vaccines: hpv and hiv. immune system esophagus stomach taking in food and oxygen exposes us to...
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Vaccines: HPV and HIV
ImmuneSystem
esophagus
stomach
Taking in food and oxygen exposes us to pathogens
CB 18.2
Pathogen: an organism that causes disease
Ebola
E. coli
Fungus from soil
Phage virus
various pathogens
Viruses only harm cells by invading them and using the cell to reproduce
Living organisms must fit all of the following criteria:
1. They must have organization.
2. They must have metabolism.
3. They must respond to the environment.
4. They must be able to reproduce themselves.
CB 6.6A typical bacteria
lag
exponential
stationary
The rapid growth of bacteriaCB 52.12
CB 52.22
Human Population Growth
36.4
9
2.3
36.4
9
2.3
How much of our society is based on continuing population increases?
CB 6.6A typical bacteria
What do bacteria do?from a human perspective
Good• Decay dead material• Help digest food• Protect body from “bad
bacteria”• Nitrogen fixation• Produce oxygen
Bad• Cause disease
– Food poisoning
– STD’s
– Cavities
– Infections of skin or body
• Spoil food/infect crops
CB 54.17 The nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen as part of amino acids and nucleotides
N NN
What do bacteria do?from a human perspective
Good• Decay dead material• Help digest food• Protect body from “bad
bacteria”• Nitrogen fixation• Produce oxygen
Bad• Cause disease
– Food poisoning
– STD’s
– Cavities
– Infections of skin or body
• Spoil food/infect crops
~40% of planted food does not make it to table
Resistance of bacteria to antibiotics
Evolution in Action:
What do bacteria do?from a human perspective
Good• Decay dead material• Help digest food• Protect body from “bad
bacteria”• Nitrogen fixation• Produce oxygen
Bad• Cause disease
– Food poisoning
– STD’s
– Cavities
– Infections of skin or body
• Spoil food/infect crops
~40% of planted food does not make it to table
esophagus
stomach
Taking in food and oxygen exposes us to pathogens
The Immune System
• Non-specific:– barriers
• Specific:–B-cells -> antibodies
–T-cells
CB 43.2
Non-Specific Immune SystemBarriers: Skin-
DryInhospitableCompetitionSecretions (lysozyme)
Hairs and Mucus (protect openings)Traps particles, swallowed
Stomach acidkills pathogens
CB 43.2
CB 43.2 Skin protects us from most pathogens
Non-Specific Immune SystemBarriers: Skin-
DryInhospitableCompetitionSecretions (lysozyme)
Hairs and Mucus (protect openings)Traps particles, swallowed
Stomach acidkills pathogens
CB 43.2
esophagus
stomach
Non-Specific Immune SystemBarriers: Skin-
DryInhospitableCompetitionSecretions (lysozyme)
Hairs and Mucus (protect openings)Traps particles, swallowed
Stomach acidkills pathogens
CB 43.2
How do vaccines to work?How do vaccines to work?By pre-activating the body’s immune system.By pre-activating the body’s immune system.