vaccination experience in ai control in indonesia elly sawitri siregar coordinator, hpai-campaign...
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Vaccination Experience in AI Control in Indonesia
Elly Sawitri SiregarCoordinator, HPAI-Campaign Management Unit
Ministry of Agriculture
Seminar 5-”Vaccination against AI: Issues and Strategies Within the Context of an Overall Control Program”
Organized byWorld Bank, FAO, OIE and Tokyo Development Learning Center
March 19, 2008
Overview
• Background
• Current HPAI situation
• Control programme
• Vaccination policy and implementation
• Vaccine efficacy
• Summary
Poultry Numbers
• Standing population:
– Native/village 317m (~630m annually)– Layer 106m– Broiler 175m (~1b annually) – Duck 35m
Total >620m (plus others – quail, pigeon, goose…)
Source : Livestock Statistic (2007)
The Poultry Industry
• Total investment US$ 35b
• Turnover US$ 30b pa
• People employed >10m
• Feed production 7.5m MT pa
• DOC broiler >1b pa
• DOC layer >100m pa
• Markets 13,000 markets daily
• Abattoir processing <20%Source : Indonesian Association of Poultry Companies (2004)
Disease Situation
• First identified in 2003• 31/33 provinces have confirmed cases (286/444
districts)• Incidence varies across the country
– Endemic in Java, Bali, Sumatra and South Sulawesi
– Lower incidence in eastern provinces– Based on limited surveillance
• Both commercial and village poultry• Chickens, quails and ducks affected• Human cases since July 2005
Poultry density and human cases
Districts with confirmed infection PDS, dinas and DIC data – 2007 (incomplete)
9 Strategies for Control - 2004
1. Improvement of bio-security2. Vaccination in infected and suspected areas3. Depopulation (selective culling) and
compensation4. Control movement of live poultry, poultry
products and farm waste5. Surveillance and tracing back6. Restocking7. Stamping out in newly infected areas8. Public awareness9. Monitoring and evaluation* Decree of DG of Livestock Services, Feb 2004
National Strategic Plan
• National Strategic Work Plan for the Progressive Control of HPAI in Animals 2006-2008
• 9 elements :• Campaign Management Unit• Enhancement of HPAI Control
• Including vaccination• Surveillance and epidemiology• Diagnostic laboratory services• Animal quarantine services• Regulation• Communication• R & D• Poultry Industry Restructuring
• Reviewed in June 2007 – no substantive change, but recognised need to intensify campaign
Workplan
1. Improve the management, planning and capacity for HPAI control
2. Reduce risk / Improve HPAI prevention
3. Improve detection and response
Reducing Risk
• There are many high risk practices along the production and market chain
• These must be identified and the risk eliminated or reduced
• But this will take time, so… Vaccination of high risk populations will be
necessary until risks reduced
Duck farms incl grazing
By-products Chicken farms Other birdsIncl. wild
Duck farms
Collector Yards
Chicken farms
Wholesale market
Retail markets
Wholesale market
Quail farms
2007 Indonesia, after Sims
Risk
Slaughterhouse
DOC DealersRice,crops
Dealers
Risk Pathways
Risk Reduction
Target:• Vaccine• Farm biosecurity• Ducks• Transport/dealers• Traditional markets• Hatcheries• Information, education and communication
Vaccination Policy
Rationale
• In mid 2003, AI was detected in Central Java and has spread to West Java and East Java…. and 2004 spread to Lampung, North Sumatera, Bali and South Sulawesi.
• Poultry industry was infected and movement of commercial poultry might be the cause of spread to other islands.
• Limited compensation fund was available for Sector 4 and Sector 3 (small scale)
• Sector 1 and 2 no compensation• Mid 2004, vaccination policy was implemented by
Government.
Vaccination Strategy
• Mass vaccination in mid 2004:• 300 M doses available• Inactivated H5N1 local isolate• Free of charge• Backyard and small farmers of any species
• Mass vaccination continued in 2005 and early 2006• Vaccination in sectors 1, 2 and 3 (breeders and layers)
• at their own cost • with coverage estimated to be 90% in commercial layer and
100% in breeding flocks• Mid 2006 due to limited vaccines – targeted vaccination:
• Inactivated LPAI vaccine (H5N2)• 2007 – continued targeted vaccination of some
populations in high risk provinces
AI VaccinesVaccine use (GoI):• 2004 : 132m doses• 2005 : 143.4m doses• 2006 : 102.9m doses• 2007 : 98.5m doses
Registered seed strains:• H5N1: A/Chicken/Legok/2003• H5N2: A/Turkey/England/N28/73
A/Chicken/Mexico/232/94/CPA• H5N9: A/Turkey/Wisconsin/68
Vaccination problems
• Complex programme management in the autonomy era• Limited resources against scale of task
• Staff, equipment, operating, vaccine• Low vaccination coverage in Sector 4 (wide area, large
population, free range)• A range of species infected - native chicken, commercial
chicken, duck, quail• Poor biosecurity/Sector 4• Vaccination in poultry industry – re-occurrence of
outbreaks by end 2005 • And vaccine efficacy issues (results of SEPRL-DGLS-
AAHL-FAO)• Review of antigenic variability of AI viruses in Indonesia • Virus isolates required for further assessment…
Collaborative Vaccine Efficacy Project in 2007
• MoA Indonesia
• AAHL Australia
• FAO
• USDA-APHIS and SEPRL, USA
Summary of Challenge Studies
• PWT-WIJ/06 resistant to most vaccines
• SMI-HAMD/06 was susceptible to most vaccines
• Papua/06 was intermediate
Source: Swayne, 2007
Question?
• What is the significance of PWT-WIJ/06 ?
• Need representative viruses– Spatial, enterprise, species– Epidemiological information: vaccination
status, clinical signs etc– Collected overtime
Available isolates - region
Region 2003200
4200
5200
6200
7 Total
Sumatra 1 18 9 28
West Java, Banten, Jakarta 28 28
Central, East Java, Yogya 3 3 6 38 15 65
Other 10 11 21
Total 3 4 6 94 35 142
Summary of Sequence Analysis
• Isolates from Indonesia fall within one clade
• There are 3 other isolates that group with the PWT-WIJ/06
• These 4 isolates appear to be somewhat different from the majority of isolates so far submitted
Source: Peter Daniels, AAHL
OFFLU Project in Indonesia Oct 2007-Sept 2008
• Concerns over vaccine efficacy– Challenge tests results at SEPRL (USDA)– Outbreaks in commercial industry
• OFFLU project “Monitoring AI virus variants in Indonesia Poultry and defining an effective and sustainable vaccination strategy” – MoA-Indonesia– FAO Rome, Bangkok and Jakarta – OIE – AAHL, Australia – VLA, UK – SEPRL, USA, – Erasmus, The Netherlands
Objectives
– Antigenic mapping– Increased collection of representative isolates
and mapping– Challenge tests/strain selection– Recommend Vaccination strategy
Identify efficacious current vaccinesIdentify new seed strains, if requiredOngoing monitoring
Work already carried out/on-going
• Virus characterization by DNA sequencing (AAHL, Bbalitvet, VLA)
• Efficacy testing of vaccine (SEPRL)• HI tests (SEPRL, VLA, Bbalitvet)• Antigenic cartography (Erasmus)• Under progress- vaccine construction (rev
genetics) and autogenous vaccine (SEPRL)
• Isolate sharing need to be increased
Summary• HPAI remains endemic in many areas• Long term approach to risk reduction is required• Improved surveillance with better understanding
of disease epidemiology• Commercial industry support is critical• Vaccination can be an important tool to reduce
circulating H5N1 virus– Needs adequate resources and management– Monitoring of vaccination program critical– Is only component of successful disease control