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Volume 54, Number 6, 1968

LubricationA Technical Publication Devoted to

the Selection and Use of Lubricants

PUBLISHED BY

TEXACO INC.TEXACO PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

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There are no exceptions tothis rule. It applies to all ofTexacos 138 oceangoing tank-ers, from the largest (seephoto) to the smallest. Underno circumstances are Texacomasters authorized to pumpoily wastes overboard, whetherin harbor or on the high seas.

Texacos policies have longbeen stricter than internationalagreements provide. Existingcovenants, to which the United

Texaco

Protectsbeaches and wildlife by prohibitingthe discharge of oil from its tankers.States subscribes, prohibit thedischarge of oily wastes within100 miles of any coastline.Texaco ules flatly prohibit dis-charge of oily wastes anywherein the world. No exceptions!

Quite apart from its desire toprotect beaches and wildlife,Texaco believes that the oil inballast waters and tank wash-ings is too valuable to bedumped at sea. Through care-ful operating procedures, oily

waste waters are held to an ab-solute minimum. These wastesare retained on board until theycan be pumped ashore at aterminal where the oil can beseparated from the water.

These conservation proce-dures reflect Texacos determi-nation not only to help keep heworldswaters clean, but also tobeagood corpor- ~ate citizen where-ever it operates.

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LUBRICATIONA TECHNICAL PUBLICATION DEVOTED TO THE SELECTION AND USE OF LUBRICANTS

Published by

Texaco Inc., 135 East 42nd Street, New ~ ork, N.~. 10017

J. H. Rambin, Jr., Chairman of the Board of Dircttors: M. J. Epley, Jr., President; A. XV. Baucum, Harvey Cash, J.Green, J. H. Pipkin, Executive Vke Presidc.nts; W. E. Avery, A. M. Card, W. G. Copeland, S. T. Crossland, C. H.Dobson, L. W. Folmar, M. F. Granville, Ben Halsell, O. B. Hocker, H. C. Hose, L. C. Kemp, r., Kerryn King, J. W.Kinnear, J. K. McKinley, E. \V. McNealy. . I. M ngay, XV. H. Ryer, H. O. Woodru~, Vice Presidents; A. B. Steed,Vice President and General Counsel; \\..l. Clayton, Secretary; E. C. Mitchell, Treasurer; \V. R. Love, Comptroller.

Volume 54, Number 6, 1968COPYRIGIITS: he contents o! LUBRICATION rc cop~rtghted and cannot bc rcprtntcd ltgalls by other publications uithout u rittcn priorapproval ]tom "I~xaco and then onl~ t/ the arttcle it quoted exactly and accompantcd b~ the crgdtt line "Courtesy o/ TexacoJ m,tgaztneLUBRICATION", op)right , 1968 b) "lexac.~ Inc. Cop)rtght under International Copyright Conrcntion. All rights Rcwr~ cd t~mhr Pan.,lmcritan Cop)right convention.

(?tlANGE OF ADDRESS." n rcpotttttg tha~tgc ot a,ldrcif Idcaw gire both old aml ntu addrc~w II"rttc to--I~". P. Molons, Tex,t~o In~..135 F.. 42nd St., New York, N.Y. lt~(ll 7: or II. E. |l"bittng. "lcxaco Can,tda Ltd., 1425 ~[ount,tin St., ,~|ontreal 25, Qutb~, C,mada.

LUBRICATION OF THER. S. Barnett and J. F. Hillard

M ANSadventures ant| progress in the explo-ration of outer space has commanded muchof our attention in recent years. At the

same time, however, interest in oceanography is in-creasing, and there are indications that this programmay ultimately equal ottr present efforts in space.Although the surfaces of the oceans have been afamiliar featt, re of the earth for man) centuries.even now relatively little is known about the vastdepths of the sea or its floor. We do know. however,that both the oceans themselves anti the land be-neath contain enormot,s potentials of food, fuel andminerals, and the pressure of the worlds growingpopulation may soon require that these resources beexploited.

In a similar manner to space vehicles, deep seaexploration vehicles have special design, construc-tion and lubrication requirements which differquite distinctly from those of land based con-veyances. In particular, the tremendot,s pressureswhich exist at the depths of the ocean obviot, slyrequire very high structt, ral strength. At the sametime, a useft, l deep sea exploration submarineshould possess a certain degree of natural buoyancyand maneuverability.

The Aluminaut, one of the worlds deepest divingtrue submarines, is the inspiration nf Mr. J. LewisReynolds, Chairman of Reynolds International, Inc.who conceived the idea for this deep submersiblemore than a decade ago. This pioneering vessel,which is 51 feet long and constructed from forged,6! _, inch thick, 40 inch long bolted aluminuna ings,

ALUMINAUT

was the first free cruising true submarine to divedeeper than 6,000 feet. It is designed for a maxi-mum epth of 15,000 feet. ~a

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LUBRICATION

Court~l~ o[ Re)holds SI~b /,~dritit ,~crvi~ ** (?orpor.mon

Figure 1 -- The Aluminaut on land.

Courtes) o/ Re~nold~ Suh/3L~rin; Serviccs Corporation

Figure 2-- The A, luminaut beginning a descent.

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LUBRICATION

Courtier o/ Re~ nokls 3ul;/,Xlarine Service~ Corporation

Figure 3 --The Aluminaut cruising at a deep evel.

perature-pressure design limits of 30 F and 10,000psi, and yet be sufficiently viscous at 150 F maxi-

mum surface temperature to lubricate the gearsproperly. Rust protection of the gears was also arequirement, as sea water contanlination cannotalways be aw)ided.

A similar problem concerned the lubrication ofaluminum on alumintun surfaces, such as the hatchlocking mechanism and the mating surface of thehatch with the hull.

SELECTION OF LUBRICANTS

Propulsion and Control Gear BoxesThe Aluminaut is propelled by three external 4.9

horsepower d-c ball bearing propulsion motorsxvhich operate at 2050 rew)lutions per minute(rpm;. Two of these motors operate stern propel-

lers for horizontal maneuvering, while the thirdnperates a topside propeller for vertical motion.The propulsion motor shafts pass through seals anddrive reduction gears in separate compartments.The reduction gears consist of either a 2.24 or 4.19first reduction pass and a 3.39 second reduction

which drives the propeller shafts at 270 or 144 rpm.The propulsk)n motors themselves are totallyenclosed and are filled with a one centistoke siliconefluid which functions as a triple capacity pressurecompensating fluid, dielectric and lubricant. Thesteering and diving assemblies each utilize a quarteri~orsepower d-c sealed motor whose 1725 rpm shaft

Figure 4--A pair of manipulator arms, underwater lights,television and still cameras mounted outside and complexelectronic equipment make the Alumlnaul a sophislicated

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LUBRICATION

Courtesy o/Re~noldJ Sub,,~larinc 3*rti~J Curporattvn

Figure 5--Resting on the sandy ocean bottom, the Aluminaut searches for objects of interest which it could pick up with itsmanipulator arms and deposit in its forward basket. Powered by aft propellers, the Aluminaut can slide across the smoothbottom on skids or detachable wheel assemblies.

speed is reduced by a brass-steel worm gear/Acmescrew combination to a linear speed output of [,[linch per second.

A number of lubricants were considered beforeselecting a single 100 SUS* at 100 F compoundedmineral oil for both the propulsion and control gearboxes. This lubricant was also found to be satis-factory at the design maximum temperature of150 F ~vhich may be experienced when tile Alu-minaut is on the surface. The lubricant chosencontains a fatty oil in accordance with the AGMA*Standard Specification 250.02 for Industrial En-closed gearing, including worm gear lubricants.

~aybolt Universal Seconds American Gear Manufacturers Association

Table I lists the typical tests on tile oil finallyselected, and includes wear tests on mixtures withthe one centistoke silicone fluid which was used forlubricating the propulsion motors. These data showthat satisfactory antiwear protection is providedfor brass and steel gears with up to 10 per centsilicone fluid mixed with the gear oil. This xvasinvestigated because of the possibility of leakageof silicone fluid through the motor section shaftseals into the gear boxes. Additional tests confirmedthat the gear lubricant is compatible with the gearbox seals.

The suitability of the 100 SUS compounded min-eral oil for the propulsion and control gear boxeswas confirmed by hydrostatic tests on these corn-

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LUBRICATION

TABLE ITYPICAL TESTS ON OIL FOR PROPULSION

AND CONTROL GEAR BOXES

TABLE IITYPICAL TESTS ON HYDRAULIC OIL FOREXTERNAL MANIPULATOR POWER ACK

Gravity, API 30.0Specific Gravity 0.8762Flash, COC, 375Fire, COC, 410Pour, F +10Viscosity

SUS at 100 F 102SUS at 210 F 39.8

Estimated iscositySUS t 30 F and 10,000 psi 3290

Viscosity Index (ASTM 2270) 106Copper Strip Corrosion

3 hours at 212 F Negative

NAVY GEAR WEAR TEST RESULTS

Test Lubricant Milligrams Wear 1000 CyclesVol. % Vol. % Brass steel gears

Gear Box Silicone 5 pound 10 poundLubricant Fluid (1 cs) Load Load

100 0

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LUBRICATION

TOP BALLROTATES T 1800 R.P.M

! LUBRIAN

t

The test procedure consisted of running ;it1800 rpm for one mintlte at top ball loads whichwere increased in 10 kilogram increments until thetest balls welded together. Results R~r four greasesare shown in Table IV. The maximum o weld unitpressure data included in Table IV were determinedby dividing that portion of the h)ad acting throughthe center of each lower ball by the average wearscar area produced at the load step immediatelybelow the weld point. The large differences in thesevalues between Greases A and B and Greases C andD is partially due to the ditterences in weld pointand partially due to the fact that Greases C and Dgave uniformly small wear scars until weldingcurred, while Greases A and B produced wear scarswhich increased almost linearly with load.

On he basis of this information, Grease C wasselected as the hatch-hull interface lubricant. Asindicated in Table IV, Grease C is a premiumlithium base grease. It meets both Military Specifi-cations MIL-G-18709A (Navy) Grease-Ball andRoller Bearing and MIL-G-7711A Grease-Aircraft

TABLE IICOMPARISON F SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

OF ALUMINUM LLOYS 7079-T6 AND 2017-T4Tensile Strength, Yield Strength,

Alloy psi psi

7079-T6 78,000 68,0002017-T4 62,000 40,000

Data from "Machine esign," eptember 9, t963.

LOADFORCEFigure 6--The Four-Ball EP Tesler. Left: The complele ma-

chine. Above: A schemalic ulawoy of the test cell.

General Purpose. This product is an NLGI* Num-ber 2 grade grease according to worked penetration,contains a mineral oil with a viscosity of about 2.10SUS t 100 F, and is rust and oxidation inhibited. Itis suitable for extended use at temperatures rangingfrom --.10 F to 250 F. Tile hatch grease was alsofotmd to be compatible with the neoprene seal ringused on tile hatch.

Other areas of the hatch which require lubrica-tion arc tile screw threads and bearing ring of tilehatch locking mechanism. These pieces are anodized356-T61 aluminum alh)y and are designed forgrease lubrication. Greases for this application weretested for friction characteristics with a RoxanaFour-Ball Wear Test Machine. This tester normallyuses tile same test piece arrangement as tile Four-

Ball EP Tester, but is instrt, mented o record fric-tion torque. For this work special 356-T6 aluminumcup and disk specimens were used. These wereanodized by tile same procedt, re used for the actualhatch locking mechanism. The test pieces weremounted in tile tester in such a manner that tileinverted cup rotated against tile disk, thereby pro-ducing an annular contact area 0.060 inches widewith a mean diameter of 0.41 inches.

Base line friction data were obtained by makingone run with no lubricant and several runs with a

straight mineral oil having a viscosity of about1200 SUS at 100 F. The unlubricated run prnduceda coefficient nf friction greater than 0.6. With tilestraight mineral oil a friction coefficient of about0.15 was observed independent of loads (from 10

National Lubricating Grease Institute

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Grease

LUBRICATION

TABLE IVEXTREME PRESSURE TEST DATA- ALUMINUM ON ALUMINUMFour-Ball EP Machine, 2017-T4 Aluminum alls, One minute Tests

Maximum No Weld Load,Description KiloKrams

Unit Pressure AtNo Weld Load, psi

Synthetic ester grease

Grease A with 2.5 per cent molybdenumdisulfideLithium soap mineral oil grease, rust and

oxidation nhibitedGrease C with 5 per cent molybdenum

disulfide

190 7,800

190 15,500

490 67,500

470 62,500

to 25 kilograms) or speeds (from 50 to 600 rptn).These data are shown in Table V.

In order to simulate several hatch closings, greasescreening testing was done using only thin smearcnating of grease on the test disk. Fifteen separatefive minute runs ~vere made without replenishingthe h,bricant. New est pieces were used for eachset of runs. Test conditions were 400 rpm, 20kilogram load and room emperature at start of test.With this test procedure distinct differences in ba~ththe level and consistency of friction coefficientswere observed between Greases A, B and C listedin Table IV. These results are shown in Figure 7.Grease C produced the lowest and most consistentcoefficients and hence was selected for this applica-

TABLE VFRICTION DATA--ALUMINUM ON ALUMINUM

Roxana our-Ball Wear Test MachineAnodized 56-T6 Aluminum ubricated with

Straight Mineral OilMachine Specimen Test FinalSpeed, Load, Time, Coefficient

rpm Kg. Minutes of Friction

50 10 10 0.15450 15 3 0.15350 25 3 0.147

600 10 3 0.147600 15 3 0.138600 25 3 0.138

Z

0.20

0.16/-~-- GREASE

FRICTION TORQUE ERRATIC DURING THESE RUNS

i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I0 11 12 13 14 15

RUN NUMBERFigure 7 -- Roxona Four-Ball Wear Test Machine resulls on lhree greases.

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LUBRICATION

TABLE VITYPICAL TESTS ON MISCELLANEOUS OMPOUNDS

Wire Rope Compound

Meets Specification -- MIL-L-22803 WEP)Amend. 1

Specific Gravity 0.976Flash, COC, 520Penetration at 77 F, unworked

(ASTMD 217) 65Softening Point, F 144Copper trip Corrosion hours at 212 F NegativeViscosity, Saybolt

Furol Seconds t 250 F 464

Marine Flushing Oil

Gravity, API 21.1Flash (Pensky Martens), 280Pour, F --40Viscosity, SUS t 100 F 142

at 210 F 39.5

tion. Fortunately, this was the same lithium soapmineral oil grease which was chosen for the hatch-hull interface.

Miscellaneous PointsTwo additional products were also selected for

the Aluminaut. These included a xvire rope com-pound ~vhich was used to protect the braided alu-minumwire connections on the hull exterior. These

connect the hnll sections electrically to guard againstelectrolytic corrosion. The wire rope compound, anasphaltic material, protects the braided wires fromdamage. A marine turbine cleaning and flushing oilhas also been used to flush the external manipulatorhydraulic unit after sea water contamination. Typi-cal tests on these materials are given in Table VI.

SUMMARYThe Aluminaut has been operating out of its

Miami, Florida base since 1965. It has made manyexploratory dives and accomplished a number ofpioneering underseas investigations. It was part ofthe team which searched for and successfully located

the hydrogen bomb lost off the coast of Spain in1966 This vessel continues to engage in variousexploratory investigations. No service difficultiesattributable to lubrication have been experiencedsince it went into service.

REFERENCES1. "An Oceanographic Research Submarine of Alumi-

num for Operation to 15,000 feet" by Edward WenkJr., Robert C. Dehart, Philip Mandel, and RalphKissinger Jr., Transactions of the Royal nstitution

oi~

Naval Architects, Oct. 1960 Vol. 102, No. 4,pages 555 to 578.2. "The Aluminaut" by H. E. Sheets and R. R. Lough-

man, AIAA Paper No. 64-459 (Presented at 1stAnnual AIAA Annual Meeting, Washington D.C.,June 29-July 2, 1964).

3. "Aluminaut" by Charles \V. Covey, Naval EngineersJournal, April, 1965, pages 186 to 192 (reprintedfrom Sept. 1964 ssue of "Underseas Technology").

4. "The Aluminaut--A Deep Submergence Vessel" byE. E. Ellwood, SAE Paper 650661 (presented toDayton Section May 11, 1965).

5. "Underxvater Work and Manned Submersibles" byJohn A. Pritzlaff, SAE Paper No. 670183 presentedat Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Jan.9-13, 1967).6. Magazine LUBRICATION, olume 53, Number 3,1967. "Gear Lubrication--I/

7. "Underwater Manipulators" by W. H. Hunley andW. G. Houck, Mechanical Engineering, March 1966,pages 35 to 41.

8. "Hydraulic Fluids for Deep Submergence" by R. W.McQuaid, SAE Paper No. 670535 (1967).

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TEXAC

keep .tgingstnovmgo

For men who run companies, Texaco has ideas that keep

things moving more efficiently, more economically,

more profitably. And more ideas are on the way

all the time for companies f every kind.

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TRUST YOUR CAR TO THE MAN WHO WEARSTHE STAR

TEXACO ,.c.

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Texaco Petroleum Productsare distributed throughout theUnited States, Latin Americaand West Africa. In Canada byTexaco Canada Limited, 1425Mountain Street, Montreal 25,Quebec, Canada.