smart card or a smart card chip

integrated in the mobile devices which

connectedtothe antenna of the NFCmodule.

A normal reader can't distinguish amobile

phone operating intag emulation mode from

anordinarysmartcard.

Inreader/writermode(mandatory),

the NFC device is capable of reading NFC

Forum-mandated tag types, such as in the

scenario of reading an NFC Smart Poster tag.

NFCtagsarepassivedevicesthatcanbeused

tocommunicatewithactiveNFCdevices(anactiveNFCreader/writer).InPeer-to-Peer

A lications

LLCP(Logical

LinkControl

Protocol)

RTD(Record

Type

Definition)&

NDEF(Data

Exchange

Format)

CardEmulatio

n(Smart

Card

Capabilit

yfor

Mobile

Devices)

RFLa erISO18092+ISO14443

Peerto

peer

modeRead/

write

modeCard

emulatio

nmode


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mode (mandatory), two NFC devices can

exchange data. For example, you can share

Bluetooth or Wi-Fi link set up parameters or

youcanexchangedatasuchasvirtualbusiness

cards or digital photos. Peer-to-Peer mode is

standardized on the ISO/IEC 18092 standard.

In Card Emulation mode (optional), the NFCdevice appearsto anexternalreadermuchthe

same as a traditional contactless smart card.

This enables payments and ticketing by NFC

devices without changing the existing

infrastructure.

ModulationTechniques

ActiveMode

In active mode data is sent using

amplitudeshiftkeying (ASK). Thismeansthat

base RF signal (13.56 KHz) ismodulatedwith

the data according to a coding scheme.

Depending on baud rate different coding

schemesareused.

Passivemode

In passive mode the data sent is always

encoded using Manchester coding with a

modulationof 10%. Additionally tothe active

andpassivemodetherearetwodifferentroles

adevicecanplay inNFC communication. The

NFC Forum has released eleven specifications

todate

NFCdata exchange format (NDEF)-Dataformat fordevicesandtags

NFC tag types 1,2,3 & 4 operation -DefinesR/W operation forNFC tags

NFCrecord type definition (RTD) -Usedinmessagesbetweendevices/tags

Smart poster RTD-for posters with tagswith text,audioorotherdata

Text RTDfor recordscontainingplaintext Uniform resource identifier (URI) RTD -

for records that refer to an internet

resource

Generic control record type definition(RTD)-waystorequest anaction

Connectionhandoverspecification -howtoestablish aconnectionwithotherwireless

technologies.

ApplicationofNFC

Figure5SampleapplicationofNFC

The number of short-range

applications for NFC technology is growingcontinuously, appearing in all areas of life.

Especially the use in conjunction with mobile

phones offers great opportunities. The main

applicationsare:

Payment&ticketingNFCenablesuserstomakefastandsecure

purchases, go shopping with electronic

money, and also to buy, store and use

electronic tickets, such as concert/event

tickets,planetickets,travelcards,etc.

ElectronickeysFor example, these can be car keys,

house/officekeys,etc. Identification

In addition, NFC makes it possible to use

mobile phones instead of identity

documents. In Japan, for example, student

IDs can be stored on cell phones, which

allows the students to electronically

registerforclasses,toopenlockedcampus

doors, buy food at the school cafeteria,

borrow books, and even get discounts at

local movie theaters, restaurants, and

shops.

ReceiveandshareinformationThedatastoredonanytaggedobject(e.g.a

DVD box or a poster) can be accessed by

mobilephonesinordertodownloadmovie

trailers,street-maps,traveltimetablesetc.

Set-upserviceTo avoid the complicated configuration

process,NFCcanbeusedfortheset-upof

other longer-range wireless technologies,

suchasBluetoothorWirelessLAN.

SecurityAspect

There are several aspects that need to be

concernrelatedtotheNFCtechnologysuchas:


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EavesdroppingRF waves for the wireless data transfer

with an antennaenables attackers to pick

upthetransmittedMonitoringdata.

An Open source device which is able to

eavesdrop passive and active NFC

communications is the Proxmarkinstrument.

Datamodification/corruption:Instead of eavesdropping this is not a

passiveattack.Thisattackisrelativelyeasy

to realize. One possibility to disturb the

signal is the usage of a so called RFID

Jammer.

Man-in-the-middleattackInordertoshowthatNFCissecureagainst

a Man-in-the-Middle-Attack we have to

survey both, the active and the passive

communicationmode.

Relayattack:Forthisattacktheadversaryhastoforward

therequestofthereadertothevictimand

relaybackitsanswertothereaderinreal

time,inordertocarryoutataskpretending

tobetheownerofthevictimssmartcard.

TheFuture

Near field communications (NFC) has

taken far longer to get established than

originally hoped for, but its fervent backers

anticipateabreakthroughnextyear.

Data rates of 848 kbps is beingdeveloped.Highlysecureapplicationsarebeing

developed for payments, especially for the

presence of technology Near Field

Communication(NFC)iscurrentlyinIndonesia,

islikelytobeoneofthetechnologicalneedsfor

the community. NFC, now become a trend in

themobilemarketofIndonesia.Evidentlysome

mobile phone manufacturers to use these

applications on mobile devices. Currently

smartphone in Indonesia utilizing NFC

technology to facilitate the transfer of data.

Userscansubmitpictures,photosandvideoto

devices that supportNFC technology tootherswithoutthe need to activate bluetooth, simply

byattachingasecondmobilephone.

Nokia as one of the mobile phone

manufacturers,utilizingNFCtechnologyisatits

Belle Symbian phones. With NFC technology,

users can even transfer music from its NFC

mobilephone to another NFCdevice with just

one touch only. One of the applications

directoryof culinary collaborationwith Nokia,

Menoo! Elasitas also been made to apply the

NFC technology. With this technology, users

Menoo!will just have toputhis Nokia mobile

phone to an NFC sign if they want to do a

transaction. Currently in Indonesia there are

manydevicesthatuseNFCtechnology,butwith

advantages in ease of data transfer may be

furtherdevelopedthistechnologyinIndonesia.

Conclusion

Near Field Communication is an

efficient technology for communications withshort ranges. It offers an intuitive and simple

waytotransferdatabetweenelectronicdevices.

Asignificantadvantagesofthistechniqueisthe

compatibilitywithexistingRFIDinfrastructures.

NFC is a new technology and like

other new technologies it ishard tomake it

mainstream as of now because of

technological limitations etc. A major

challenge is interoperability which is

guaranteed only if the devices comply to the

standardsrequired.

WithregardtothesecurityofNFC,we

discussed different attacks and possible

countermeasurestomitigatetheirimpact.

Currently and future development of

NFC technology will be very promising,

especially in Indonesia along with the

increasingnumberofmobilephonesandother

electronic devices that have been using NFC

technologyas well asthe increasinga number

of NFC mobile phone users and other NFC-

basedelectronicequipment.

References

KFinkenzeller,RFIDHandbook:Fundamentals

and applications in contactless smart cards,

radio frequency identification and near-field

communication,Wiley@2010

L Hyvonen, A Pinto... -US Patent App.

12/455,751,2009.

NearFieldCommunication

E Haselsteine , Security in near field

communication(NFC)

Ortiz,S.,Jr.Isnear-fieldcommunicationcloseto

success?

C. Mulliner. Vulnerability analysis and attacks

onnfc-enabled

mobile phones. Availability, Reliability and

Security, International Conference on, 0:695

700,2009.

Webreferences:

GoogleSearch NFC Forum whitepapers and

Presentations

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