various planning functions. (3) evaluation and selection of design … · 2013. 11. 6. · various...
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DOCURENT RESI.MEED 032 711 EF 002 267By-Pinnell. Charles: Wad older. Michael - .4
Guidelines for Planning in Colleges and Universities- volume 3- Physical -Plant Planning. Land Use. and Traf Lc-Pub Date Jul 68 .
Note-148p.: Volumes 1 and 2 have been announced as ED 024 119 and ED 024 120EDRS Price MF-S0-751-1.;-$7-50Descriptors - *Campus Planning. Design Needs. Fatally Inventory. Flexible Facilities. *Higher Education. *LandUse. *Master Plans. Pedestrian Traffic. School Expansion. *Traffic Circulation. Transportation. VehicularTraffic
The third of five volumes concerned with higher educational planning dividedinto two distinct sections--(1) land use planning. and (2) traffic planning. The firstsection commences with certain defin,Lions and interpretations which are meant toovercome any misunderstandings_ Actual land use planning process follows and canbe identified by six general stages--(1) the informational input concerning the goalsof the institutional programs. financial capabilities of the institution, as well asinformation regarding its physical requirements. (2) the analysis and interaction of thevarious planning functions. (3) evaluation and selection of design factors. (4)synthesis of the land use plan. (5) detail design and implementation. and (6) theconcept of continuous planning. The traffic planning section discusses varioustechniques which can be utilized to obtain required data II) order to develop a trafficplan. Access. internal circulation. and parking are discussed relative to the dailytraffic problem. The traffic studies may provide data which will influence otheraspects of the total planning process. Likewise. the location of buildings and othertraffic generating facilities on a campus will also have a major bearing on the trafficplan. A section of the development of a traffic plan summarizes the total process.(NI)
III1
VO
LUM
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IDE
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LIC
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RM
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ION
TO
RE
PR
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ED
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ater, Whocicr,
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TO
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ND
OR
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NIZ
AT
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DE
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GR
EE
ME
NT
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ITH
TH
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.S. O
FF
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OF
ED
UC
AT
ION
. FU
RT
HE
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EP
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OU
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IGH
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WN
ER
."
All rights reserved, W
ritton permission m
ustbo granted boforo reproduction in w
hole orport.
Coordinating B
oardT
exas College
and Univorsity S
ystem. C
opyright applicationpending, M
arch 1968.
,
GU
IDE
LIN
ES
FO
R P
LAN
NIN
GIN CO
LLE
GE
S A
ND
UN
IVE
RS
ITIE
S
VO
LUM
E T
HR
EE
.PH
YS
ICA
L P
LAN
T P
LAN
NIN
G.L
AN
D U
SE
AN
DT
RA
FF
IC
Rep
ort D
evel
oped
For
TH
E C
OO
RD
INA
TIN
G B
OA
RD
TE
XA
S C
OLL
EG
E A
ND
UN
IVE
RS
ITY
SY
ST
EM
By
Dr.
Cha
rles
Pin
nell
Pro
ject
Dire
ctor
and
Mr.
Mic
hael
Wac
hold
erA
ssoc
iate
Pro
ject
Dire
ctor
Tex
as A
&M
Uni
vers
ityJu
ly 1
968
JOH
N E
. GR
AY
Cha
irman
NE
WT
ON
GR
ES
HA
M
Vic
e.C
hairm
an
RA
YB
UR
N B
ELL
G. V
. DR
IND
LEY
, JR
., M
.D.
VIC
TO
R B
RO
OK
S
J, G
. CIG
AR
RO
A, J
R.,
M.D
.
MR
S. J
OH
N T
. JO
NE
S, J
R.
J. C
. LO
ON
EY
EU
GE
NE
McD
ER
MO
TT
CH
AR
LES
PR
OT
HR
O
HA
RR
Y P
RO
VE
NC
E
C. G
, SC
RU
GG
S
J. J
. SE
AB
RO
OK
TO
M S
EA
LY
M, H
AR
VE
Y W
EIL
D. M
, WIG
GIN
S
DA
N C
, WIL
LIA
MS
H. B
. ZA
CH
RY
in.m
.=1.
JAC
K K
. WIL
LIA
MS
Com
mis
sion
er
CO
OR
DIN
AT
ING
BO
AR
DT
EX
AS
CO
LLE
GE
AN
D U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y S
YS
TE
MS
AM
HO
US
TO
t ST
AT
E. o
rric
e B
UIL
DIN
GA
US
TIN
. TE
XA
S 7
8701
In c
reat
ing
the
Coo
rdin
atin
g B
oard
, Tex
as C
olle
ge a
nd U
nive
rsity
Sys
tem
, the
59t
h T
exas
Leg
isla
ture
dire
cted
the
Boa
rd to
"re
quire
and
ass
ist t
he p
ublic
sen
ior
colle
ges
and
univ
ersi
ties,
med
ical
and
den
tal
units
, and
oth
er a
genc
ies
of h
ighe
r ed
ucat
ion
in d
evel
opin
g lo
ng-r
ange
pla
ns fo
r ca
mpu
s de
velo
pmen
t."
An
early
ste
p by
the
Coo
rdin
atin
g B
oard
in c
arry
ing
out t
his
lega
l man
date
was
to c
ondu
ct a
sta
tew
ide
surv
ey o
f the
sta
tus
of in
stitu
tiona
l mas
ter
plan
ning
in T
exas
.In
Jan
uary
, 196
7, th
e B
oard
pub
lishv
d a
repo
rt in
dica
ting
that
man
y co
llege
s an
d un
iver
sitie
s in
the
Sta
te d
id n
ot h
ave
mas
ter
pier
s w
hich
coul
d be
con
side
red
com
preh
ensi
ve in
sco
pe.
As
a re
sult,
the
Coo
rdin
atin
g B
oard
ent
ered
into
a c
ontr
act w
ith T
exas
A&
M U
nive
rsity
to p
repa
re a
mod
el s
yste
m fo
r pl
anni
ng in
col
lege
s an
d un
iver
sitie
s. T
he v
olum
es w
hich
mak
e up
the
"Gui
delin
es fo
rP
lann
ing
in C
olle
ges
and
Uni
vers
ities
" ar
e th
e pr
oduc
t of t
his
cont
ract
ed p
roje
ct.
Stu
dent
enr
ollm
ent i
n T
exas
col
lege
s an
d un
iver
sitie
s w
ill in
crea
se r
apid
ly a
nd d
ram
atic
ally
dur
ing
the
next
dec
ade,
and
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f sou
nd p
lann
ing
cann
ot b
e to
str
ongl
y em
phas
ized
.
The
pro
cess
of p
lann
ing
desc
ribed
in th
ese
volu
mes
focu
ses
on th
e cr
eatio
n of
a s
yste
m to
per
mit
inst
i-tu
tions
to id
entif
y th
at w
hich
is in
nova
tive
and
uniq
ue a
bout
thei
r ed
ucat
iona
l pro
gram
and
cbj
ectiv
esan
d to
pla
n in
dep
th w
ithin
the
cont
ext o
f the
ir in
stitu
tiona
l obj
ectiv
es. M
aste
r pl
anni
ng is
con
ceiv
edin
thes
e vo
lum
es a
s en
com
pass
ing
the
tota
l dec
isio
n-m
akin
g fr
amew
ork
of th
e in
stitu
tion.
Und
er s
uch
aco
nditi
on, a
n in
stitu
tiona
l mas
ter
plan
bec
omes
a c
ompl
ex d
ocum
ent i
n w
hich
the
desi
gn a
nd lo
catio
nof
bui
ldin
gs is
but
one
of t
he c
ompo
nent
s.
The
dis
trib
utio
n of
thes
e "G
uide
lines
for
Pla
nnin
g in
Col
lege
s an
d U
nive
rsiti
es"
by th
e C
oord
inat
ing
Boa
rd is
not
inte
nded
to s
tand
ardi
ze a
ll pl
anni
ng p
roce
dure
s in
Tex
as h
ighe
r ed
ucat
ion
or to
forc
eco
llege
s an
d un
iver
sitie
s in
to a
lock
step
app
roac
h, p
hysi
cally
or
othe
rwis
e. R
athe
r, th
e pu
rpos
e of
the
volu
mes
is to
pro
vide
to b
oth
publ
ic a
nd p
rivat
e in
stitu
tions
illu
stra
tions
and
sug
gest
ed a
ppro
ache
s.W
e as
k th
at th
e vo
lum
es b
e ac
cept
ed in
this
con
text
.
The
Coo
rdin
atin
g B
oard
sta
ff ex
pres
ses
deep
app
reci
atio
n to
Dr.
Cha
rles
Pin
nell,
Mic
hael
H. W
acho
lder
,an
d ot
her
mem
bers
of t
he r
esea
rch
staf
f at T
exas
A&
M U
nive
rsity
for
the
wor
k th
ey a
pplie
d di
rect
ly to
this
stu
dy a
nd th
e di
rect
ion
they
gav
e to
the
cons
ulta
nts
prov
idin
g as
sist
ance
to th
em.
J. K
. Will
iam
sC
omm
issi
oner
Ir,
7.1,
177,
11,1
7,,,,
,,Wt,
11..,
AC
KN
OW
LED
GE
ME
NT
S
rrrn
arm
Irm
trar
rmfI
rPrf
fwv,
r.rw
rnr
The
res
earc
h an
d de
velo
pmen
t wor
k th
at h
as g
one
into
the
prep
arat
ion
of "
Gui
delin
es fo
r P
lann
ing
in C
olle
ge a
nd U
nive
rsiti
es"
has
been
a m
ost c
halle
ngin
g an
d re
war
ding
exp
erie
nce.
The
sta
ffm
embe
rs o
f thi
s st
udy
are
sinc
erel
y gr
atef
ul fo
r th
e op
port
unity
to h
ave
wor
ked
on th
e pr
ojec
t and
wis
h to
exp
ress
thei
r gr
atitu
de to
thos
e w
ho m
ade
it po
ssib
le.
Firs
t, ou
r th
anks
are
ext
ende
d to
the
Coo
rdin
atin
g B
oard
, Tex
as C
olle
ge a
nd U
nive
rsity
Sys
tem
,fo
r sp
onso
ring
this
res
earc
h pr
ojec
t. T
he g
roup
, und
er th
e di
rect
ion
of D
r. J
ack
K .
Will
iam
s, is
prov
idin
g si
gnifi
cant
lead
ersh
ip to
hig
her
educ
atio
n in
Tex
as, a
nd w
e ar
e pr
oud
to h
ave
been
asso
ciat
ed w
ith th
eir
wor
k. M
r. K
enne
th H
. Ash
wor
th, A
ssis
tant
Com
mis
sion
er fo
r F
eder
al P
rogr
ams
and
Fac
ilitie
s P
lann
ing
and
Mr.
Will
iam
J. M
artin
, Dire
ctor
of F
acili
ties
Pla
nnin
g of
the
Co-
ordi
natin
g B
oard
Sta
ff pr
ovid
ed s
uppo
rt a
nd a
ssis
tanc
e in
all
aspe
cts
of th
e st
udy
and
cont
ribut
edsi
gnifi
cant
ly to
the
rese
arch
effo
rt.
Sin
cere
app
reci
atio
n is
exp
ress
ed to
Pre
side
nt E
arl R
udde
r an
d V
ice-
Pre
side
nt W
ayne
C. H
all o
fT
exas
A&
M U
nive
rsity
for
thei
r su
ppor
t of t
his
proj
ect.
Man
y fa
cets
of t
he p
lann
ing
syst
em w
ere
deve
lope
d an
d te
sted
util
izin
g da
ta, s
taff,
and
faci
litie
s of
Tex
asA
&M
Uni
vers
ity. T
he a
vaila
bilit
yof
this
rea
l-life
labo
rato
ry c
ontr
ibut
ed g
reat
ly to
the
rese
arch
and
dev
elop
men
t effo
rt, a
nd w
e ar
eex
trem
ely
grat
eful
for
the
supp
ort a
nd c
oope
ratio
n ob
tain
ed a
t all
adm
inis
trat
ive
leve
ls.
Thi
s st
udy
was
fina
nced
from
fund
s pr
ovid
ed b
y th
e C
oord
inat
ing
Boa
rd, T
exas
Col
lege
and
Uni
vers
ity S
yste
m, t
he U
.S. O
ffice
of E
duca
tion,
and
Tex
as A
&M
Uni
vers
ity. A
ppre
ciat
ion
isex
pres
sed
to th
ese
agen
cies
for
thei
r su
ppor
t.
Fin
ally
,nu
mer
ous
mem
bers
of t
he fa
culty
and
sta
ff at
Tex
as A
&M
Uni
vers
ity h
ave
prov
ided
guid
ance
and
ass
ista
nce
to th
is p
roje
ct, a
nd th
is c
ontr
ibut
ion
is g
rate
fully
ack
now
ledg
ed.
Dr.
Cha
rles
Pin
nell
Pro
ject
Dire
ctor
1
76y
Pv-r
r-71
77, r
ev t
r. 2 44
PR
OJE
CT
ST
AF
F
CH
AR
LES
PI N
NE
LL -
Pro
ject
Dire
ctor
B.S
., C
ivil
Eng
inee
ring,
Tex
as T
echn
olog
ical
Col
lege
, 195
2;M
.S.,
Civ
il E
ngin
eerin
g, P
urdu
e U
nive
rsity
, 195
8;P
h.D
., M
anag
emen
t and
Eng
inee
ring
Sci
ence
, Nor
thw
este
rnU
nive
rsity
and
Tex
as A
&M
Uni
vers
ity, 1
964.
MIC
HA
EL
H. W
AC
HO
LDE
R -
Ass
ocia
te P
roje
ct D
irect
orB
.S.,
Land
scap
e A
rchi
tect
ure,
Uni
vers
ity o
f Cal
iforn
ia a
tB
erke
ley,
196
5;M
.S.,
Urb
an P
lann
ing,
Tex
as A
&M
Uni
vers
ity, 1
968.
LES
TE
R W
OO
D -
Com
pute
r S
yste
ms
for
Spa
ce U
tiliz
atio
n an
d R
epor
ting
B.A
., M
athe
mat
ics,
Tex
as A
&M
Uni
vers
ity, 1
959;
M.S
., C
ompu
ter
Sci
ence
, Tex
as A
&M
Uni
vers
ity, 1
968.
ELL
IOT
T B
RA
Y -
Aut
omat
ed S
ched
ulin
g of
Tea
chin
g F
acili
ties,
Man
agem
ent
Info
rmat
ion
Sys
tem
sB
.S.,
Mat
hem
atic
s, L
amar
Sta
te C
olle
ge o
f Tec
hnol
ogy,
W62
;M
.S.,
Com
pute
r S
cien
ce, T
exas
A&
M U
nive
rsity
, W67
.
ME
L H
. LA
SE
LL -
Fac
ilitie
s R
epor
ting,
Man
agem
ent P
lann
ing
B.A
., B
usin
ess
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Tex
as A
&M
Uni
vers
ity, 1
967;
M.S
., M
anag
emen
t, T
exas
A&
M U
nive
rsity
, 196
8.
JOH
N F
. RE
GLI
N -
Tra
ffic
Pla
nnin
gB
.S.,
Civ
il E
ngin
eerin
g, U
nive
rsity
of T
exas
at A
rling
ton,
196
7;M
.S.,
Civ
il E
ngin
eerin
g, T
exas
A&
M U
nive
rsity
, 196
8.
RO
BE
RT
DU
NP
HY
- T
raffi
c P
lann
ing
B.S
., C
ivil
Eng
inee
ring,
Cat
holic
Uni
vers
ity, 1
965;
M.S
., C
ivil
Eng
inee
ring,
Tex
as A
&M
Uni
vers
ity.
RO
BE
RT
BR
AD
LEY
- Q
ualit
y A
naly
sis
for
Fac
ilitie
sB
.S.,
Bui
ldin
g C
onst
ruct
ion,
Trin
ity U
nive
rsity
, 196
6;M
.S.,
Urb
an P
lann
ing,
Tex
as A
&M
Uni
vers
ity, 1
968.
RA
Y A
BB
OT
T -
Phy
sica
l Pla
nt P
lann
ing
and
Pub
licat
ions
B. A
rch.
, Tex
as A
&M
Uni
vers
ity, 1
966;
M.S
., U
rban
Pla
nnin
g, T
exas
A&
M U
nive
rsity
, 196
8.
JOE
DA
VIS
- S
pace
Util
izat
ion,
Man
agem
ent P
lann
ing
B.S
., In
dust
rial T
echn
olog
y, T
exas
A&
M U
nive
rsity
, 196
7;M
.S.,
Com
pute
r S
cien
ce, T
exas
A&
M U
nive
rsity
, 196
8,
DR
. VE
RG
IL S
TO
VE
R
PR
OF
ES
SO
R J
AM
ES
GA
RD
NE
R
CLI
FF
GU
ILLE
TT
DA
VID
KE
AT
ING
RO
NA
LD P
ER
RY
MR
S. P
AM
RO
WE
MR
S. L
YN
N W
ILLI
AM
S
MIS
S M
AR
Y M
AR
GA
RE
T G
IBB
S
vi
WA
LLA
CE
PR
INT
ING
CO
.B
ryan
, Tex
as
SU
PP
OR
TIN
G P
ER
SO
NN
EL
PU
BLI
SH
ER
S
FO
RE
WO
RD
The
firs
t vol
ume
of th
is s
erie
s en
title
d "G
uide
lines
for
Pla
nnin
g in
Col
lege
s an
d U
nive
rsiti
es -
Pla
nnin
g S
yste
m"
outli
ned
a pl
anni
ng s
yste
m w
hich
incl
uded
the
follo
win
g ph
ases
:
(1)
Man
agem
ent a
nd P
rogr
am P
lann
ing
(2)
Phy
sica
l Pla
nt P
lann
ing,
and
(3)
Fin
anci
al P
lann
ing
The
em
phas
is in
the
initi
al v
olum
e w
as o
n a
brie
f pre
sent
atio
n th
at p
erm
itted
the
read
er to
revi
ew a
nd c
once
ive
the
tota
l pla
nnin
g sy
stem
. The
em
phas
is in
Vol
ume
Tw
o w
as u
pon
a pr
e-
sent
atio
n of
the
tech
niqu
es a
nd d
etai
ls in
volv
ed in
Man
agem
ent a
nd F
inan
cial
Pla
nnin
g.
Thi
s vo
lum
e (n
umbe
r th
ree)
as
wel
l as
Vol
umes
Fou
r an
d F
ive
pres
ent t
echn
ique
s in
volv
ed in
Phy
sica
l Pla
nt P
lann
ing.
Phy
sica
l Pla
nt P
lann
ing
has
been
div
ided
into
four
func
tions
whi
ch c
over
(1)
Lan
d U
se P
lann
ing;
(2)
Tra
ffic
Pla
nnin
g; (
3) F
acili
ties
Stu
dies
; and
(4)
Util
ity S
tudi
es. T
his
divi
sion
, how
ever
, is
not i
nten
ded
to im
ply
that
thes
e fu
nctio
ns c
ompr
ise
tota
lly in
depe
nden
t or
indi
vidu
al p
lann
ing
proc
esse
s. O
n th
e co
ntra
ry, e
ach
proc
ess
is a
n es
sent
ial a
nd in
sepa
rabl
e pa
rt o
f the
tota
l
Phy
sica
l Pla
nt P
lann
ing
Pro
cess
.
PH
YS
ICA
L P
LAN
T P
LAN
NIN
G P
RO
CE
SS
> E
STA
ISL
IHIr
GZ
UIi
Z E
ME
NT
S
FIN
AN
CIA
L-
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
(
PeT
AI L
pe.1
6-14
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
)CO
NT
INU
ING\
PLA
NN
ING
r
INF
OR
MA
TIO
NIN
PU
TyI
NV
L-5T
IC-A
TIO
NA
NA
LYS
ISyV
ALU
A-1
10/4
,>
* PR
Cro
RA
M P
PYE
LoP
ME
NT
avE
:Lec
TIO
N"T
14
PE-T
AIL
PE
IGIM
PLM
ME
NT
AII
ON
GO
NT
:t.10
11PL
AN
NIN
&
"TL
.. _
_J.
1._
J.L
o'N
L-i 4
The
figu
re o
n th
e op
posi
tepa
ge il
lust
rate
s th
e P
hysi
cal P
lant
Pla
nnin
g pr
oces
s an
d th
e ro
les
of th
e pl
anni
ng fu
nctio
ns w
ithin
this
proc
ess.
Eac
h m
ajor
pla
nnin
g fu
nctio
n, o
r el
emen
t,
cont
ribut
es to
the
ultim
ate
phys
ical
pla
nt p
lan,
and
itis
nec
essa
ry th
at th
ey a
re c
ondu
cted
conc
urre
ntly
in o
rder
to in
sure
con
sist
ency
.D
eci,:
ions
in e
ach
indi
vidu
alpr
oces
s w
ill
prod
uce
impl
icat
ions
upo
n de
cisi
ons
rela
ting
to th
e ot
her
proc
esse
s an
d th
e to
tal p
lan.
Con
sist
ency
, bas
ed u
pon
a re
cogn
ition
of t
he in
terd
epen
denc
y of
thes
ein
divi
dual
proc
esse
s,
mus
t be
achi
eved
.T
his
cons
iste
ncy
is b
ased
upon
a w
ell-c
oord
inat
ed to
tal e
ffort
that
is
com
pris
ed o
f int
egra
ted
and
coop
erat
ive
part
s. A
s th
cl. p
lann
ing
proc
ess
prog
ress
es th
roug
h
each
pha
se, i
t is
depe
nden
tup
on in
puts
and
inte
ract
ions
bet
wee
n la
nd u
se, t
raffi
c, fa
cilit
y
and
utili
ty c
onsi
dera
tions
.T
his
insu
res
that
eac
h si
gnifi
cant
dec
isio
n in
volv
es a
llth
e
rele
vant
det
erm
inan
ts.
The
mat
eria
l in
this
vol
ume
will
be
pres
ente
d in
two
sepa
rate
sec
tions
. Tec
hniq
ues
and
deta
ils o
f the
Lan
d U
se P
lann
ing
Pro
cess
will
be
disc
usse
din
Sec
tion
1 an
d a
sim
ilar
appr
oach
is ta
ken
with
the
Tra
ffic
Pla
nnin
g P
roce
ss in
Sec
tion
2.
,L1-
.442
,14,
1&,.r
ei, d
.ez
SE
CT
ION 1
SE
CT
ION 2
LAN
D U
SE
PLA
NN
ING
C
4.lir
TR
AF
FIC
PLA
NN
ING
4111
1 LA
ND
US
E P
LAN
NIN
G
MO
IIIII
IIIIIM
[TC
TIO
N1
(2
TR
AF
FIC
PLA
NN
ING
[ L n r F
CO
NT
EN
TS
LAN
D U
SE
PLA
NN
ING
I.IN
TR
OD
UC
TIO
NA
.B
asic
Det
erm
inan
ts6
B.
Des
ign
Fac
tors
8C
.La
nd U
se P
lann
ing
Con
cept
s13
D.
Land
Use
Pla
nnin
g P
roce
ss20
11.
INF
OR
MA
TIO
NA
L IN
PU
TA
.M
anag
emen
t25
B.
Fin
anci
al26
C.
Phy
sica
l27
III.
BA
SIC
DE
TE
RM
INA
NT
S -
INV
ES
TIG
AT
ION
, AN
ALY
SIS
AN
DP
RO
GR
AM
DE
VE
LOP
ME
NT
IV.
DE
SIG
N F
AC
TO
RS
- E
VA
LUA
TIO
N, T
ES
TIN
G A
ND
SE
LEC
TIO
NA
.A
cade
mic
Pro
gram
44B
.C
omm
on U
ses
47C
.C
ircul
atio
n49
D.
Sup
port
Fun
ctio
ns51
E.
Bui
ldin
g D
ensi
ty56
F.
Fle
xibi
lity
(or
Con
vert
ibili
ty)
58G
.E
xpan
sion
59H
.S
ocia
l Int
erac
tions
60I
.A
esth
etic
s61
J.
Inst
itutio
nal P
erso
nalit
y61
V.
LAN
D U
SE
PLA
N -
SY
NT
HE
SIS
Land
Use
Sca
les
66
Vt.
DE
TA
IL D
ES
IGN
AN
D IM
PLE
ME
NT
AT
ION
VII.
CO
NT
INU
OU
S P
LAN
NIN
G
CO
NT
EN
TS
: TR
AF
FIC
PLA
NN
ING
Sec
tion
2
1
i
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
r
epA
61e,
DE
TE
RM
INA
NT
S
1 D
EM
e 1
4LA
ND
V6E
FA
GT
0P,3
1.1'P
LAN
0Ft
14
AL
TA
NG
,.,.-
..i.
0C
orki
n
OW
L>0
I'L.A
1414
1140
I-i
INT
A14
01
.--I
.A
0
Land
use
pla
nnin
g is
an
esse
ntia
l com
pone
nt o
f the
tota
l cam
pus
plan
ning
pro
cess
. The
res
pon-
sibi
litie
s of
this
pla
nnin
g pr
oced
ure
mig
ht b
e be
st d
escr
ibed
as
the
tran
slat
ion
of a
bstr
actio
ns
and
sing
ular
ly d
imen
sion
al g
oals
and
obj
ectiv
es in
to th
e se
cond
, thi
rd a
nd fo
urth
dim
ensi
ons-
-
phys
ical
form
s ov
er ti
me.
Effe
ctiv
e ph
ysic
al p
lann
ing
is b
y no
mea
ns a
n in
depe
nden
t pro
cess
it is
dep
ende
nt u
pon
inte
ract
ions
and
inpu
ts fr
om o
ther
rel
ativ
e pl
anni
ng p
roce
sses
suc
h as
educ
atio
nal,
man
ager
ial,
finan
cial
, etc
. Thi
s tr
ansl
atio
n pr
oces
s en
com
pass
es a
bro
ad s
pect
rum
of c
onsi
dera
tions
and
it is
the
obje
ct o
f thi
s se
ctio
n to
pre
sent
a s
yste
mat
ic g
uide
line
outli
ning
and
orga
nizi
ng th
ese
com
plex
con
side
ratio
ns.
The
land
use
text
is o
rgan
ized
into
two
sect
ions
. The
pur
pose
of t
he fi
rst s
ectio
n is
to d
efin
e
and
illus
trat
e th
e vo
cabu
lary
rel
ativ
e to
land
use
pla
nnin
g (w
hich
is s
imila
r to
the
mat
eria
l
pres
ente
d in
Vol
ume
1).
Sem
antic
s is
freq
uent
ly id
entif
ied
as a
prin
cipa
l fac
tor
cont
ribut
ing
to th
e m
isun
ders
tand
ing
and
lack
of c
omm
unic
atio
ns th
at e
xist
s am
ong
prof
essi
ons.
The
refo
re,
the
first
sec
tion
prov
ides
the
read
er w
ith th
e ne
cess
ary
tool
s to
ove
rcom
e th
e co
mm
unic
atio
ns
barr
ier-
-as
appl
ied
to th
is r
epor
t and
hop
eful
ly a
pplic
able
to in
ter-
prof
essi
onal
com
mun
icat
ions
.
The
sec
ond
sect
ion
conc
entr
ates
upo
n th
e la
nd u
se p
lann
ing
proc
ess
whi
ch c
an b
e id
entif
ied
by
six
gene
ral s
tage
s--in
put,
anal
ysis
, eva
luat
ion,
syn
thes
is, d
etai
l des
ign
and
impl
emen
tatio
n,
and
cont
inui
ng p
lann
ing.
Thi
s pr
oces
s w
as n
ot c
once
ived
to b
e in
terp
rete
d as
a s
peci
fic m
etho
do-
logy
. A m
etho
dolo
gy im
plie
s rig
idity
and
abs
olut
e or
der
in r
espo
ndin
g to
a p
robl
em. T
he p
rob-
lem
s as
soci
ated
with
uni
vers
ity p
lann
ing
are
uniq
ue a
nd p
ecul
iar
to in
divi
dual
inst
itutio
ns a
nd
the
prob
lem
sol
ving
sys
tem
em
ploy
ed m
ust r
ecog
nize
this
fact
.
3
Iit
,IA
,A1.
14,7
,1.,r
1ii
aLL
VA
llika
da,
The
follo
win
g ou
tline
and
dis
cuss
ion
iden
tifie
s so
me
basi
c co
nsid
erat
ions
reg
ardi
ng th
e de
velo
p-
men
t of a
pla
n fo
r gr
owth
and
exp
ansi
on o
f the
cam
pus.
The
se c
onsi
dera
tions
hav
e be
en s
epar
ated
into
thre
e in
terr
elat
ed c
ateg
orie
s. T
hey
are:
Bas
ic D
eter
min
ants
, Des
ign
Fac
tors
, and
Lan
d U
se
Con
cept
s.
Eac
h ite
m in
eac
h ca
tego
ry r
equi
res
care
ful a
naly
sis
and
eval
uatio
n in
rel
atio
n to
all
of th
e
varia
bles
. The
se c
onsi
dera
tions
will
be
defin
ed a
nd d
iscu
ssed
brie
fly in
this
sec
tion
and
will
be tr
eate
d in
dep
th in
the
seco
nd p
art o
f the
rep
ort.
The
prim
ary
purp
ose
of th
is c
hapt
er is
to m
erel
y es
tabl
ish
a vo
cabu
lary
rel
ativ
e to
land
use
pla
nnin
g co
ncep
ts.
MI o
f the
con
side
ratio
ns in
que
stio
n ar
e eq
ually
app
licab
le in
the
case
of e
ither
an
exis
ting
cam
pus
or th
e to
tally
new
cam
pus
sche
dule
d fo
r co
nstr
uctio
n.T
he d
iffer
ence
in a
pplic
atio
n
lies
in th
e or
der
and
emph
asis
of a
naly
sis
and
eval
uatio
n.
4
-1
I* 7
The
out
line
indi
cate
d be
low
illu
stra
tes
the
basi
c co
nsid
erat
ions
that
will
be
disc
usse
d in
the
follo
win
g se
ctio
ns:
r....
.....i
.mm
...m
..,...
......
......
Th
I.B
asic
Det
erm
inan
ts
A. M
anag
emen
t goa
ls o
f the
inst
itutio
nB
.F
inan
cial
cap
abili
ties
C. P
hysi
cal c
hara
cter
istic
si
, II.D
esig
n F
acto
rs
A. T
angi
ble
com
pone
nts
1. A
cade
mic
pro
gram
2. C
omm
on u
ses
3. S
uppo
rt fu
nctio
ns4.
Circ
ulat
ion
5.B
uild
ing
dens
ity
B.
Inta
gibl
e co
mpo
nent
s
1.F
lexi
bi I
ity (
conv
ertib
ility
)2.
Exp
ansi
on3.
Soc
ial i
nter
actio
ns4.
Aes
thet
ics
5.In
stitu
tiona
l per
sona
lity
c III.
Land
Use
Pla
nnin
g C
once
pts
A. C
once
ntric
B.
Sec
tor
C.
Line
alD
. Clu
ster
(sa
telli
te)
E.
Ran
dom
...,..
......
......
......
......
......
../5
DE
SIG
NcT
O
BA
SIC
DE
TE
RM
INA
NT
S
LAN
DU
SE
CO
NC
E P
TS
The
bas
ic d
eter
min
ants
are
, as
the
term
impl
ies,
the
foun
datio
n of
the
over
all,
com
preh
ensi
ve
phys
ical
pla
nnin
g pr
oces
s. T
hey
are
the
fact
ors
whi
ch w
ill, i
ndiv
idua
lly a
ndco
llect
ivel
y, g
reat
ly
influ
ence
the
deci
sion
-mak
ing
proc
ess
that
is in
volv
ed in
ulti
mat
ely
sele
ctin
g a
part
icul
ar p
lan-
ning
con
cept
.
The
bas
ic d
eter
min
ants
are
inpu
t fac
tors
that
hav
e re
sulte
d fr
om th
e m
anag
emen
tan
d fin
anci
al
phas
es a
nd s
peci
fic p
hysi
cal p
lant
stu
dies
.T
hese
fact
ors
are
conc
erne
d w
ith m
anag
emen
tgo
als
of
the
inst
itutio
n, fi
nanc
ial c
apab
ilitie
s of
the
inst
itutio
n, a
nd p
hysi
cal
char
acte
ristic
s of
the
cam
pus.
The
idea
l set
of d
eter
min
ants
are
rare
ly c
ompl
eted
, and
effe
ctiv
epl
anni
ng m
ust r
ecog
nize
the
inpu
t nee
ds a
nd b
e di
rect
ed to
war
dse
curin
g th
is in
form
atio
n. T
hede
term
inan
ts 's
houl
d no
t, ho
wev
er,
be r
egar
ded
as in
flexi
ble,
fixe
dfa
ctor
s. It
may
be
indi
cate
d in
subs
eque
nt s
tage
s of
pla
nnin
g th
at
ther
e ar
e in
cons
iste
ncie
s, a
nd s
ome
polic
ies
and
obje
ctiv
es m
ay r
equi
rech
ange
or
mod
ifica
tion.
Thi
s ill
ustr
ates
the
effe
ct o
f fee
dbac
kw
hich
is th
e ba
ckbo
ne o
f effe
ctiv
epl
anni
ng.
6
E1t
.t..1
4, V
i.t ir
itedt
irild
.6,1
.4 i
Ada
k-4[
1ff
YL
te.V
.e.+
1.41
141'
,rt 1
-r-r
rn-y
rr-T
rrpr
ayyr
rxrn
r-xn
r,ir
mor
'
11 .1,-
- P r
Man
agem
ent G
oals
of t
he In
stitu
tion
Man
agem
ent g
oals
exp
ress
the
basi
c in
tent
ions
of th
e In
stitu
tion
rela
ting
to th
e ex
tent
and
char
acte
r of
the
pres
ent a
nd fu
ture
educ
atio
nal o
bjec
tives
. The
y in
clud
e th
e ac
adem
icpl
an
whi
ch in
dica
tes
the
curr
icul
ar e
mph
asis
,po
licie
s re
latin
g to
res
earc
h or
ient
atio
n an
d ex
ten-
sion
ser
vice
s, a
dmin
istr
ativ
epo
licy,
stu
dent
life
pro
gram
s, e
tc. T
hego
als
are
espe
cial
ly
sign
ifica
nt b
ecau
se th
ey "
can
conv
ey p
rime
dist
inct
ions
, acc
ount
for
spec
ulat
ive
thou
ght,
and
indi
cate
the
impa
ct o
f bot
hre
al a
nd p
ossi
ble
cond
ition
s on
phy
sica
lpl
anni
ng".
2It
is a
thor
ough
iden
tific
atio
n an
d in
terp
reta
tion
of th
ese
goal
s th
at e
stab
lishe
s th
efr
amew
ork
of
the
phys
ical
pla
n.
Fin
anci
al C
apab
ilitie
s of
the
Inst
itutio
n
The
fina
ncia
l det
erm
inan
t is
an in
dica
tor
ofth
e am
ount
of m
oney
, cur
rent
ly a
nd in
the
futu
re,
that
is o
r w
ill b
e av
aila
ble
for
nece
ssar
yca
pita
l im
prov
emen
ts. F
inan
cial
capa
bilit
ies
may
,
in th
e fin
al a
naly
sis,
be
one
ofth
e st
rong
est d
eter
min
ants
influ
enci
ngth
e ul
timat
e fo
rm o
f
the
cam
pus.
Suc
h co
nsid
erat
ions
may
also
nec
essi
tate
som
e m
odifi
catio
n of
the
goal
s of
the
inst
itutio
n w
hen
each
fact
or is
eval
uate
d w
ith r
espe
ct to
one
ano
ther
.
Phy
sica
l Cha
ract
eris
tics
The
phy
sica
l det
erm
inan
ts a
re th
ose
fact
ors
rela
ting
to th
e ph
ysic
al s
truc
ture
of t
he c
ampu
s.
The
se c
onsi
dera
tions
pre
sent
a s
igni
fican
t im
pact
upo
nth
e ph
ysic
al p
lan
whe
n on
e is
exp
and-
ing
an e
xist
ing
cam
pus.
Und
ersu
ch c
ircum
stan
ces,
the
char
acte
ristic
s of
the
site
, the
loca
tion,
and
the
exis
ting
faci
litie
s w
illha
ve a
pro
foun
d ef
fect
upo
n th
e so
lutio
n.P
hysi
cal f
acto
rs
rela
tive
to e
ither
a n
ew o
r an
exi
stin
g ca
mpu
sw
ould
incl
ude
reco
gniti
on o
f the
faci
lity
need
s as
a r
esul
t of t
he m
anag
emen
tgo
als.
2C
ampu
s P
lann
ing,
Ric
hard
P. D
ober
,R
einh
old
Pub
lishi
ng C
orp.
, 196
37
Tr.
..,,
'W71
,1
.,,,,,,
,IF
'BA
SIC
DE
TE
R,M
1 M
AN
I'SN
ftse
iwro
law
swel
srom
aiw
.
DE
SIG
N F
AC
TO
RS
LA
ND
USE
CO
NC
EPT
S
In o
dditi
on to
the
basi
c de
term
inan
ts, t
here
isan
othe
r se
t of c
onsi
dera
tions
that
influ
ence
s th
e
conf
igur
atio
n of
the
phys
ical
pla
n. T
hese
con
side
ratio
ns a
reid
entif
ied
as th
e D
esig
n F
acto
rs a
nd
are
divi
ded
into
Tan
gibl
e an
d In
tang
ible
com
pone
nts.
It is
ess
entia
l tha
t the
y be
ana
lyze
d,
eval
uate
d, a
nd r
esol
ved
in li
ght o
f the
bas
ic d
eter
min
ants
prio
r to
ade
finite
com
mitm
ent t
o a
part
icul
ar la
nd u
se p
lan.
"-t
ese
fact
ors
are
esse
ntia
lly th
e se
para
te c
ompo
nent
sof
a c
ampu
s pl
an
that
mus
t firs
t be
reco
gniz
ed in
divi
dual
ly a
ndth
en s
ubse
quen
tly m
olde
d in
to a
com
preh
ensi
ve p
lan.
8
TA
NG
IBLE
CO
MP
ON
EN
TS
The
tang
ible
com
pone
nts
of th
e D
esig
n F
acto
rs a
re d
ivid
ed in
to s
ever
al c
ateg
orie
s an
d su
b-
cate
gorie
s w
hich
are
as
follo
ws:
Aca
dem
ic P
rogr
ams
are
stru
ctur
ed a
bout
ess
entia
lly o
ne o
f tw
o ba
sic
orie
n-
tatio
ns w
hich
are
org
aniz
atio
n ac
cord
ing
to fu
nctio
n or
org
aniz
atio
n ac
-
cord
ing
to d
isci
plin
e.
riN
61-1
0N D
KIE
N-r
e-P
vicn
iNE
OR
IEN
TE
D
In th
e ca
se o
f the
aca
dem
ic p
rogr
am th
at is
str
uctu
red
arou
nd a
func
tiona
l
orie
ntat
ion,
faci
litie
s ar
e gr
oupe
d ac
cord
ing
to th
eir
spec
ific
uses
. Fac
il-
ities
suc
h as
labo
rato
ries
are
grou
ped
toge
ther
in o
ne a
rea
and
clas
sroo
ms
are
grou
ped
in a
noth
er a
rea.
A fu
nctio
nal o
rient
atio
n pr
ovid
es a
gre
ater
degr
ee o
f per
sona
l con
tact
and
inte
ract
ion
betw
een
diffe
rent
dis
cipl
ines
.
The
ext
ent o
f thi
s pe
rson
al in
tera
ctio
n, o
f cou
rse,
dep
ends
upo
n th
e de
-
taile
d de
sign
.
A d
isci
plin
e or
ient
ed p
lan
grou
ps fa
cilit
ies
acco
rdin
g to
the
colle
ges
they
serv
e. F
or e
xam
ple,
all
clas
sroo
ms,
labo
rato
ries,
facu
lty o
ffice
s, e
tc.,
serv
ing
a C
olle
ge o
f Lib
eral
Art
s w
ould
be
loca
ted
in a
sin
gle
area
. Thi
s
kind
of a
rran
gem
ent a
lso
prov
ides
a g
ood
deal
of s
tude
nt-t
o-st
uden
t and
stud
ent-
to-f
acul
ty e
xpos
ure.
How
ever
, thi
s ex
posu
re is
lim
ited
prim
arily
to in
divi
dual
s an
d gr
oups
from
the
sam
e di
scip
line.
9
F)e
J.T
.r/
AFI
,191
1
GE
NT
IGA
L11
.617
GO
TIM
Ot4
t*E
AU
Com
mon
Use
s on
a c
ampu
s re
fer
toth
ose
faci
litie
s w
hich
are
freq
uent
ly u
sed
by a
ll pe
rson
s re
gard
less
of t
heir
clas
sific
atio
n. C
omm
on u
ses
whi
ch fa
ll in
to
this
cat
egor
y in
clud
e su
ch fa
cilit
ies
aslib
rarie
s, s
tude
nt u
nion
s, b
ook
stor
es,
dini
ng h
alls
, and
, in
som
e ca
ses,
facu
lty o
ffice
s an
d ad
min
istr
ativ
e of
fices
.
The
se c
omm
on u
se a
reas
may
be
eith
er c
entr
aliz
ed o
r de
cent
raliz
ed in
the
phys
ical
layo
ut o
f the
cam
pus.
The
dec
isio
n is
larg
ely
a m
atte
r of
sca
le a
nd
cons
ider
atio
n of
edu
catio
nal o
bjec
tives
. It i
sge
nera
lly a
gree
d by
bot
h ad
min
-
istr
ator
s an
d pl
anne
rs th
at it
is m
ost
adva
ntag
eous
to c
entr
aliz
e or
gro
up to
-
geth
er c
omm
on u
ses
from
the
stan
dpoi
ntof
eco
nom
y an
d ac
cess
ibili
ty.
Cen
tral
-
izat
ion,
how
ever
, doe
s no
tne
cess
arily
mea
n th
at th
is g
roup
ing
of fa
cilit
ies
mus
t be
loca
ted
at o
r ne
arth
e ce
nter
of t
he c
ampu
s. T
hese
use
s m
aybe
loca
ted
in a
sec
tion
of th
e ca
mpu
sso
mew
hat r
emov
ed fr
om th
e ce
nter
and
still
be
cent
raliz
ed.
The
mat
ter
of d
ecen
tral
ized
com
mon
use
sre
quire
s re
lativ
ely
little
exp
lana
tion
LIM
)in
sofa
r as
it im
plie
s th
at s
epar
ate
faci
litie
s of
hig
h us
e m
ay b
e se
para
te,'
4910
010)
4 U
6S,C
TA
and
sca
ttere
d th
roug
hout
the
cam
pus.
Sup
port
Fun
ctio
ns r
efer
s to
suc
h fa
cilit
ies
asho
usin
g, u
tility
ser
vice
s, r
ecre
a-
tion
area
s, a
nd o
pen
spac
e. T
hese
are
the
elem
ents
of t
he c
ampu
s pl
an w
hich
can
exer
t asi
gnifi
cant
influ
ence
on
the
sele
ctio
n of
ala
nd u
se p
lan
and
on
polic
y de
cisi
ons
but w
hich
are
ofte
ntr
eate
d ra
ther
ligh
tly o
r ta
ken
for
gran
ted.
With
res
pect
to h
ousi
ng, f
orex
ampl
e, d
ecis
ions
mus
t be
mad
e as
to w
heth
er a
n?0
' OF
Fin
stitu
tion
will
be
fully
or
part
ially
res
iden
t or
tota
lly n
on-r
esid
ent.
Any
de-
GA
MP
U5
cisi
on o
n th
is m
atte
r w
illce
rtai
nly
affe
ct m
anag
emen
t and
fina
ncia
lpo
licy.
10
AuT
otyl
0011
.aM
CIW
441V
reM
erfc
IAN
e'llE
tibre
t)
Circ
ulat
ion
refe
rs to
the
mov
emen
t of t
he fa
culty
, sta
ff, v
isito
rs, a
nd s
tude
nt
body
in, t
hrou
gh, a
nd a
roun
d th
e ca
mpu
s. T
here
are
ess
entia
lly th
ree
alte
r-
nativ
e de
cisi
ons
that
can
be
mad
e w
ith r
espe
ct to
the
circ
ulat
ion
syst
em. A
cam
pus
may
be o
rient
ed to
tally
tow
ard
the
auto
mob
ile a
s a
mod
e of
tran
s-
port
atio
n, to
tally
tow
ard
pede
stria
n m
ovem
ent,
or th
ere
may
be
a co
mbi
-
natio
n of
the
two
mod
es w
ith e
mph
asis
upon
a p
artic
ular
orie
ntat
ion.
Gen
eral
ly, t
he c
ombi
ned
orie
ntat
ion
is th
e on
e th
at p
reva
ils. T
he s
elec
tion
of a
circ
ulat
ion
syst
emm
aybe
one
of t
he m
ost v
ital d
ecis
ions
in th
e pl
an-
ning
pro
cess
. A c
omm
itmen
t to
an a
utom
obile
orie
ntat
ion,
for
exam
ple,
requ
ires
that
mor
e la
nd a
rea
be u
sed
resu
lting
in w
ide
spac
ing
of b
uild
ings
.
A p
edes
tria
n or
ient
atio
n, o
n th
e ot
her
hand
, allo
ws
a m
ore
com
pact
ar-
rang
emen
t of f
acili
ties.
Bui
ldin
g D
ensi
ty r
efer
s to
that
asp
ect o
f the
cam
pus
plan
whi
ch d
eals
with
such
com
pone
nts
as th
eco
vera
ge, b
ulk,
and
horiz
onta
lity
and/
or v
erti-
calit
y of
the
build
ings
on
the
cam
pus.
Pol
icy
deci
sion
s m
ust b
e m
ade
with
resp
ect t
o th
e di
rect
ion
in w
hich
a c
ampu
s w
ill g
row
. Sel
ectio
n of
eith
er
a ve
rtic
al o
r ho
rizon
tal t
hem
e w
ill n
eces
saril
y ha
ve a
n ef
fect
on
the
cove
r-
age
and
bulk
or
spac
ing
of b
uild
ings
, whi
ch w
ill in
turn
affe
ct th
e ul
timat
e
plan
.
Fea
a%
,(g_
11
INT
AN
GIB
LE C
OM
PO
NE
NT
S
The
inta
ngib
le c
ompo
nent
s do
not
ass
ume
apa
rtic
ular
form
nor
do
they
dire
ctly
occ
upy
spac
e
(as
do th
e ta
ngib
le c
ompo
nent
s), b
ut th
ey a
rehi
ghly
sig
nific
ant b
ecau
se th
ey d
o ex
ert s
ub-
stan
tial i
nflu
ence
upo
n th
e co
nfig
urat
ion
of a
form
or
spac
e.
12
Fle
xibi
lity
is th
e ca
pabi
lity
of r
espo
ndin
g or
conf
orm
ing
to c
hang
ing
or n
ew s
ituat
ions
....
orsi
mpl
y, th
e ab
ility
to a
ccom
mod
ate
chan
ge.
Thi
s fa
ctor
mus
t be
appl
ied
at a
llsc
ales
-- fr
om a
par
ticul
ar c
lass
room
to th
e to
tal c
ampu
s st
ruct
ure.
Exp
ansi
on, a
s di
ffere
ntia
ted
from
flex
ibili
ty, i
s th
eab
ility
to a
ccom
-
mod
ate
grow
th. T
his
fact
or a
lso
requ
ires
cons
ider
atio
n an
d ap
plic
atio
n
at a
ll sc
ales
.
Soc
ial I
nter
actio
ns im
ply
the
need
for
cons
ider
atio
n of
the
tota
l spe
c-
trum
of i
nter
actio
ns th
atw
ill o
ccur
, as
wel
l as
will
be
enco
urag
ed to
occu
r, o
n th
e ca
mpu
s.T
his
wou
ld in
clud
e st
uden
t(s)
tost
uden
t(s)
,
stud
ent(
s) to
facu
lty, u
nive
rsity
to c
omm
unity
, etc
.
Aes
thet
ics
incl
ude
thos
e co
nsid
erat
ions
rel
ativ
e to
the
beau
ty, a
ttrac
tiven
ess,
and
mea
ning
that
are
exp
ress
ed in
par
ticul
ar fa
cilit
ies
asw
ell a
s th
e to
tal e
nviro
nmen
t.
Inst
itutio
nal P
erso
nalit
y re
late
s to
the
reco
gniti
onan
d re
spon
se to
the
influ
ence
of t
radi
tions
and
the
purs
uit o
f an
imag
e th
at w
ill a
ffect
man
yde
cisi
ons.
.7",
7177
.-5,
,,r,v
37,1
7,,
"
n
rem
erw
iew
row
ralm
sen
DE
TE
R,M
I N
AL
ITS
DE
SIG
NFA
CT
O ;L
S
LAN
D U
SE
PLA
NN
ING
CO
NC
EP
TS
The
pre
viou
s di
scus
sion
dea
lt w
ith th
ose
cons
ider
atio
nsba
sic
dete
rmin
ants
and
des
ign
fact
ors
whi
ch a
re e
ssen
tial t
o th
e ul
timat
e de
velo
pmen
t of a
land
use
con
cept
. The
follo
win
g m
ater
ial
focu
ses
upon
a g
ener
aliz
ed id
entif
icat
ion
and
defin
ition
of t
he b
asic
land
use
conc
epts
whi
ch a
re
to b
e ap
plie
d as
tool
s of
ref
eren
ce. A
s a
mat
ter
of c
larif
icat
ion,
the
term
"co
ncep
t" in
this
con-
text
is c
onsi
dere
d to
be
syno
nom
ous
with
the
wor
d "f
orm
". T
he a
ctua
l "co
ncep
t" is
the
form
-giv
ing
idea
whi
ch is
der
ived
from
car
eful
ana
lysi
s an
d ev
alua
tion
of th
e pr
evio
us s
ectio
ns. T
he m
ater
ial
in th
is s
ectio
n is
sim
ply
a sy
nthe
sis
of th
e m
any
conc
epts
that
hav
e be
en d
evel
oped
. The
impl
i-
catio
ns in
volv
ed in
the
form
ulat
ion
of a
land
use
con
cept
--re
lativ
e to
the
spec
ific
inst
itutio
n
are
too
com
plex
to e
ven
sugg
est t
hat t
hese
con
cept
s sh
ould
be
dire
ctly
app
lied.
The
re a
re in
-
num
erab
le v
aria
tions
and
com
bina
tions
of e
ach
basi
c ap
proa
ch, a
nd it
is w
ithin
this
spe
ctru
m o
f
solu
tions
that
an
ultim
ate
land
use
pla
n w
ill b
e co
ncei
ved.
13
CO
NC
EN
TR
IC C
ON
CE
PT
14
Cam
pus
land
use
sgu
ided
by
this
con
cept
wou
ld p
lace
the
high
est c
on-
cent
ratio
n of
com
mon
use
san
d in
tera
ctio
n in
ace
ntra
lized
loca
tion
onth
e ca
mpu
s. T
his
area
wou
ld th
en b
e en
circ
led
by th
e ne
xt h
ighe
st
use
cate
gorie
s, a
ndth
ese,
in tu
rn,
wou
ld b
e en
circ
led
by th
ose
faci
litie
s w
hich
are
less
freq
uent
ly u
sed,
etc
.T
his
conc
ept a
nd it
s
hier
arch
y of
rin
gs c
anbe
eas
ily a
pplie
d to
eith
er a
func
tion
or
disc
iplin
e or
ient
atio
n.
With
res
pect
to a
nex
istin
g ca
mpu
s,fa
cilit
ies
may
be
stre
wn
in a
rand
om lo
catio
n.It
is c
once
ivab
leth
at fa
cilit
y ut
iliza
tion
may
be
real
loca
ted
to a
chie
veth
is c
once
pt w
ithre
lativ
ely
little
cha
nge
to
the
exis
ting
phys
ical
stru
ctur
e. T
his
may
resu
lt in
hig
h in
itial
exp
en-
ditu
res
at th
e tim
eof
con
vers
ion
toth
is c
once
pt, b
ut,
view
ing
this
from
a lo
ng-r
ange
pers
pect
ive,
it m
aybe
the
leas
t cos
tly c
ours
eto
purs
ue.
L
SE
CT
OR
CO
NC
EP
T
rut.L
-not
\IIO
s R
IEK
TE
P
016.
113(
. I M
Ecz
c--C
-1-1
/,)F
,
Thi
s ap
proa
ch d
ivid
es th
e m
ajor
faci
litie
s of
the
cam
pus
into
sec
tors
or
part
icul
ar d
istr
icts
. Tha
sect
ors
are
usua
lly o
rgan
ized
with
ref
eren
ce to
a
func
tion
or d
isci
plin
e or
ient
atio
n. M
any
of th
e
exis
ting
cam
puse
s ill
ustr
ate,
to s
ome
degr
ee, t
his
appr
oach
--
and
they
are
mos
t fre
quen
tly d
isci
-
plin
e or
ient
ed. T
his
is g
ener
ally
due
to th
e gr
owth
of th
ese
cam
puse
s "o
ver
time"
acc
ompa
nied
by
the
addi
tion
of n
ew p
rogr
ams.
15
LIN
EA
L C
ON
CE
PT
Thi
s co
ncep
t rep
rese
nts
basi
cally
the
sam
e th
eory
of
loca
tion
of fa
cilit
ies
acco
rdin
g to
func
tion
ordi
sci-
plin
e, o
utw
ard
from
ace
ntra
l are
a on
the
basi
s of
freq
uenc
y of
use
(si
mif
ar to
con
cent
ric).
The
es-
sent
ial d
iffer
ence
is in
term
s of
phy
sica
lfo
rm.
The
line
al c
once
pt is
mos
t app
licab
le to
asm
all
colle
ge o
r un
iver
sity
with
a li
mite
d ph
ysic
al s
pace
,
and
one
that
may
be
subj
ect t
o fu
ture
gro
wth
.
16
If
{,M
AJ.
Y' L
5s1
1.3
//
.111
_12,
r. r- r,711
1-,7
774
lAS7
,-7^
,1,7
71.9
77T
1MT
.Tir
The
futu
re e
xpan
sion
bas
ed o
n th
is c
once
pt le
nds
itsel
f to
two
prob
able
alte
rnat
ives
:
1111
14.
rI
31:1
.44"
(1.4
'1)
46°
gtr
io--
A
1. i
NE
AL
'itX
AA
P C
lAC
EIT
tK4
1
CT
+71
61,L
÷
'e.N
-frA
.L.1
- V
V L
I 1\
1 SA
L
tA0t
7Fl
et)
CvN
IKA
L)5
ep
(1)
By
expa
ndin
g ve
rtic
ally
if g
roun
d sp
ace
is
limite
d. T
his
cons
ider
atio
n sh
ould
be
mad
e
at th
e in
itial
con
stru
ctio
n st
age
in o
rder
to
prov
ide
for
addi
tiona
l flo
ors;
(2)
If ad
ditio
nal l
and
is a
vaila
ble,
this
line
al c
on-
figur
atio
n le
nds
itsel
f to
conv
ersi
on to
a c
once
n-
tric
form
by
expa
ndin
g ho
rizon
tally
. Aga
in, i
t is
nece
ssar
y to
not
e th
at c
onsi
dera
tion
for
futu
re
deve
lopm
ent a
nd e
xpan
sion
wou
ld h
ave
to b
e m
ade
durin
g th
e in
itial
pla
nnin
g st
ages
.
The
line
al c
once
pt is
ofte
n m
odifi
ed to
loca
te th
e co
mm
on
use
faci
litie
s at
the
poin
ts o
f ent
ry r
athe
r th
ance
ntra
lly.
Thi
s is
esp
ecia
lly a
pplic
able
whe
n th
e en
tran
ces
are
wel
l
defin
ed a
nd r
equi
re e
mph
asis
.A
noth
er m
odifi
catio
n m
ight
be th
e lo
catio
n of
the
com
mon
use
s at
the
maj
or e
ntra
nce
to th
e ca
mpu
s ra
ther
than
in th
e m
iddl
e or
at b
oth
ends
.
"4
4'"
Wig
at"
j2){
." 1
All.
.1)1
,4.th
.x4I
LIM
I,42
fla
t LiA
L14
.144
2.0a
11.
4..a
,4".
."4"
,0
17
CLU
ST
ER
CO
NC
EP
T
G4.
,u"r
rep.
..e-
k
4E-K
IRA
L z
ED
Cal
l-40N
k,*
e-
18
oj I
MA
AW
AL,
.
Thi
s co
ncep
tfocu
ses
on th
e cr
eatio
n of
indi
vidu
al,
auto
nom
ous
units
that
func
tion
inde
pend
erly
from
othe
r un
its. H
owev
er, r
elat
ions
hip
io th
e to
tal
cam
pus
stru
ctur
e m
aybe
ach
ieve
d by
cen
tral
izin
g
the
com
mon
use
s. A
t the
oth
er e
nd o
f the
spe
c-
trum
, aut
onom
y m
ay b
e en
hanc
edby
cen
tral
izin
g
the
com
mon
use
s w
ithin
eac
h cl
uste
r or
sat
ellit
e.
The
re a
re, o
f cou
rse,
a v
arie
ty o
f alte
rnat
ives
in
a cl
uste
rpl
an th
at a
re b
etw
een
the
two
exam
ples
cite
d.
A ty
pica
l app
licat
ion
of th
is c
once
pt w
ould
be
that
the
Col
lege
of E
ngin
eerin
g, fo
r ex
ampl
e,
wou
ld o
ccup
y on
e cl
uste
r w
ith a
ll of
the
disc
i-
plin
es a
nd fu
nctio
ns r
equi
red
to a
ttain
a d
egre
e
bein
g pr
ovid
ed in
the
clus
ter
(e.g
. , M
ath,
Eng
lish,
Bus
ines
s, e
tc.)
. How
ever
, lib
rary
and
adm
inis
trat
ive
faci
litie
s m
ay b
e lo
cate
d in
a
cent
ral c
omm
on a
rea
acce
ssib
le to
all
sate
llite
s.
RA
ND
OM
CO
NC
EP
T
Thi
s co
ncep
t is
mos
t fre
quen
tly a
pplic
able
to th
e
exis
tirg
cam
pus
and
can
be g
ener
ally
attr
ibut
ed
to a
situ
atio
n in
whi
ch a
cam
pus
was
dev
elop
ed
with
out t
he b
enef
it of
a p
lan.
If a
pla
n di
d ex
ist,
the
resu
lting
ran
dom
con
figur
atio
n ill
ustr
ates
eith
er a
poo
rly c
once
ived
pla
n or
that
an
adeq
uate
plan
was
not
adh
ered
to. H
owev
er, i
f wel
l con
-
ceiv
ed, t
he r
ando
m c
once
pt m
ight
be
a de
isra
ble
appr
oach
for
the
new
cam
pus.
It is
felt
that
the
land
use
con
cept
for
any
give
n in
stitu
tion
will
fit i
nto
one
or a
com
bina
tion
of
the
conc
epts
pre
viou
sly
disc
usse
d. T
he p
robl
em th
at e
xist
s is
sel
ectin
g th
at la
nd u
se c
once
pt w
hich
wou
ld b
e be
st fo
r an
y gi
ven
inst
itutio
n. O
bvio
usly
, thi
s se
lect
ion
is a
ffect
ed a
nd in
fluen
ced
by
the
stud
ies
of fa
cilit
ies,
traf
fic, u
tiliti
es, a
nd b
y th
e re
sults
of m
anag
emen
t and
fina
ncia
l stu
dies
.
Thu
s, th
e ne
ed fo
r a
syst
emat
ic a
nd lo
gica
l pro
cess
of d
eter
min
ing
a de
sire
d la
nd u
se c
once
pt fo
r
any
give
n in
stitu
tion
is id
entif
ied.
19
LAN
D U
SE
PLA
NN
ING
PR
OC
ES
ST
he la
nd u
se in
form
atio
n di
scus
sed
prev
ious
ly(il
lust
ratin
g th
e th
reef
old
cont
ext o
r fr
amew
ork
with
in w
hich
dec
isio
ns r
egar
ding
phy
sica
l pla
nnin
gta
ke p
lace
) is
inte
rpre
ted
into
a p
roce
dura
l
flow
dia
gram
, illu
stra
ted
in F
igur
e 1.
The
app
licat
ion
of th
is fr
amew
ork
as a
gui
delin
e or
chec
klis
t in
the
deci
sion
-mak
ing
proc
ess
for
cam
pus
land
use
pla
nnin
g is
wha
t will
be
disc
usse
d
in th
e fo
llow
ing
sect
ions
.
Thi
s pr
oced
ure
reco
gniz
es th
e ba
sic
cons
ider
atio
nsre
lativ
e to
edu
catio
nal i
nstit
utio
ns. H
ow-
ever
, it i
ses
sent
ial t
o no
te th
at th
e co
nsid
erat
ions
iden
tifie
d ar
e m
ore
with
in th
e re
alm
of
gene
raliz
atio
ns th
an a
bsol
ute
spec
ifics
. The
spe
cific
s as
sum
e a
sign
ifica
nt r
ole
whe
n th
e ge
nera
l
proc
ess
is a
pplie
d to
apa
rtic
ular
uni
vers
ity s
ituat
ion.
It m
ust b
e re
aliz
ed th
at e
ach
univ
ersi
ty
situ
atio
n is
uni
que
and
requ
ires
spec
ific
inte
rpre
tatio
nof
the
rele
vant
fact
ors.
The
inte
nt
in p
rese
ntin
g a
land
use
pla
nnin
g m
odel
is to
esta
blis
h a
gene
ral g
uide
line
or d
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
fram
ewor
k. E
ach
cons
ider
atio
n id
entif
ied
mus
tst
ill b
e ap
prop
riate
ly a
naly
zed,
wei
ghed
, and
eval
uate
d w
hen
appl
ied
to a
spe
cific
situ
atio
n.
Thi
s ap
proa
ch h
as b
een
conc
eive
d to
be
appl
icab
le to
both
exi
stin
g an
d ne
w c
ampu
ses.
Und
er
both
circ
umst
ance
s, b
asic
ally
the
sam
e co
nsid
erat
ions
have
to b
e m
ade
and
whe
re d
istin
ctio
ns d
o
exis
t the
y ar
e no
ted
in th
e fo
llow
ing
disc
ussi
on.
The
app
licat
ion
of th
e el
emen
ts o
f thi
s th
reef
old
appr
oach
con
sist
s in
gen
eral
, in
segr
egat
ed
anal
ysis
and
inte
grat
ed e
valu
atio
n w
ith c
onsi
dera
ble
emph
asis
on
feed
back
. For
the
anal
ytic
al
purp
oses
of t
his
repo
rt,
each
cat
egor
y ha
s be
en in
terp
rete
dse
para
tely
, how
ever
, in
actu
al
appl
icat
ion
the
esse
ntia
l ele
men
ts o
f fee
dbac
k an
din
terr
elat
ions
hips
of c
ateg
orie
s pr
oduc
e m
ore
of a
con
curr
ent o
pera
tion.
20
r- r
FIG
UR
E 1
LAN
D U
SE
PLA
NN
ING
PR
OC
ES
S
I > E
5TA
6LIe
HR
EC
zUlK
EM
EN
T5
uii
nVE
LO
PPL
AN
rE7
T-1
r__
____
T-1
----
----
-1--
-1--
----
----
--1
11
11
r_-
- -
- r
--;
-1-
----
-11
11
11
---1 e E
vac
DE
TE
RM
INA
NT
PRO
BL
EM
IPE
NT
IFIc
AT
ION
PLA
NN
ING
kt-A
lltiP
tION
O
FIN
AN
CIA
L--
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
Ilt(V
GA
L
GE
NE
RA
LLO
CA
TIO
N
DE
SIG
N F
AC
TO
KS
TA
NO
IER
EC
CO
ME
NT
S
AC
AD
EM
IC P
RO
GR
AM
.
(AW
N U
SES
CIR
CU
LAT
ION
SU
?M
gtra
icri
oNS
EllI
LD
ING
OE
NIT
Y
INT
AN
GIE
tE C
alitt
i EN
TO
FLE
XID
ILIT
IE
XP
AN
e.IO
N60
CIA
L I
NT
P.R
AC
TIO
NA
E5T
ii E
.TIC
INS
TIT
UT
ION
AL
fER
:20N
AU
TY
k
INV
EtiT
IGA
TIO
N, A
N4L
YC
I6F
rai P
AM
DE
VE
IDF
ME
NT
T L>
EV
ALU
AT
ION
, Ter
64
ee.L
M:1
1014
fi
LAN
D U
SE
PLA
N
ALI
ER
NA
TIV
LIt)
0 0 O O
FIN
AL L
sTN
TH
E61
>4
IMPL
EM
EN
TA
TIO
ND
ET
AIL
DE
olci
IN
CO
M IN
V IN
cy1.
FL
AN
N II
** }
JJ
r P r r- r
INF
OR
MA
TIO
NA
L IN
PU
T
DE
1ER
MIt4
Atii
6
sikS
IG
1111
0
AO
Ii
IPFE
AG
TO
6 A
A
TA
NG
.,..
....
,IN
TA
NG
:1
LA
ND
U6E
PLA
N
0FI
NA
L
0 0 0'P
U04
4140
CoN
T 1
NU
INer
>14
r
The
initi
al r
equi
rem
ent i
n de
velo
ping
a la
nd u
se p
lan
is to
sec
ure
rele
vant
inst
itutio
nal
info
rmat
ion.
Thi
s in
form
atio
n w
ould
gen
eral
ly r
elat
e to
adm
inis
trat
ive
deci
sion
s re
gard
ing
the
esse
ntia
l asp
ects
of m
anag
eria
l goa
ls o
f the
inst
itutio
n, fi
nanc
ial c
apab
ilitie
s an
d ph
ysic
al
dete
rmin
ants
. Cam
pus
plan
ning
pro
gram
s ha
ve fr
eque
ntly
bee
n bu
ilt u
pon
inad
equa
te o
r no
n-
exis
tent
info
rmat
ion
rega
rdin
g es
peci
ally
man
ager
ial o
r fin
anci
al c
onsi
dera
tions
. As
a re
sult,
cons
ider
able
am
ount
s of
nee
dles
s ex
pens
es h
ave
been
incu
rred
in tr
ying
to u
nify
an
alre
ady
frag
men
ted
oper
atio
n. T
here
fore
, effe
ctiv
e ph
ysic
al p
lann
ing
can
only
take
pla
ce w
hen
pre-
viou
sly
effe
ctiv
e ad
min
istr
ativ
e pl
anni
ng h
as a
dvan
ced
to th
e po
int o
f com
mita
l to
a ce
rtai
n
dire
ctio
n. A
t thi
s po
int t
he p
hysi
cal p
lann
er c
an in
terp
ret t
he a
dmin
istr
ativ
e in
put i
nto
an
appl
icab
le p
robl
em s
tate
men
t.B
efor
e di
scus
sing
that
pla
nnin
g ph
ase
of in
vest
igat
ion,
ana
lysi
s
and
prog
ram
dev
elop
men
t in
dept
h, it
is e
ssen
tial t
o ex
pand
on
the
adm
inis
trat
ive
inpu
tth
at is
requ
ired
at th
e in
itial
sta
ge o
f dev
elop
men
t:
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
The
ess
entia
l man
ager
ial i
nput
with
ref
eren
ce to
the
phys
ical
pla
nnin
g pr
oces
sre
late
s to
the
goal
s of
the
inst
itutio
n an
d to
the
requ
irem
ents
of t
he d
esire
d pr
ogra
ms.
Indi
catio
ns o
f pro
-
ject
ions
of s
tude
nt e
nrol
lmen
t mus
t be
secu
red.
Com
preh
ensi
vein
form
atio
n re
gard
ing
the
com
posi
tion
of th
e st
uden
t bod
y is
ilso
req
uire
d, in
clud
ing
such
dat
a as
: coe
d st
atus
, gra
duat
e
and
unde
rgra
duat
e ra
tios,
per
cent
mar
ried
stud
ents
, ful
l tim
e an
d pa
rttim
e st
uden
ts, r
esid
entia
l
and/
or c
omm
uter
stu
dent
s, e
tc. F
acul
ty a
nd s
taff
empl
oym
ent f
acto
rs a
re e
qual
lysi
gnifi
cant
cons
ider
atio
ns.
25
The
edu
catio
nal o
bjec
tives
of th
e in
stitu
tion
mus
tbe
wel
l def
ined
so
that
the
plan
ner
is a
war
e
of th
e re
lativ
e em
aphs
is a
mon
gth
e in
stru
ctio
nal,
rese
arch
,an
d pu
blic
ser
vice
asp
ects
.T
he
impl
icat
ions
of t
hese
obj
ectiv
es a
reill
ustr
ated
by
the
type
of p
rogr
ams
that
will
be
offe
red.
For
inst
ance
, whe
ther
the
inst
itutio
nof
fers
tech
nica
l ter
min
altr
aini
ng, o
r B
ache
lor
of A
rts
prog
ram
s, o
rdo
ctor
al p
rogr
ams,
etc
. The
se p
rogr
ams
are
then
tran
slat
ed in
to s
peci
fic p
rogr
ams
rela
ting
to th
e ac
adem
ic o
rgan
izat
ion
of p
artic
ular
col
lege
s,sc
hool
s, a
nd d
epar
tmen
ts.
Fac
ulty
, stu
dent
, sta
ff, v
isito
r, e
tc.
need
s ar
e al
so in
dica
ted
from
the
prog
ram
inpu
t and
anal
y-
sis.
The
se n
eeds
can
be
brok
en d
own
into
edu
catio
nal,
soci
al-c
ultu
ral,
and
phys
ical
and
wou
ld
incl
ude
such
rel
atio
nshi
ps a
s:ed
ucat
iona
l ass
ignm
ents
,fa
cilit
ies
requ
irem
ents
, soc
ial
obje
ctiv
es,
inte
r-co
mm
unic
atio
ns, a
nd to
wn-
gow
n.
FIN
AN
CIA
Lin
form
atio
nal i
nput
reg
ardi
ng th
efin
anci
al c
apab
ilitie
s of
the
inst
itutio
n in
que
stio
n is
as
criti
cal a
s m
anag
eria
l inf
orm
atio
n.A
cam
pus
can
assu
me
man
yfo
rms
and
the
cost
s va
ryw
ith
each
form
. The
re a
re m
any
cost
savi
ng d
evic
es,
freq
uent
ly, a
t the
exp
ense
of
othe
r ob
ject
ives
,
that
may
be
appl
ied.
It is
impe
rativ
e th
at s
ome
indi
catio
n of
the
mon
ies
avai
labl
e fo
r de
velo
p-
men
t be
subm
itted
so
that
a r
ealis
tic a
ppro
ach
can
be a
chei
ved
in th
e pl
anni
ng p
roce
ss.
The
imm
edia
te c
onst
ruct
ion
cost
s ar
e no
tth
e on
ly c
once
rn. A
plan
mus
t als
o re
pres
ent
cons
ider
atio
n
for
the
cont
inue
d op
erat
ing
cost
s.F
or e
xam
ple,
a lo
wbu
dget
con
stuc
tion
prog
ram
,w
hile
bein
g de
sira
ble
initi
ally
, may
pro
veto
hav
e be
en m
ore
expe
nsiv
e th
an it
was
wor
th w
hen
it is
anal
yzed
in th
e lo
ng r
un. A
noth
erfr
eque
ntly
ove
rlook
ed a
spec
tof
faci
litie
s co
sts
isth
at th
e
cost
of p
laci
ng a
new
build
ing
on c
ampu
s in
volv
esm
uch
mor
e th
an th
e co
nstr
uctio
nof
the
build
ing
itsel
f.F
urni
ture
and
equ
ipm
ent a
re r
equi
red
in a
dditi
on to
the
cost
of e
xten
ding
util
ities
,ro
ads,
etc.
, and
the
cast
of s
itede
velo
pmen
t and
land
scap
ing.
A w
ell c
once
ived
plan
mus
t ref
lect
an
26
awar
enes
s of
the
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
avai
labl
e m
onie
s an
d de
velo
pmen
t cos
ts. T
he p
lan
mus
t
also
ref
lect
an
oper
atin
g co
st th
at c
an b
e m
aint
aine
d by
the
futu
re b
udge
t pot
entia
l of t
he in
stitu
tion.
PH
YS
ICA
L
Info
rmat
ion
rega
rdin
g th
e ph
ysic
al r
equi
rem
ents
of t
he in
stitu
tion
is a
lso
esse
ntia
l.In
man
y
inst
ance
s th
is in
form
atio
n m
ay a
lread
y be
est
ablis
hed,
as
in th
e ca
se o
f exi
stin
g in
stitu
tions
, but
still
the
rele
vant
con
side
ratio
ns m
ust b
e re
cogn
ized
and
rec
orde
d.It
may
be
indi
cate
d th
at th
e
phys
ical
con
ditio
ns p
rese
nt c
erta
in b
arrie
rs a
nd a
re n
ot c
ondu
cive
to th
e re
aliz
atio
n of
man
a-
geria
l goa
ls a
nd fi
nanc
ial c
apab
ilitie
s. H
owev
er, t
his
is m
ore
freq
uent
ly th
e ex
cept
ion
rath
er
than
the
rule
, and
in m
ost s
ituat
ions
on
exis
ting
cam
puse
s on
e m
ust p
lan
for
grow
th b
ased
upo
n
the
exis
ting
phys
ical
cha
ract
eris
tics.
The
refo
re, o
n th
e ex
istin
g ca
mpu
s, th
e si
te a
s w
ell a
s
man
y st
ruct
ures
, util
ities
and
circ
ulat
ion
and
park
ing
spac
es a
re e
stab
lishe
d.In
put r
egar
ding
new
phy
sica
l req
uire
men
ts is
gen
eral
ly e
stab
lishe
d at
the
man
ager
ial l
evel
.If
firm
dec
isio
ns
have
bee
n m
ade
abou
t new
req
uire
men
ts th
en th
is in
form
atio
n m
ust b
e re
cord
ed a
long
with
the
exis
ting
phys
ical
feat
ures
.
Phy
sica
l inp
uts
for
the
tota
lly n
ew c
ampu
s ar
e ve
ry c
lose
ly a
ligne
d w
ith th
e m
anag
eria
l inp
uts.
Man
agem
ent s
tudi
es d
efin
e th
e ne
eds
of th
e in
stitu
tion
and
man
y of
thes
e ne
eds
will
be
tran
slat
ed
into
phy
sica
l for
ms.
The
se r
equi
rem
ents
sho
uld
be id
entif
ied
into
spe
cific
form
s.F
or e
xam
ple,
a pr
ojec
ted
enro
llmen
t of 1
0,00
0 st
uden
ts m
ay in
dica
te a
nee
d fo
r 35
00pa
rkin
g sp
aces
whi
ch
can
be tr
ansl
ated
into
a la
nd r
equi
rem
ent w
hich
is in
exc
ess
of40
acr
es. T
his
info
rmat
ion
will
begi
n to
def
ine
the
plan
ning
dire
ctiv
es in
clud
ing
the
actu
al fa
cilit
ies
as w
ell a
s th
e si
ze a
nd
loca
tion
of th
e si
te.
27
SIT
E A
NA
LYS
IS
The
site
is u
ndou
bted
ly o
ne o
fthe
mos
t sig
nific
ant f
acto
rs in
phys
ical
pla
nt p
lann
ing.
Reg
ard-
less
of w
heth
er th
e si
te is
exi
stin
g or
tobe
sel
ecte
d, th
ere
are
basi
cco
nsid
erat
ions
that
req
uire
anal
ysis
. Tho
se c
onsi
dera
tions
wou
ld r
elat
e to
1)
char
acte
ristic
sof
the
part
icul
ar s
ite, a
nd2)
char
acte
ristic
s of
the
loca
tion
ofth
e si
te. T
his
disc
ussi
onw
ill fo
cus
on s
ite a
naly
sis
and
sele
ctio
n
crite
rion
in g
ener
al.
It m
ust b
e ad
ded,
how
ever
that
the
final
site
sel
ectio
nw
ould
not
nec
essa
rily
be a
n in
itial
func
tion
ofth
e pl
anni
ng p
roce
ss.
It is
rec
omm
ende
d th
atth
e fin
al s
elec
tion
does
not o
ccur
unt
ilth
e la
nd u
se a
ltern
ativ
es h
ave
been
pre
pare
d. T
his
proc
edur
ew
ill b
e di
scus
sed
in m
ore
dept
h in
follo
win
g se
ctio
ns o
f thi
s vo
lum
e.
Siz
e is
one
of t
he fi
rst a
nd m
ost
obvi
ous
site
cha
ract
eris
tics
that
is c
onsi
dere
d. F
or n
ew
cam
puse
s en
ough
spa
ceis
gen
eral
ly d
esire
d to
prov
ide
for
futu
re g
row
th, s
uppo
rtfu
nctio
ns, a
nd
perm
anen
t ope
n sp
aces
.In
som
e ne
w c
ampu
s si
tuat
ions
, as
in u
rban
are
as, e
xces
ses
of s
pace
may
not
be a
vaila
ble.
But
stil
l, a
sign
ifica
nt s
ite s
elec
tion
fact
orw
ith r
elat
ion
to s
ize,
wou
ld b
e a
loca
tion
whe
re th
efu
ture
acq
uisi
tion
ofad
jace
nt s
pace
isco
ncei
vabl
e. W
hen
look
ing
at e
xist
ing
cam
puse
sco
nsid
erat
ion
of s
ize
shou
ldin
dica
te th
e am
ount
of
grow
th th
at c
ould
be
acco
mm
odat
ed, a
nd w
ould
pro
vide
dire
ctio
n in
sel
ectin
gth
e m
ost a
pplic
able
plan
ning
con
cept
to
acco
mm
odat
e th
e pr
ojec
ted
grow
th.
In a
dditi
on to
siz
e, fa
ctor
sre
latin
g to
the
shap
e an
dco
mpo
sitio
n of
the
site
mus
tbe
thor
ough
ly
inve
stig
ated
. Top
ogra
phy,
exis
ting
vege
tatio
n, s
oil
cond
ition
s, n
atur
al h
azar
dsan
d na
tura
l
feat
ures
, etc
., w
ould
effe
ctth
e ch
oice
of a
site
or
the
emph
asis
of g
row
th o
n an
exis
ting
site
-
clim
atic
con
ditio
ns a
lso
requ
irein
vest
igat
ion
.T
he a
cces
sibi
lity
ofpe
ople
by
the
vario
us
mea
ns o
ftr
ansp
orta
tion
- au
to, b
us,
rail,
tran
sit,
bike
and
on
foot
- a
s w
ell a
s th
eac
cess
ibili
ty
of s
ervi
ces
will
str
ongl
yef
fect
dec
isio
ns a
bout
a s
ite.
28
With
ref
eren
ce to
exi
stin
g ca
mpu
ses
ther
e ar
e ad
ditio
nal s
itech
arac
teris
tics
that
are
ess
entia
l
to a
naly
ze. C
ircul
atio
n an
d pa
rkin
g co
nditi
ons
freq
uent
ly p
ose
delic
ate
prob
lem
s. P
arki
ng
requ
irem
ents
abs
orb
cons
ider
able
am
ount
s of
sur
face
spa
ce,
and
any
alte
rnat
ive
deci
sion
s -
such
as s
truc
ture
s or
off
cam
pus
-ge
nera
lly in
volv
e hi
gh fi
nanc
ial o
r in
conv
ienc
e co
sts.
Coi
ncid
ing
with
a s
urve
y of
the
park
ing
and
circ
ulat
ion
cond
ition
s, a
dditi
onal
sur
veys
of b
uild
ings
,
stru
ctur
es a
nd s
pace
s ar
e ne
cess
ary
to d
eter
min
eth
eir
stru
ctur
al a
nd a
esth
etic
con
ditio
ns.
Con
ditio
ns s
urve
ys s
houl
d al
so in
clud
e sp
ace
utili
zatio
n st
udie
sw
ith r
efer
ence
to p
rese
nt a
nd
futu
re s
pace
req
uire
men
ts to
det
erm
ine
the
high
est d
egre
e of
ope
ratin
gef
ficie
ncy.
In c
ases
whe
re th
e si
te is
to b
e se
lect
ed th
e lo
catio
n of
the
site
in r
elat
ion
to th
e su
rrou
ndin
gs
wou
ld a
lso
play
a s
igni
fican
t rol
e in
the
sele
ctio
n pr
oces
s.S
imila
rly, i
f the
site
has
bee
n
chos
en, l
ocat
iona
l con
side
ratio
ns w
ould
effe
ct th
e di
rect
ion
and
emph
asis
of g
row
th. T
his
con-
side
ratio
n of
loca
tion,
alth
ough
sel
dom
ly c
ompl
etel
yov
erlo
oked
, is
freq
uent
ly u
nder
emph
asiz
ed.
The
exi
sten
ce o
f a c
ampu
s ha
s a
pron
ounc
ed e
ffect
upo
n "h
e co
mm
unity
and
reg
ion
in w
hich
it is
loca
ted
and
conv
erse
ly th
e co
mm
unity
and
reg
ion
has
an e
ffect
upo
n th
e ca
mpu
s.T
here
fore
,
the
polit
ical
, eco
nom
ic, s
ocia
l-cul
tura
l, et
c., a
spec
ts o
f tow
n-go
wn
rela
tions
mus
t be
fully
reco
gniz
ed a
nd e
mph
asiz
ed. E
qual
ly im
port
ant a
re th
e co
nsid
erat
ions
of c
omm
unity
and
reg
iona
l
land
use
pat
tern
s w
hich
may
incl
ude
inve
stig
atio
n re
gard
ing
deve
lopm
ent p
lans
, leg
al c
odes
on
land
zon
ing,
alte
rnat
ives
for
grow
th, e
tc. R
ecog
nitio
n of
the
rura
l or
urba
n co
ntex
t in
whi
ch
the
cam
pus
is lo
cate
d an
d th
e su
bseq
uent
feat
ures
ass
ocia
ted
with
this
con
text
are
ess
entia
l
fact
ors
in c
ampu
s pl
anni
ng.
29
Phy
sica
l pla
nnin
g ca
nnot
pro
ceed
inde
pend
enily
- it
is a
pro
cess
that
func
tions
inte
rdep
ende
ntly
with
oth
er p
lann
ing
proc
esse
s.In
this
cas
e it
is q
uite
cle
ar th
at o
ther
leve
ls a
nd a
reas
of
plan
ning
- m
anag
eria
l and
fina
ncia
l - m
ust c
ontr
ibut
e th
ose
goal
s, o
bjec
tives
, cap
abili
ties
and
dete
rmin
ants
that
hav
e be
en d
eriv
ed fr
om c
ompr
ehen
sive
pla
nnin
g st
udie
s.T
his
inte
ract
ion
does
not o
nly
take
pla
ce a
t the
offs
et o
f the
pla
nnin
g pr
oces
s, b
ut a
ssh
all b
e se
en, c
ontin
ually
thro
ugho
ut. A
nd it
is o
nly
thro
ugh
an e
ffort
of c
onst
ant i
nter
actio
n, w
hich
per
form
s th
e
func
tion
of "
chec
ks a
nd b
alan
ces"
that
a c
ompr
ehen
sive
sol
utio
n ca
n be
achi
eved
.B
ut r
arel
y
can
we
assu
me
that
with
out
guid
ance
and
dire
ctio
n w
ill e
ach
indi
vidu
al p
lann
ing
func
tion
be
fully
cog
niza
nt o
f the
impl
icat
ions
der
ived
from
the
othe
r st
udie
s.".
..
The
bar
riers
of m
is-
unde
rsta
ndin
g ar
e no
t bad
com
mun
icat
ions
but
a la
ck o
f com
mun
icat
ions
."
30
411
BA
SIC
DE
TE
RM
INA
NT
S -
INV
ES
TIG
AT
ION
,A
NA
LYS
IS A
ND
PR
OG
RA
M D
EV
ELO
PM
EN
T
icoN
noiN
g_4
)2=
, 2:=
:*
It is
mor
e fr
eque
ntly
the
exce
ptio
n ra
ther
than
the
rule
that
the
inpu
t req
uire
men
ts ju
st
disc
usse
d ar
e de
velo
ped
to th
e ex
tent
that
they
can
be r
eadi
ly in
terp
rete
d an
d ap
plie
d.
The
refo
re, a
n im
med
iate
res
pons
ibili
ty is
to r
ecog
nize
the
criti
cal o
r pr
imar
y de
term
inan
ts
that
will
effe
ct th
e de
cisi
on-m
akin
g pr
oces
s.If
com
mitm
ents
hav
e no
t bee
n m
ade
rega
rdin
g
this
info
rmat
ion
then
stu
dies
mus
t be
enco
urag
ed th
at a
redi
rect
ed a
t iso
latin
g th
e cr
itica
l
plan
ning
det
erm
inan
ts. W
hen
thes
e in
puts
hav
e be
enes
tabl
ishe
d -
such
as
a pr
elim
inar
y
finan
cial
fram
ewor
k an
d an
indi
catio
n of
the
educ
atio
nal
obje
ctiv
es r
elat
ing
to p
rogr
am
emph
asis
and
enr
ollm
ent s
ize
- th
en th
e ge
nera
lpl
anni
ng p
rogr
am c
an b
e es
tabl
ishe
d an
d
prel
imin
ary
stud
ies
can
be in
sued
. Thi
s in
form
atio
n m
ust
be a
naly
zed
as to
its
feas
ibili
ty
and
prac
tical
ity r
elat
ing
to th
e ph
ysic
alap
plic
atio
n.
The
ess
entia
l nee
d fo
r in
tera
ctio
n of
the
plan
ning
func
tions
has
bee
n em
phas
ized
and
this
stag
e fu
rthe
r ill
ustr
ates
this
nee
d. F
orex
ampl
e, it
may
be
asce
rtai
ned
that
the
finan
ces
avai
labl
e ar
e no
t suf
ficie
nt to
rea
lize
the
educ
atio
nal o
bjec
tives
or
that
the
educ
atio
nal
obje
ctiv
es c
onfli
ct w
hen
man
ifest
ed p
hysi
cally
. Or,
if a
site
has
bee
n su
bmitt
ed, i
t may
be in
dica
ted
that
it is
not
con
sist
ent w
ith s
ome
finan
cial
or
man
ager
ial d
eter
min
ants
. The
reco
gniti
on o
f suc
h co
nflic
ts o
r in
cons
iste
ncie
sill
ustr
ates
the
func
tion
of fe
edba
ck a
nd
effe
ctiv
e fe
edba
ck is
bas
ed u
pon
cont
inua
l int
erac
tion
amon
gst t
he p
lann
ing
team
s in
deve
lop-
ing
a co
mpr
ehen
sive
wor
kabl
e pr
ogra
m.
33
The
form
ulat
ion
of a
n ef
fect
ive
plan
ning
pro
gram
is p
redi
cate
d up
on a
thor
ough
iden
tific
atio
n
of th
e pr
oble
m. T
he p
robl
em s
tate
men
t ref
lect
s an
dtr
ansl
ates
the
obje
ctiv
es a
nd in
tent
ions
that
hav
e be
en e
stab
lishe
d by
the
adm
inis
trat
ive
stud
ies.
Aga
in it
mus
t be
emph
asiz
ed th
at
each
cam
pus
prob
lem
rep
rese
nts
a sp
ecifi
c si
tuat
ion
and
the
dete
rmin
ants
mus
t be
anal
yzed
thor
ough
ly s
o th
at th
e sp
ecifi
c ne
eds
of th
e in
stitu
tion
are
real
ized
. As
a re
sult
of d
etai
led
anal
ysis
and
inve
stig
atio
n, r
elat
ive
valu
es c
an b
e as
sign
ed to
the
dete
rmin
ing
fact
ors
that
will
be
refle
cted
thro
ugho
ut th
e pl
anni
ng p
roce
ss.
A p
robl
em s
tate
men
t can
not b
e so
lely
der
ived
from
the
inpu
ts o
f the
adm
inis
trat
ive
effo
rts.
The
re a
re r
espo
nsib
ilitie
s th
at m
ust b
e as
sum
ed o
nth
e pa
rt o
f the
pla
nner
. Edu
catio
nal
obje
ctiv
es a
re u
sual
ly g
ener
aliz
ed a
ndin
freq
uent
ly s
peci
fic to
the
exte
nt th
at th
eph
ysic
al
man
ifest
atio
ns s
ough
t can
be
read
ily r
ecog
nize
d.T
here
is a
clo
udy
gap
- a
"no
man
'sla
nd"
bob
betw
een
an in
tent
ion
or a
n ob
ject
ive
and
the
mea
ns b
y w
hich
it c
an b
e re
aliz
ed.
Unf
ortu
nate
ly,
this
"no
man
's la
nd"
is d
ealt
with
in ju
st th
e w
ayth
e ph
rase
impl
ies
- it
is a
void
ed.
One
jum
ps fr
om th
e pr
oble
m, a
nd o
ften
the
prob
lem
is n
ot e
ven
clar
ified
, to
a so
lutio
nw
hich
may
be
subs
eque
ntly
just
ified
.B
ut th
at w
hich
is p
ursu
ed h
ere
is a
proc
edur
al ju
stifi
catio
n
and
clar
ifica
tion
that
not
onl
y pr
eced
es, b
utde
term
ines
and
dire
cts
an a
pplic
able
solu
tion.
And
how
is th
is g
ap e
ffect
ivel
y de
alt w
ith -
this
is th
e re
al p
robl
em -
and
the
answ
er is
cert
ainl
y
not i
n ju
mpi
ng it
The
ans
wer
is fo
und
in th
ese
proc
esse
s of
inve
stig
atio
n an
d an
alys
is, t
estin
g
and
feed
back
and
rec
ogni
tion
of th
e ne
edfo
r in
tegr
ated
and
coo
pera
tive
effo
rts.
The
phy
sica
l
plan
ner
is n
ot a
n "is
land
" as
nei
ther
is th
efin
anci
al o
r ed
ucat
iona
l pla
nner
.
34
1 V
11.4
1CilC
yd. r
1fl
r
The
firs
t pro
blem
sol
ving
ste
p m
ust b
e di
rect
ed to
war
d re
cogn
ition
and
clar
ifica
tion
of th
e
prob
lem
. Whe
n th
e va
lidity
of t
he p
robl
em s
tate
men
t has
bee
n de
mon
stra
ted,
then
, and
onl
y
then
, can
the
tech
niqu
es in
sol
ving
the
prob
lem
be
form
ulat
ed.
The
rol
e of
the
phys
ical
pla
nner
in th
e to
tal p
roce
ss is
uni
que
- as
he
mus
ttr
ansl
ate
a
theo
retic
al id
ea in
to a
tang
ible
, phy
sica
l for
m -
and
in s
o do
ing,
man
y de
cisi
ons
mus
tbe
base
d up
on a
ssum
ptio
ns. H
owev
er, t
he v
alid
ity o
f the
pla
nnin
g as
sum
ptio
ns c
anbe
par
alle
led
to th
e de
pth
in w
hich
the
obje
ctiv
es o
f the
inst
itutio
nha
d be
en in
terp
rete
d. T
hese
ass
umpt
ions
,
or th
ey m
ight
be
calle
d "a
ppro
ache
s to
tran
slat
ion"
, mus
t be
anal
yzed
and
sub
sequ
ently
test
ed
with
ref
eren
ce to
thei
r co
nsis
tenc
y in
rea
lizin
g an
app
licab
leso
lutio
n to
the
prob
lem
.
The
iden
tific
atio
n of
the
prob
lem
and
the
prog
ram
def
ined
for
itsso
lutio
n w
ill b
e af
fect
ed
by th
e si
te a
nd lo
catio
n of
the
cam
pus.
The
dec
idin
g fa
ctor
isw
heth
er th
e si
te is
exi
stin
g or
to b
e se
lect
ed.
If th
e si
te w
as e
xist
ing
or "
give
n" a
s pa
rt o
f the
pro
blem
then
this
situ
atio
n
wou
ld b
e ha
ndle
d so
mew
hat d
iffer
ently
than
if th
e si
te w
ere
to b
ese
lect
ed. A
n ex
istin
g si
te
wou
ld b
e re
cogn
ized
as
a ba
sic
dete
rmin
ant -
or
a de
term
inin
g fa
ctor
that
ess
entia
lly r
estr
ains
the
alte
rnat
e ap
proa
ches
that
mig
ht b
e ta
ken.
On
the
othe
r ha
nd, i
f site
sele
ctio
n w
ere
part
of th
e pr
oble
m, t
hen
it sh
ould
be
rega
rded
as
a fle
xibl
e fa
ctor
that
cou
ld r
einf
orce
the
plan
ning
obje
ctiv
es.
36
rrf
uf,M
= k
airM
t,MgT
rrl M
r+N
runt
+.n
`71
Und
er c
ircum
stan
ces
of a
n ex
istin
g si
te, t
he s
ite it
self
and
its lo
catio
n m
ust f
irst b
e th
orou
ghly
anal
yzed
and
then
eva
luat
ed in
rel
atio
n to
its
cons
iste
ncy
with
the
inte
nded
obj
ectiv
es. G
en-
eral
ly, b
oth
the
man
ager
ial a
nd fi
nanc
ial o
bjec
tives
wou
ld b
e re
lativ
ely
cons
iste
nt w
ith th
ose
limita
tions
that
mig
ht b
e im
pose
d by
an
exis
ting
site
.B
ut s
ituat
ions
do
aris
e w
hen
ther
e ar
e
obvi
ous
inco
nsis
tenc
ies
and
cons
eque
ntly
alte
rnat
ives
mus
t be
prop
osed
. For
exa
mpl
e, th
e si
te
on o
ne h
and
mig
ht b
e ex
trem
ely
hilly
whi
le, o
n th
e ot
her
hand
, the
aca
dem
ic in
tent
ions
mig
ht
be to
cre
ate
a hi
ghly
aut
onom
ous
cam
pus
stru
ctur
e at
min
imum
initi
al e
xpen
ditu
res.
If th
e pr
o-
blem
aris
es o
n an
est
ablis
hed
cam
pus
than
the
mos
t obv
ious
alte
rnat
ive
cour
se w
ould
be
to r
e-
eval
uate
the
obje
ctiv
es. H
owev
er, i
f the
cam
pus
had
not a
s ye
t bee
n es
tabl
ishe
d, b
ut th
e si
te
was
sel
ecte
d th
en o
ne c
ould
pro
pose
that
oth
er s
ites
be c
onsi
dere
dan
d/or
re-
eval
uatio
n of
the
obje
ctiv
es. W
hate
ver
the
situ
atio
n, it
is e
ssen
tial t
o re
cogn
ize
and
plan
for
prob
able
lim
itatio
ns
and
rest
rain
ts th
at m
ay b
e im
pose
d by
an
exis
ting
site
.
Site
con
side
ratio
ns s
hift
to th
e ot
her
end
of th
e sp
ectr
um w
hen
the
site
is to
be
sele
cted
. The
site
is r
espo
nded
to a
s a
flexi
ble
fact
or (
as o
ppos
ed to
infle
xibl
e) a
nd it
s se
lect
ion
wou
ld b
e
com
plem
enta
ry to
the
desi
gn o
bjec
tives
. Und
er th
ese
circ
umst
ance
s th
e m
ost a
pplic
able
app
roac
h
is to
avo
id a
fina
l site
sel
ectio
n un
til th
e pl
anni
ng p
roce
ss h
as p
rogr
esse
d to
the
poin
t whe
re
alte
rnat
e la
nd u
se c
once
pts
have
bee
n pr
opos
ed.
In th
is w
ay th
e si
te d
oes
not d
omin
ate
as a
dete
rmin
ing
fact
or b
ut c
ontr
ibut
es a
s a
rein
forc
ing
fact
or.
It m
ust b
e as
sum
ed th
at in
mos
t cas
es
mor
e th
an o
ne la
nd u
se c
once
pt w
ill s
atis
fy th
e re
quire
men
ts p
roje
cted
and
whe
nal
tern
ates
are
prop
osed
then
the
site
or
site
s ca
n be
app
lied
to e
valu
ate
the
mos
t opt
imum
rea
lizat
ion
of th
e
inte
nded
obj
ectiv
es.
(Thi
s si
tuat
ion
is d
iscu
ssed
furt
her
whe
n th
e sy
nthe
sis
of la
nd u
se p
lans
is
disc
usse
d.)
36
,,,,T
4377
4,r,
irgl",
,,47,
nrilS
1rw
r,xr
,
The
bas
k de
term
inan
ts, a
ssum
e a
sign
ifica
nt a
nd u
nden
iabl
e ro
le in
the
plan
ning
pro
cess
. The
y
iden
tify
the
prob
lem
and
prob
lem
ass
umpt
ions
, the
y de
fine
the
prob
lem
-sol
ving
pro
gram
and
they
esta
blis
h th
e ba
sic
desi
gn p
aram
eter
sin
pro
gres
sing
tow
ard
anul
timat
e pl
an. T
here
fore
, con
-
side
rabl
e em
phas
is m
ust b
e ex
tend
ed u
pon
this
sta
ge o
f the
pro
cess
. The
situ
atio
nm
ust b
e fir
st
inve
stig
ated
in a
ttem
ptin
g to
iden
tify
the
dete
rmin
ants
. The
dete
rmin
ants
mus
t the
n be
anal
yzed
in o
rder
to e
stab
lish
cons
iste
ncy
with
the
inst
itutio
nal
obje
ctiv
es. A
nd fi
nally
, a p
rogr
am m
ust
be d
evel
oped
that
ref
lect
sth
e di
rect
ion
spec
ified
by
the
basi
c de
term
inan
ts.
37
1 I r
DE
SIG
N F
AC
TO
RS
- E
VA
LUA
TIO
N,
TE
ST
ING
AN
D S
ELE
CT
ION
p
4
1
.E-L
-2=
* x=
a...
',)=
:40
E:-
.=-
LAN
D U
6EP
LAN
LT Ore
Ft N
AL
.
0 0 0P
LAN
NIN
G
CO
N
rIN
U/N
L3
Thu
s fa
r th
e di
scus
sion
has
focu
sed
upon
the
nece
ssar
y in
form
atio
nal i
nput
san
d th
e re
latio
nshi
ps
they
bea
r up
on th
e ph
ysic
alpl
anni
ng p
rogr
am d
evel
opm
ent.
It ha
s al
so b
een
allu
ded
to th
at a
n
esse
ntia
l ing
redi
ent i
s th
e co
nsid
erat
ion
of tr
ansl
atin
g th
eore
tical
obje
ctiv
es in
to a
phy
sica
l
cont
ext.
At t
his
stag
e,th
e fo
cus
is u
pon
eval
uatin
g, te
stin
gan
d se
lect
ing
the
phys
ical
des
ign
fact
ors
that
are
ess
entia
l to
phys
ical
pla
nnin
g an
d th
at w
ill b
ede
rived
from
the
obje
ctiv
es a
nd
the
plan
ning
pro
gram
.
As
illus
trat
ed in
the
first
par
t of
this
sec
tion
on la
nd u
se p
lann
ing,
the
desi
gn fa
ctor
s ar
e
clas
sifie
d as
eith
er ta
ngib
le o
rin
tang
ible
. Inc
lude
d ar
e th
e m
ajor
cons
ider
atio
ns th
at a
re, i
n
gene
ral,
com
mon
to a
ll ca
mpu
ses.
The
tang
ible
fact
ors
rela
te to
thos
e de
sign
con
side
ratio
ns th
at
invo
lve
the
assi
gnm
ent o
f phy
sica
l spa
cean
d in
clud
e th
e ac
adem
ic p
rogr
am, c
omm
on u
ses,
supp
ort
func
tions
, circ
ulat
ion
and
build
ing
inte
nsity
. The
inta
ngib
le d
esig
nfa
ctor
s ar
e th
ose
desi
gn c
on-
side
ratio
ns th
at a
re n
ot d
irect
lyre
late
d to
the
assi
gnm
ent o
f spa
ce n
or a
reth
ey d
irect
ly m
anife
sted
in a
phy
sica
l for
m. H
owev
er,
they
do
have
an
indi
rect
effe
ct u
pon
spac
ean
d fo
rm. I
nclu
ded
as
inta
ngib
le d
esig
n fa
ctor
s ar
efle
xibi
lity
(or
conv
ertib
ility
), e
xpan
sion
,so
cial
inte
ract
ions
,
aest
hetic
s an
d in
stitu
tiona
lpe
rson
ality
.
Whe
n a
tota
lly n
ew c
ampu
s is
bei
ngco
nsid
ered
, all
the
fact
ors
are
flexi
ble
ingr
edie
nts
abou
t
whi
ch d
ecis
ions
can
be
mad
ere
lativ
e to
the
prog
ram
obj
ectiv
es.
The
y ar
e no
t, ho
wev
er,
abso
lute
ly fl
exib
le o
r va
riabl
e as
the
inpu
tsan
d ob
ject
ives
(fo
r ex
ampl
efin
anci
al c
onsi
dera
tions
)
will
res
trai
n or
dire
ct m
any
deci
sion
s.O
n th
e ex
istin
g ca
mpu
s th
epl
anne
r is
con
fron
ted
with
the
reve
rse
situ
atio
n 7
whe
re m
ost o
f the
fact
ors
are
initi
ally
som
ewha
t inf
lexi
ble
or fi
xed.
In th
ese
case
s it
isth
e in
puts
and
obj
ectiv
es (
i.e.,
agai
nfin
anci
al c
onsi
dera
tions
) th
at w
illde
term
ine
the
degr
ee to
whi
ch c
m e
stab
lishe
dfa
ctor
can
be
chan
ged.
Eac
h ca
mpu
sre
pres
ents
a u
niqu
e an
d
spec
ific
situ
atio
n an
d ge
nera
lized
valu
es s
houl
d no
t be
assi
gned
toth
ese
desi
gn fa
ctor
s un
til o
ne
eval
uate
s th
e ac
tual
cam
pus.
41
Eva
luat
ion
and
sele
ctio
n of
the
desi
gn fa
ctor
sle
ads
to th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f the
foun
datio
n of
the
form
and
str
uctu
re o
f the
cam
pus
- an
d it
is u
pon
this
foun
datio
n th
at th
e la
nd u
se c
once
pts
are
synt
hesi
zed.
The
refo
re, t
he fu
ndam
enta
l des
ign
crite
rion
will
be
esta
blis
hed
as a
res
ult
of te
stin
g an
d ev
alua
ting
the
phys
ical
com
pone
nts
of th
e ca
mpu
s fo
rm. T
his
deci
sion
-mak
ing
proc
ess
is a
ssu
bjec
tive
as it
is o
bjec
tive
and
once
aga
in th
e pr
oces
sof
feed
back
ass
umes
a
sign
ifica
nt r
ole.
Eac
h de
sign
fact
or m
ust b
ere
cons
ider
ed, r
e-ev
alua
ted
and
rete
sted
not
only
to d
eter
min
e its
con
sist
ency
with
the
over
all p
rogr
am b
ut a
lso
the
cons
iste
ncy
of o
ne fa
ctor
to
anot
her.
The
des
ign
fact
ors
liste
d re
pres
ent t
hees
sent
ial c
ompo
nent
s or
crit
erio
n of
cam
pus
form
.T
he
deci
sion
s re
quire
d re
late
to th
e di
rect
ion
and
emph
asis
that
eac
h fa
ctor
will
ass
ume
whe
nap
plie
d
to L
-pe
cific
situ
atio
n. T
hese
fact
ors
mus
t be
exam
ined
indi
vidu
ally
and
colle
ctiv
ely
as th
e su
b-
sequ
ent l
and
use
form
s ar
eba
sica
lly a
n as
sim
ilatio
n of
thes
e co
nsid
erat
ions
.T
here
fore
, the
re
is a
gre
at r
espo
nsib
ility
ass
ocia
ted
with
this
pha
se a
nd g
reat
car
e an
dco
nsid
erat
ion
mus
t be
exte
nded
in d
eter
min
ing
the
mos
t app
ropr
iate
deci
sion
s.
The
follo
win
g di
scus
sion
focu
ses
upon
a m
ore
deta
iled
exam
inat
ion
of th
e de
sign
fact
ors.
Eac
h
fact
or is
dis
cuss
ed in
two
cont
exts
- th
efir
st r
elat
ing
to th
e ge
nera
litie
s of
the
subj
ect a
nd th
e
seco
nd is
a m
ore
spec
ific
anal
ysis
(in o
utlin
e an
d di
agra
mat
ic fo
rm)
of th
ees
sent
ial c
onsi
dera
-
tions
invo
lved
in m
akin
g an
y ap
prop
riate
deci
sion
reg
ardi
ng th
e ap
plic
atio
nof
eac
h fa
ctor
. A
few
com
men
ts a
re in
ord
er r
egar
ding
the
seco
nd p
art p
rior
to r
eadi
ng th
em
ater
ial.
42
r r
It m
ay b
ecom
e ap
pare
nt to
the
read
er th
at th
ere
is s
ome
redu
ndan
cy o
f ess
entia
l con
side
ratio
ns
amon
g fa
ctor
s. T
his
illus
trat
es tw
o po
ints
:(1
) T
his
is a
sys
tem
atic
app
roac
h an
d ea
ch p
hase
mus
t
be e
ffect
ivel
y an
d th
orou
ghly
exp
lore
d as
dec
isio
ns in
a fo
llow
ing
phas
e ar
e de
pend
ent u
pon
the
info
rmat
ion
deriv
ed fr
om a
sub
sequ
ent p
hase
. For
exa
mpl
e, m
any
of th
e de
cisi
ons
rega
rdin
gth
ese
fact
ors
are
depe
nden
t upo
n th
e in
form
atio
nal i
nput
s an
d th
eir
subs
eque
nt in
terp
reta
tion
into
dete
r-
min
ants
and
a p
rogr
am. (
2) It
is e
ssen
tial t
o es
tabl
ish
the
wei
ghts
(or
degr
ee o
f sig
nific
ance
) of
the
part
icul
ar c
onsi
dera
tions
rel
ativ
e to
the
spec
ific
fact
or a
nd in
stitu
tion.
It is
thro
ugh
this
assi
gnm
ent o
f the
se w
eigh
ts o
r va
lues
(es
peci
ally
sin
ce s
o m
any
cons
ider
atio
ns a
reth
e sa
me
for
diffe
rent
fact
ors)
that
will
lead
to a
ppro
pria
te d
ecis
ions
.
The
obj
ectiv
e of
this
dis
cuss
ion
is to
sim
ply
poin
t out
the
rela
tive
elem
ents
that
are
ess
entia
l to
cons
ider
.It
is h
owev
er, e
ssen
tial t
o be
ar in
min
d th
at a
ll co
nsid
erat
ions
are
not
tobe
hel
d
equa
l. T
he w
eigh
t or
valu
e of
eac
h el
emen
t (in
rel
atio
n to
the
othe
rs)
is d
epen
dent
upo
n an
eval
uatio
n of
the
obje
ctiv
es, e
tc.,
of th
e pa
rtic
ular
inst
itutio
n.It
is th
e de
gree
to w
hich
thes
e
elem
ents
are
con
side
red
that
will
dire
ct th
e fin
al d
ecis
ion.
43
AC
AD
EM
IC P
RO
GR
AM
FU
NC
TIO
N o
rient
ed o
r D
ISC
IPLI
NE
orie
nted
cam
pus.
Thi
s is
gene
rally
the
sing
ular
ly m
ost s
igni
-
fican
' dec
isio
n th
at m
ust b
e m
ade.
Mos
t cam
puse
s ar
eco
mm
ited
to o
ne p
rinci
pal o
r th
e ot
her,
how
ever
, ver
y se
ldom
is th
ere
a ca
mpu
s th
at r
epre
sent
s an
abso
lute
ref
lect
ion
of e
ither
ext
rem
e.
Gen
eral
ly o
ne a
ppro
ach
can
be r
ecog
nize
d as
hav
ing
been
em
phas
ized
,bu
t the
re a
re s
till i
ndic
atio
ns
of th
e pr
esen
ce o
f the
oth
er a
ppro
ach.
For
exa
mpl
e, m
oste
stab
lishe
d un
iver
sitie
s ar
e di
scip
line
orie
nted
due
to th
eir
cont
inuo
us g
row
th o
ver
time
char
acte
rized
by th
e ad
ditio
n of
new
pro
gram
s.
But
stil
l the
re a
re u
sual
ly o
n th
ese
cam
puse
s so
me
high
use
,fu
nctio
n or
ient
ed b
uild
ings
that
are
not a
ssig
ned
to a
part
icua
lr di
scip
line.
The
func
tion
orie
nted
cam
pus
is m
ore
of a
rec
ent
phen
omen
a th
at is
mos
t fre
quen
tly a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith th
ede
velo
pmen
t of t
he c
omm
unity
col
lege
.
Fro
m a
pur
ely
theo
retic
al s
tand
poin
t the
func
tion
orie
nted
acad
emic
pro
gram
is g
ener
ally
reg
arde
d
as th
e m
ost a
dvan
tage
ous.
It ex
hibi
ts th
e gr
eate
st fl
exib
ility
in te
rms
of fa
cilit
ies
utili
zatio
n
and
emph
asiz
es c
onsi
dera
ble
intr
a-de
part
men
tal a
s w
ell a
sin
'Br-
depa
rtm
enta
l int
erac
tion.
How
-
ever
, the
dis
cipl
ine
orie
nted
acad
emic
pro
gram
has
pro
ven
to b
e th
e m
ost p
opul
ar. T
his
popu
-
larit
y ca
n be
attr
ibut
ed to
the
deve
lopm
ent "
over
tim
e" o
f mos
t cam
puse
sin
ass
ocia
tion
with
cons
ider
able
em
phas
is u
pon
inte
r-di
scip
linar
y in
tera
ctio
n.It
is e
ssen
tial t
hat t
he s
elec
tion
of a
n ac
adem
ic o
rient
atio
n is
con
sist
ent w
ith th
e ed
ucat
iona
lob
ject
ives
of t
he in
stitu
tion.
Gen
eral
ly, t
he c
hoic
e in
corp
orat
es b
oth
orie
ntat
ions
and
the
degr
ee o
fem
phas
is o
f one
or
the
othe
r is
dep
ende
nt u
pon
the
spec
ific
situ
atio
n.
Des
ign
Fac
tor
Ana
lysi
s -
Fun
ctio
n O
rient
ed o
r D
isci
plin
e O
rient
ed:
Adm
inis
trat
ive
inpu
tE
duca
tiona
l Obj
ectiv
esP
rogr
am Id
entif
icat
ion
Inst
ruct
iona
l, R
esea
rch,
Ext
ensi
onD
egre
e P
rogr
ams
Aca
dem
icO
rgan
izat
ion
Fin
anci
al C
apab
ilitie
sIm
med
iate
Cos
tsC
ontin
uing
Cos
ts
row
. 0.0
Nom
or.
am. e
arw
ar s
o. a
mm
o am
.ow
. am
mo
wow
v...
erb
a.
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ivel
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stin
g C
ampu
sP
rese
nt O
rient
atio
nC
apac
ity fo
r C
hang
eU
tiliti
es C
onsi
dera
tions
Circ
ulat
ions
Com
mun
ityC
ol le
geC
ampu
s C
ircul
atio
n -
Ped
estr
ian
/Aut
oS
tude
nt In
tera
ctio
ns
frE
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znoo
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pL
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ityru
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tY24
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o4j
The
out
line
abov
e lis
ts th
e es
sent
ial c
onsi
dera
tions
invo
lved
in a
naly
zing
the
func
tion/
disc
iplin
efa
ctor
. The
dia
gram
abo
ve is
bas
ed u
pon
the
land
use
pla
nnin
g flo
w d
iagr
am a
nd h
as b
een
mod
ified
to il
lust
rate
the
inpu
ts r
elat
ive
to th
e pa
rtic
ular
fact
or.
The
initi
al c
onsi
dera
tions
wou
ld r
evol
ve a
roun
d th
e in
form
atio
nal i
nput
s. F
rom
a fi
nanc
ial
stan
dpoi
nt, c
ost c
ompa
rison
s m
ust b
e m
ade
betw
een
the
func
tion
and
disc
iplin
e ap
proa
ches
. Suc
hco
mpa
rison
s sh
ould
exa
min
e bo
th im
med
iate
and
con
tinui
ng c
osts
and
the
resu
lts s
houl
d be
ove
r-la
yed
agai
nst t
he fi
nanc
ial c
apab
ilitie
s an
d th
e ac
adem
ic o
bjec
tives
of t
he in
stitu
tion.
../11
4.1.
111,
`,11
,4*,
,AW
thk.
.4"4
.A1.
4.57
41..4
vIi
ta:a
ziar
lyag
gadj
aage
ljadi
til
45
The
man
ager
ial c
onsi
dera
tions
wou
ld in
clud
e a
revi
ew o
f the
educ
atio
nal o
bjec
tives
of t
he in
sti-
tutio
n. T
his
revi
ew w
ould
incl
ude
iden
tifyi
ng th
e de
gree
s of
emph
asis
am
ong
the
inst
ruct
iona
l,
rese
arch
and
pub
lic s
ervi
ce p
rogr
ams.
Ade
cisi
on r
elat
ing
to a
func
tion
ordi
scip
line
orie
ntat
ion,
whi
ch is
bas
ical
ly a
n ac
adem
ic q
uest
ion,
wou
ld r
equi
re fu
rthe
r in
vest
igat
ion
into
the
part
icul
arac
adem
ic d
egre
e pr
ogra
ms
and
the
obje
ctiv
es a
nd a
ttitu
des
of th
ese
prog
ram
s.F
urth
erm
ore,
enr
oll-
men
t tre
nds
of th
e to
tal i
nstit
utio
nan
d th
e pa
rtic
ular
pro
gram
s m
ust
be a
naly
zed.
On
the
exis
ting
cam
pus,
phys
ical
con
side
ratio
ns w
ould
be
espe
cial
lysi
gnifi
cant
as
the
pres
ent f
unct
ion
or d
isci
-pl
ine
orie
ntat
ion
wou
ld h
ave
to b
ede
term
ined
as
wel
l as
the
capa
city
for
chan
ge o
f tha
t par
ticu-
lar
orie
ntat
ion.
Onc
e th
e re
leva
ntm
anag
eria
l, fin
anci
al a
nd p
hysi
cal
cons
ider
atio
ns h
ave
been
iden
tifie
d in
divi
dual
ly, t
hey
mus
tal
so b
e ev
alua
ted
colle
ctiv
ely
in o
rder
tode
term
ine
thei
r
cons
iste
ncy
in r
egar
d to
the
deci
sion
that
is r
equi
red.
The
em
phas
is is
upo
nth
ese
cons
ider
atio
ns
whi
ch a
re r
elat
ivel
y in
flexi
ble
and
will
bas
ical
ly d
eter
min
e th
e m
ost
appr
opria
te d
irect
ion.
The
dia
gram
, how
ever
, als
oill
ustr
ates
add
ition
al c
onsi
dera
tions
that
will
con
trib
ute
sign
ifi-
cant
ly to
the
ultim
ate
deci
sion
. The
sere
late
to u
tiliti
es, t
raffi
c an
d st
uden
tin
tera
ctio
ns a
nd
the
info
rmat
ion
is u
sual
ly g
ener
ated
from
com
plem
enta
ry s
tudi
es. T
here
is a
nob
viou
s di
stin
c-
tion
betw
een
the
utili
ties
requ
irem
ents
for
afu
nctio
n-or
ient
ed c
ampu
s (a
llla
bora
torie
s, c
lass
-
room
s, e
tc. i
npa
rtic
ular
are
as)
and
a di
scip
line-
orie
nted
cam
pus
(whe
re th
e fa
cilit
ies
are
grou
ped
by a
cade
mic
dis
cipl
ine)
.E
xist
ing
utili
ties
or th
e co
st o
f one
appr
oach
as
com
pare
d to
the
othe
r
will
cer
tain
ly e
xert
an
influ
ence
.S
imila
rly, t
he s
ame
dist
inct
ions
appl
y to
circ
ulat
ion
cons
id-
erat
ions
. Ava
ilabl
e sp
ace
mus
t be
cons
ider
ed a
s w
ell a
s th
e le
ngth
and
eas
eof
mov
emen
ts a
nd
the
mea
ns b
y w
hich
the
mov
emen
ts a
rem
ade.
The
type
and
freq
uenc
y of
stud
ent i
nter
actio
ns
that
are
to b
e en
cour
aged
is a
noth
ersi
gnifi
cant
con
side
ratio
n. T
his
also
has
bea
ring
upon
the
circ
ulat
ion
cons
ider
atio
n es
peci
ally
as
appl
ied
to p
edes
tria
n m
ovem
ents
. Adi
scip
line
orie
ntat
ion
wou
ld e
mph
asiz
e in
tra-
disc
iplin
ary
inte
ract
ions
whi
le th
e fu
nctio
nal o
rient
atio
nw
ould
enc
oura
ge
inte
r-di
scip
linar
y in
tera
ctio
ns.
Thi
s co
nsid
erat
ion
also
rel
alos
toth
e ac
adem
ic o
bjec
tives
of t
he
inst
itutio
n.
The
inpu
t and
rev
iew
of t
hese
con
side
ratio
nsfo
rm th
e ba
sis
for
an a
ppro
pria
tede
cisi
on a
s to
whi
ch o
rient
atio
n sh
ould
be
emph
asiz
ed.
Thi
s de
cisi
on s
houl
d no
t, ho
wev
er,
be r
egar
ded
as fi
nal.
Dec
isio
ns m
ust s
till b
e m
ade
abou
t oth
erfa
ctor
s w
hich
may
indi
cate
a n
eed
for
re-e
valu
atio
n of
prev
ious
dec
isio
ns in
ord
er to
ens
ure
the
grea
test
col
lect
ive
cons
iste
ncy
amon
gfa
ctor
s.
The
pro
cedu
re fo
r de
sign
fact
or a
naly
sis
has
been
exa
min
ed r
athe
r cl
osel
y us
ing
the
func
tion/
dis-
cipl
ine
fact
or a
s an
exa
mpl
e. T
hefo
llow
ing
mat
eria
l is
base
d up
on th
e sa
me
form
at b
ut it
will
not b
e pr
esen
ted
in a
sm
uch
deta
il as
the
proc
edur
e is
ver
ysi
mila
r.
46
CO
MM
ON
US
ES
CE
NT
RA
LIZ
ED
com
mon
use
s or
DE
CE
NT
RA
LIZ
ED
com
mon
uses
. The
re a
re c
erta
in fa
cilit
ies
on
ever
y ca
mpu
s th
at a
re c
omm
on in
use
to m
ost s
tude
nts
and
facu
lty. T
he q
uest
ion
pose
d in
reg
ard
to th
ese
faci
litie
s (s
uch
as th
e lib
rary
, stu
dent
cen
ter,
adm
inis
trat
ive
offic
e, e
tc.)
is w
heth
er
they
sho
uld
be c
entr
aliz
ed a
nd g
roup
ed to
geth
er,
or d
ecen
tral
ized
, and
dis
pers
ed a
t pre
fera
bly
stra
tegi
c lo
catio
ns th
roug
hout
the
cam
pus.
In e
ither
cas
e, it
mus
t be
reco
gniz
ed th
at th
ese
com
mon
use
faci
litie
s ar
e th
e fo
cal p
oint
s of
cam
pus
life
- ge
nera
ting
the
grea
test
am
ount
of
activ
ities
and
inte
ract
ions
.
A s
tron
g ca
se c
an b
e pr
esen
ted
in s
uppo
rt o
f eith
er a
ppro
ach.
Gen
eral
ly, h
owev
er, t
he c
entr
aliz
ed
appr
oach
(co
mpl
etel
y or
mod
ified
) is
mos
t fre
quen
tly d
esire
d. T
heco
mm
on u
ses
are
clus
tere
d in
a fo
cal a
rea,
mos
t fre
quen
tly in
som
e pr
oxim
ity to
the
cent
er o
f the
cam
pus
or a
t the
maj
or p
oint
of e
ntry
, whe
re s
tude
nt m
ovem
ents
occ
ur a
t the
gre
ates
t fre
quen
cy.
It is
not
to b
e im
plie
d th
at
dece
ntra
lizat
ion
of th
e co
mm
on u
ses
are
any
less
des
irabl
e. U
nfor
tuna
tely
mos
t exa
mpl
es o
f dec
en-
tral
ized
faci
litie
s on
toda
y's
cam
puse
s ha
d be
en r
ando
mly
loca
ted
and
unpl
anne
d-
but
this
app
roac
h,
whe
n w
ell p
lann
ed,
can
cont
ribut
e co
nsid
erab
ly to
the
stru
ctur
e an
d ut
iliza
tion
of th
e ca
mpu
s.
In m
any
case
s th
ere
are
seve
ral m
ajor
poi
nts
of e
ntry
or s
ever
al in
terio
r fo
cal a
reas
that
req
uire
emph
asis
.It
mus
t be
kept
in m
ind
that
whe
n th
e co
mm
on u
ses
are
disp
erse
d, th
ough
t and
pla
nnin
g
mus
t not
onl
y be
giv
en to
the
loca
tion,
but
als
o to
the
desi
gnat
ion
of th
e co
mm
onus
e th
at w
ill
occu
r at
that
loca
tion.
47
The
re a
re in
num
erab
le v
aria
tions
and
mod
ifica
tions
that
acc
ompa
ny e
ither
app
roac
h an
d it
is o
f-
ten
diffi
cult
to d
iffer
entia
te a
s to
whi
ch a
ppro
ach
is d
omin
ant.
Rar
ely
are
situ
atio
ns d
evel
oped
whe
re th
ere
is a
bsol
ute
inte
rpre
tatio
n of
one
con
cept
or
the
othe
r. T
here
is in
stea
d a
tend
ency
to c
ompr
omis
e (w
ith e
mph
asis
on
the
appr
oach
that
indi
cate
s th
e gr
eate
st c
onsi
sten
cy w
ith th
e
dete
rmin
ants
, obj
ectiv
es a
nd o
ther
des
ign
fact
ors)
.
Des
ign
Fac
tor
Ana
lysi
s -
Cen
tral
ized
Com
mon
Use
s or
Dec
entr
aliz
ed C
omm
on U
ses:
Adm
inis
trat
ive
Inpu
tE
duca
tiona
l Obj
ectiv
esP
rogr
am E
mph
asis
Fac
ulty
Info
rmat
ion
Fin
anci
al A
naly
sis
Cos
t Com
paris
ons
Exi
stin
g C
ampu
sP
rese
nt O
rient
atio
nC
apac
ity fo
r C
hang
eF
unct
ion
Dis
cipl
ine
Orie
ntat
ion
Stu
dent
Inte
ract
ions
Stu
dent
, Fac
ulty
, Adm
inis
trat
ion,
etc
.C
ircul
atio
nC
omm
unity
Col
lege
Cam
pus
Circ
dat
ion
(...
.... .
... ..
, {/0
....
ow. a
m,
111.
1. =
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r*
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evka
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ET
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.104
4445
WIV
AIV
AE
NT
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GoW
WW
E5
Pc,
cov.
641.
4F
ING
ULT
Y IN
1=0
48
PO
T
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TIP
&T
UN
F W
ED
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TO
PI-1
1-4.
1c61
...
44.1
4-4
PO
SE
XIT
IOC
T
r-4T
EL:
vt=
(DE
CK
ION
S00
(likr
elac
TQ
NS
t*.)
15c,
iPtA
roe
MD
/ O
Z.
EU
Nat
o.)
G1&
LAT
ION
CIR
CU
LAT
ION
PE
DE
ST
RIA
N o
rient
edor
AU
TO
MO
BIL
E o
rient
ed c
ampu
s. T
he r
esol
utio
n of
the
circ
ulat
ion
fact
or
is p
roba
bly
the
mos
t wid
ely
publ
iciz
ed p
robl
em c
onfr
ontin
g th
eca
mpu
s. (
The
sec
ond
part
of t
his
volu
me
is d
evot
ed to
traf
fic p
lann
ing)
.It
has
been
rec
ogni
zed
asa
prob
lem
bec
ause
of t
he n
umer
-
ous
diffi
culti
es a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith th
e au
tom
obile
- e
spec
ially
thos
e of
spa
ce a
nd p
edes
tria
nco
n-
flict
. On
esta
blis
hed
cam
puse
s th
e pr
oble
m is
gen
eral
ly s
hifti
ng th
e au
tom
obile
from
the
cent
ral
acad
emic
are
a to
per
iphe
ral a
reas
. On
new
cam
puse
s th
e pr
oble
m is
gen
eral
ly th
e sa
me
exce
pt
that
the
auto
mob
ile d
oesn
't ha
ve to
be
tran
sfer
red
- on
ly k
ept o
ut.
Idea
lly th
e pe
dest
rian
cam
pus
is d
esira
ble.
Aut
omob
ile a
nd p
edes
tria
n tr
affic
are
sep
arat
ed a
nd
the
acad
emic
are
a is
res
tri,,
ted
to p
edes
tria
n m
ovem
ents
. Thi
s ap
proa
ch r
ecog
nize
d th
ated
ucat
ion
does
not
onl
y ta
ke p
lace
in th
e cl
assr
oom
or la
bora
tory
, but
als
o th
roug
h in
tera
ctio
ns th
at o
ccur
betw
een
clas
ses.
The
se in
tera
ctio
nsca
n be
enc
oura
ged
by p
rope
r de
sign
and
the
mai
n to
ol is
pede
stria
n sp
aces
, as
oppo
sed
to a
utom
obile
spac
es, b
etw
een
the
build
ings
. The
re a
re, o
f cou
rse
othe
r de
sign
impl
icat
ions
that
sup
plem
ent t
his
appr
oach
suc
has
faci
lity
loca
tions
and
spa
cing
.
It m
ust a
lso
be r
ecog
nize
d th
at a
ped
estr
ian
appr
oach
doe
s no
t pre
clud
e al
l aut
omot
ive
cons
ider
a-
tions
in th
e ce
ntra
l cam
pus
area
. As
a m
atte
r of
fact
, aut
omob
i!eac
cess
req
uire
men
ts fr
eque
ntly
beco
me
desi
gn s
tand
ards
for
pede
stria
n m
alls
. Em
erge
ncy
acce
ss (
for
fire,
am
bula
nce,
etc
.)
cann
ot b
e ov
erlo
oked
. The
re a
re a
lso
serv
ice
requ
irem
ents
that
may
be
satis
fied
alon
g pe
dest
rian
mal
ls d
urin
g lo
w u
se h
ours
. Fac
ulty
par
king
req
uire
men
ts m
ust a
lso
be c
onsi
dere
d an
d in
terio
r
spac
e an
d ac
cess
rou
tes
may
pen
etra
te th
e ce
ntra
l cam
pus
area
s.B
ut, t
hrou
gh p
rope
r de
sign
and
spat
ial a
lloca
tion,
thes
e pa
rkin
g an
dac
cess
are
as m
ay n
ot b
e im
posi
ng a
nd d
omin
ant a
nd a
t the
sam
e tim
e ca
n sa
tisfy
som
e of
the
serv
ice
and
emer
genc
y re
quire
men
ts. T
here
fore
, the
aut
omob
ile
rega
rdle
ss o
f the
ext
ent o
f ped
estr
ian
emph
asis
, stil
las
sum
es a
maj
or r
ole
in r
esol
ving
cen
tral
as
wel
l as
perip
hera
lca
mpu
s sp
aces
.
49
The
aut
omob
ile c
an a
nd fr
eque
ntly
doe
s be
com
e th
e do
min
ant f
acto
r of
cam
pus
stru
ctur
e. P
arki
ng
lots
ofte
n oc
cupy
val
uabl
e sp
aces
that
cou
ld b
e be
tter
used
for
acad
emic
func
tions
.S
tree
ts
beco
me
impe
rson
al, h
azar
dous
cha
nnel
s th
at d
ivid
e an
d fr
agm
ent t
he c
ampu
s. T
he c
ampu
s st
ruct
ure
shou
ld b
e un
ified
and
the
atm
osph
ere
shou
ld e
ncou
rage
per
sona
l rel
atio
ns a
nd in
tera
ctio
ns. T
he
circ
ulat
ion
fact
or is
a m
ajor
tool
in c
reat
ing
the
cam
pus
envi
ronm
ent -
an
envi
ronm
ent t
hat i
s
to b
e co
nsis
tent
with
the
goal
s an
d ob
ject
ives
of t
he in
stitu
tion.
Des
ign
Fac
tor
Ana
lysi
s -
Ped
estr
ian
Orie
nted
or
Aut
omob
ile O
rient
ed:
Adm
inis
trat
ive
Inpu
tE
duca
tiona
l Obj
ectiv
esP
rogr
am E
mph
asis
Enr
ollm
ent T
rend
sC
onge
stio
nF
inan
cial
Ana
lysi
sR
elat
ive
Cos
tsE
xist
ing
Cam
pus
Pre
sent
Circ
ulat
ion
Cap
acity
for
Cha
nge
Den
sity
[71+
5400
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.
440.
61:1
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fola
ltillE
1J1"
Epo
falte
3ar
Rcu
.mai
r
r
Fun
ctio
nD
isci
plin
e O
rient
atio
nT
raffi
c S
tudi
esC
omm
unity
Col
lege
Cam
pus
Circ
ulat
ion
- P
edes
tria
n/A
utom
obile
Stu
dent
Inte
ract
ions
Saf
ety
Fac
tors
Dis
trac
tions
- N
oise
Inta
ngib
le F
acto
rsA
esth
etic
Fle
xibi
lity ge
-EvA
urat
um
Dec
tsta
J40
7444
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ceST
Rit4
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6r}t
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iicoi
S
Tc2
.6E
Fic
,.s
rool
oe-
Lrer
eFA
uot2
6
'-vot
Jatr
oIi
rmuc
ams)
Ato
p/ e
n2.,
Dis
cii)
006
SU
PP
OR
T F
UN
CT
ION
S
RE
SID
EN
T O
R N
ON
-RE
SID
EN
T C
AM
PU
S. T
he r
esid
ency
que
stio
n co
nfro
ntin
g ca
mpu
s pl
ans
is
gene
rally
dep
ende
nt u
pon
adm
inis
trat
ive
inte
ntio
ns.
hi m
ost c
ases
, with
the
exce
ptio
n of
the
com
mun
ity c
olle
ges,
cam
puse
s as
sum
e so
me
of th
e re
spon
sibi
lity
for
hous
ing
thei
r st
uden
ts. T
he
dorm
itory
is th
e m
ost c
omm
on fa
cilit
y an
d lo
wer
cla
ssm
en a
re g
ener
ally
enc
oura
ged
to o
ccup
y
them
. Man
y co
llege
s al
so p
rovi
de s
ome
faci
litie
s fo
r m
arrie
d st
uden
ts. T
he c
once
pt o
f the
com
mun
ity c
olle
ge is
to p
rimar
ily s
erve
thos
e st
uden
ts fr
om th
e co
mm
unity
and
ther
efor
e th
e
cam
puse
s ar
e m
ost f
requ
ently
non
-res
iden
t (on
the
assu
mpt
ion
that
the
stud
ents
will
be
livin
g at
hom
e). A
t the
oth
er e
xtre
me,
ver
y fe
w c
ampu
ses
are
com
plet
ely
resi
dent
ial.
The
res
iden
tial
appr
oach
was
, how
ever
, em
phas
ized
in th
e pa
st a
nd h
as c
urre
ntly
rec
eive
d co
nsid
erab
le a
ttent
ion.
The
pro
blem
, the
refo
re is
not
whe
ther
the
cam
pus
will
be
resi
dent
ial o
r no
n-re
side
ntia
l, bu
t mor
e
spec
ifica
lly; t
he a
mou
nt a
nd ty
pe o
f hou
sing
to b
e pr
ovid
ed.
Hou
sing
is b
ecom
ing
a cr
ucia
l pro
blem
. Enr
ollm
ent i
n th
e na
tion'
s co
llege
s ha
s ill
ustr
ated
a re
mar
kabl
e in
crea
se o
ver
the
last
ten
year
s an
dth
e ex
pect
atio
ns fo
r th
e ne
xt d
ecad
e ar
e
even
gre
ater
. Uni
vers
ities
mus
t ass
ume
som
e of
the
resp
onsi
bilit
y in
mee
ting
thes
e in
crea
sing
hous
ing
dem
aGc.
.1s.
Man
y co
llege
s m
aint
ain
that
they
can
not a
fford
to e
nter
the
hous
ing
busi
ness
and
as a
res
ult t
he s
tude
nts
freq
uent
ly s
uffe
r. H
owev
er, m
any
scho
ols
have
illu
stra
ted
that
they
can
sup
ply
hous
ing
and
do s
o at
a p
rofit
to b
oth
the
scho
ol a
nd th
e st
uden
t. O
ther
sch
ools
have
illu
stra
ted
that
suc
cess
ful p
artn
ersh
ips
can
be a
rran
ged
with
priv
ate
ente
rpris
e th
roug
h
whi
ch e
quita
ble
hous
ing
is s
uppl
ied
and
the
scho
ol s
till m
aint
ains
the
nece
ssar
y co
ntro
ls. T
here
are
way
s to
cop
e w
ith s
tude
nt h
ousi
ng n
eeds
- w
ays
that
kee
pth
e be
st in
tere
sts
of th
e st
uden
ts
in m
ind.
The
res
pons
ibili
ty o
f the
col
lege
is to
thor
ough
ly e
xplo
re th
ose
vario
us a
ltern
ativ
e
appr
oach
es a
nd a
ssum
e an
act
ive
role
in s
uppl
ying
this
nee
d.
51
Des
ign
Fac
tor
Ana
lysi
s -
Res
iden
t or
Non
-Res
iden
t Cam
pus:
Adm
inis
trat
ive
Inpu
tE
duca
tiona
l Obj
ectiv
esP
rogr
am E
mph
asis
Enr
ollm
ent T
rend
sF
inan
cial
Ana
lysi
sC
apab
ilitie
sC
ost A
naly
sis
Exi
stin
g C
ampu
s
Pre
viou
s F
acto
r D
ecis
ions
Fun
ctio
nD
isci
plin
eP
edes
tria
nA
uto
Inte
ract
ions
Cam
pus
Com
mun
ity A
naly
sis
Circ
ulat
ion
and
Tra
ffic
Stu
dies
Com
mun
ityC
olle
geC
ampu
s C
ircul
atio
nH
ousi
ng S
tudy
Com
mun
ity
UT
ILIT
Y S
ER
VIC
ES
. The
effe
ct o
f util
ity s
ervi
ces
is a
spec
ializ
ed p
robl
em a
nd fr
eque
ntly
re-
quire
s th
e gu
idan
ce o
f a c
onsu
lting
eng
inee
r.(V
olum
e V
dea
ls w
ith th
e as
pect
s of
util
ities
con
-
side
ratio
ns in
con
side
rabl
y m
ore
dept
h). E
very
bui
ldin
g re
quire
s w
ater
,pl
umbi
ng, e
lect
ricity
,
etc.
and
eve
n th
ough
thes
e se
rvic
es a
rege
nera
lly n
ot v
isab
le, t
hey
do e
ffect
the
loca
tion
of
faci
litie
s. T
hese
con
side
ratio
ns a
re e
spec
ially
sign
ifica
nt o
n ex
istin
g ca
mpu
ses
whe
reex
pans
ion
is b
eing
pla
nned
. The
util
ity s
ourc
es a
real
read
y es
tabl
ishe
d an
d se
rvic
es h
ave
been
inst
alle
d.
Exp
ansi
on r
equi
res
the
exte
nsio
n of
thes
e se
rvic
esan
d th
e m
ost f
easi
ble
area
s w
ould
be in
dica
ted
by a
naly
sis
of u
tility
loca
tion
and
carr
ying
cap
acity
.If
expa
nsio
n ar
eas
are
inco
nsis
tent
with
exis
ting
utili
ties
then
nee
dles
s ad
ditio
nal e
xpen
ses
are
incu
rred
(un
less
, of c
ours
e, th
e de
cisi
on
was
inte
ntio
nally
bas
ed u
pon
the
satis
fact
ion
of o
ther
obje
ctiv
f:c).
Util
ity c
onsi
dera
tions
on
the
new
cam
puse
s ar
eso
mew
hat m
ore
flexi
ble.
But
stil
l, w
hen
loca
ting
land
use
s an
d st
ruct
ures
, aw
aren
ess
of th
eim
plic
atio
ns o
f util
ity s
ervi
ces
shou
ld e
ffect
the
ultim
ate
deci
sion
.
52
Des
ign
Fac
tor
Ana
lysi
s -
Util
ity S
ervi
ces:
Adm
inis
trat
ive
Inpu
tM
anag
eria
l Dire
ctiv
esF
inan
cial
Ana
lysi
sIm
med
iate
Cos
tsC
ontin
uing
Cos
tsE
xist
ing
Cam
pus
Pre
sent
Sys
tem
Cap
acity
for
Cha
nge
Eco
nom
y of
Cha
nge
Bui
ldin
g S
tudy
Bui
ldin
g P
rogr
amU
tility
Stu
dyD
eman
ds'P
rogr
am E
mph
asis
Pro
ject
ions
of F
utur
e N
eeds
Pre
viou
s F
acto
r D
ecis
ions
Aca
dem
ic P
rogr
ams
Circ
ulat
ion
RE
CR
EA
TIO
N. R
ecre
atio
n is
a fa
ctor
that
req
uire
sco
nsid
erab
le a
mou
nts
of s
pace
for
such
faci
litie
s as
pla
y fie
lds,
tenn
is c
ourt
s, fo
otba
llfie
lds,
etc
. Man
y ca
mpu
ses
inur
ban
area
s
have
min
imum
acr
eage
and
con
sequ
ently
rec
reat
ion
spac
eis
at a
pre
miu
m -
esp
ecia
llyw
hen
it m
ust c
ompe
te w
ith th
e pa
rkin
gne
ed. U
nder
thes
e ci
rcum
stan
ces,
whi
ch a
ppea
r to
be
rela
tivel
y
freq
uent
, the
pla
nner
mus
t tho
roug
hly
eval
uate
the
impl
icat
ions
of a
ll th
eal
tern
ativ
e so
lutio
ns
avai
labl
e. F
or e
xam
ple,
rec
reat
ion
spac
e m
aybe
sac
rific
ed fo
r pa
rkin
g sp
ace
or v
ice
vers
aif
recr
eatio
n ha
d be
en r
ecog
nize
d as
an
esse
ntia
l nee
d an
d pr
evio
us in
vest
igat
ion
indi
cate
d th
at
som
e pa
rkin
g ne
eds
coul
d be
abs
orbe
d el
sew
here
. Or
the
two
uses
may
be c
ombi
ned,
as
som
e
cam
puse
s ha
vech
osen
, by
cons
truc
ting
a be
low
sur
face
park
ing
stru
ctur
e w
ith a
pla
yfie
ldab
ove.
Wha
teve
r th
e de
cisi
on, i
t is
obvi
ous
that
itw
ould
be
base
d up
on th
e pr
evio
usfin
anci
al, m
ana-
geria
l and
phy
sica
l inp
ut s
tudi
es a
s w
ell a
sth
e im
pact
it w
ould
hav
e up
on th
eot
her
desi
gn fa
ctor
s.
53
On
cam
puse
s w
ith m
ore
exte
nsiv
e ac
reag
esth
e pr
ovis
ion
of r
ecre
atio
nal s
pace
doe
s no
t pre
sent
as m
any
diffi
culti
es. H
owev
er, t
his
need
can
not h
e ov
erlo
oked
and
trea
ted
as a
sec
onda
ry it
em
that
will
be
"add
ed la
ter"
in th
e re
mai
ning
spa
ces.
In o
rder
to e
ffect
a c
ompr
ehen
sive
pla
n,
all f
acto
rs m
ust b
e co
nsid
ered
som
ewha
tsi
mul
tane
ousl
y -
so th
at th
e gr
eate
st e
ffici
enci
es c
an b
e
real
ized
. Rec
reat
ion,
for
exam
ple,
eve
n on
the
larg
e ca
mpu
s, s
houl
d be
pla
nned
to p
rope
rly
rela
te to
the
othe
r ca
mpu
s fa
cilit
ies.
Fur
ther
mor
e, it
sho
uld
rela
te to
the
phys
ical
site
,ut
ilizi
ng
thos
e ar
eas
that
req
uire
min
imum
am
ount
s of
eart
h w
ork.
Des
ign
Fac
tor
Ana
lysi
s -
Rec
reat
ion:
Adm
inis
trat
ive
Inpu
tsE
duca
tiona
l Obj
ectiv
esP
rogr
am E
mph
asis
Enr
ollm
ent T
rend
sF
inan
cial
Inpu
tsE
xist
ing
Cam
pus
Pre
sent
Dev
elop
men
tA
vaila
ble
Land
Con
flict
ing
Nee
ds
Pro
ject
ions
of F
utur
e R
ecre
atio
nN
eeds
and
Dem
ands
Com
mun
ity A
naly
sis
- F
acili
ties
New
Cam
pus
- A
vaila
ble
Land
sIn
tang
ible
Fac
tors
Fle
xibi
lity
Exp
ansi
onA
esth
etic
s
OP
EN
' SP
AC
E. O
pen
spac
e is
a d
esig
n fa
ctor
that
req
uire
s co
nsid
erab
le a
ttent
ion.
Thi
s te
rm u
sual
ly
impl
ies
larg
e, e
xten
sive
, uni
mpr
oved
are
as -
but,
with
reg
ard
to c
ampu
spl
anni
ng,,
the
refe
renc
e is
to a
ll ou
tdoo
r ar
eas
- fr
omth
e in
timat
e sp
ace
as d
efin
ed b
y a
clus
ter
of b
uild
ings
to th
e ex
pans
ive
spac
e. E
ach
open
are
a,w
ith r
efer
ence
to it
s sc
ale,
func
tion
and
utili
zatio
n is
sig
nific
ant a
nd,
in
the
final
ana
lysi
s, is
the
ultim
ate
dete
rmin
ant
of c
ampu
s st
ruct
ure.
54
L L C r
The
re a
re tw
o ap
proa
ches
to th
e de
sign
atio
n of
ope
n sp
ace
that
are
nec
essa
ry to
con
side
r. O
pen
Spa
ce m
ay b
e re
gard
ed a
s a
RE
SE
RV
E fo
r fu
ture
exp
ansi
onne
eds
or it
may
be
PR
ES
ER
VE
D a
s an
inte
gral
fact
or o
f cam
pus
stru
ctur
e.In
man
y ca
ses
thes
e di
stin
ctio
ns h
ave
not b
een
mad
ean
d ex
-
pans
ion
prog
ram
s fr
eque
ntly
ass
ume
rand
omlo
catio
ns. O
pen
spac
e re
serv
atio
n an
d pr
eser
vatio
n
are
esse
ntia
l des
ign
fact
ors
that
effe
ct th
e se
quen
tial a
ndul
timat
e co
mpo
sitio
n of
the
cam
pus.
An
expa
nsio
n pr
ogra
m o
f an
exis
ting
cam
pus,
ther
efor
e, m
ust i
nclu
de a
thor
ough
inve
ntor
y an
d
anal
ysis
of t
he o
pen
spac
e. A
s a
resu
lt, th
e m
ost o
ptim
umex
pans
ion
area
s an
d bu
ildin
g lo
catio
ns
can
be a
scer
tain
ed,
whi
le th
ose
open
are
as r
ecog
nize
d as
ess
entia
l to
the
cam
pus
func
tion
and
aest
hetic
can
be
mai
ntai
ned.
On
the
new
cam
pus,
ope
n sp
ace
cons
ider
atio
ns a
re e
qual
ly im
por-
tant
and
sho
uld
not b
e re
gard
ed a
s an
afte
r th
ough
t, bu
t as
an e
ssen
tial f
acto
r in
the
desi
gn p
roce
ss.
Des
ign
Fac
tor
Ana
lysi
s -
Ope
n S
pace
:
Adm
inis
trat
ive
Inpu
tsE
duca
tiona
l Obj
ectiv
esP
rogr
am E
mph
asis
Fin
anci
al A
naly
sis
Exi
stin
g C
ampu
sP
rese
nt D
evel
opm
ent
Ava
ilabl
e La
ndN
ew C
ampu
s -
Ava
ilabl
e La
nds
Stu
dent
Inte
ract
ions
Circ
ulat
ion
Stu
dies
Pre
viou
s F
acto
r D
ecis
ions
Dis
cipl
ine
Circ
ulat
ion
Sup
port
Fun
ctio
nIn
tang
ible
Fac
tors
Fle
xibi
lity
Exp
ansi
onA
esth
etic
sB
uild
ing
Stu
dies
Fun
ctio
n
55
BU
ILD
ING
DE
NS
ITY
HO
RIZ
ON
TA
L or
VE
RT
ICA
L. C
onsi
dera
tions
rela
ting
to c
ost a
nd s
pace
are
the
prin
cipa
lde
ter-
min
ants
of t
he d
egre
e of
ver
tical
or
horiz
onta
l em
phas
is o
f the
bui
ldin
gs o
nth
e ca
mpu
s. M
ost v
er-
tical
ly o
rient
ed c
ampu
ses
are
loca
ted
inur
ban
area
s on
sat
es th
at a
rege
nera
lly r
estr
icte
d in
siz
e
rela
tive
to th
e st
uden
t enr
ollm
ent.
Tho
se c
ampu
ses
that
are
pre
dom
inan
tly h
oriz
onta
l are
loca
ted
on s
ites
whe
re th
ere
has
been
ade
quat
e sp
ace.
Gen
eral
ly, f
rom
a fi
nanc
ial s
tand
poin
t, th
e
horiz
onta
lly o
rient
ed c
ampu
s is
pre
ferr
ed a
sle
sser
cos
ts a
re a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith th
is ty
pe o
fco
nstr
uctio
n.
The
refo
re, m
any
cam
puse
s ar
e co
mpl
etel
yho
rizon
tal (
or r
angi
ng fr
om 1
to 4
sto
ries
inhe
ight
) w
hile
aco
mpl
etel
y hi
gh r
ise
cam
pus
is s
till q
uite
unus
ual.
In m
ost c
ases
the
cam
pus
repr
esen
ts a
com
bin-
atio
n of
the
two
appr
oach
es a
nd o
neap
proa
ch c
an b
e is
olat
ed a
s ha
ving
bee
nem
phas
ized
mor
e th
an
the
othe
r. T
here
are
als
o fr
eque
nt c
ases
whe
re th
e or
igin
al b
uild
ing
prog
ram
was
horiz
onta
l and
disp
erse
d an
d, a
s th
e ca
mpu
s ha
s ex
pand
ed,
the
prog
ram
has
gra
dual
ly, o
r ev
enra
pidl
y, s
hifte
d to
high
er r
isin
g bu
ildin
gs. T
his
occu
rren
ce is
espe
cial
ly c
omm
on to
the
urba
n ca
mpu
s as
itha
s pr
o-
gres
sed
thro
ugh
vario
us s
tage
s of
grow
th. T
he r
espo
nsib
ility
her
e is
to r
ecog
nize
this
tren
d an
d
conv
ert i
t int
o a
wel
l con
ceiv
edpl
an fo
r pr
esen
t and
futu
re g
row
th.
Fin
anci
al c
ost a
nd p
hysi
cal s
pace
sho
uld
not
be r
eact
ed to
as
excl
usiv
e de
term
inan
ts o
fhei
ght.
Oth
er s
igni
fican
t fac
tors
mus
t be
reco
gniz
edan
d ev
alua
ted.
With
reg
ard
to c
ost,
finan
cial
out
-
lay
is o
nly
one
aspe
ct. T
horo
ugh
eval
uatio
n of
the
soci
al a
nd ti
me
cost
s m
ay r
ever
seth
e op
inio
n
form
ulat
ed u
pon
a fin
anci
al b
asis
. Circ
ulat
ion
-ho
rizon
tal a
nd v
ertic
al, a
utom
obile
and
ped
es-
tria
n -
will
effe
ct th
e de
cisi
on.
Util
ities
, ope
n sp
ace,
and
den
sity
als
o re
quire
cons
ider
atio
n.
The
rel
atio
nshi
ps to
the
acad
emic
pro
gram
req
uire
spa
rtic
ular
em
phas
is. A
nd fi
nal l
y th
ere
is th
e ae
s-
thet
ic fa
ctor
--
the
effe
ct o
f the
third
dim
ensi
on o
f the
cam
pus.
Thi
s ve
rtic
al d
imen
sion
is w
hat t
heob
-
serv
er r
eact
s to
- a
nd c
ampu
spl
ans
are
too
ofte
n pr
eocc
upie
d w
ith o
nly
atw
o-di
men
sion
al a
ppro
ach.
56
CO
VE
RA
GE
. The
re is
no
abso
lute
form
ula
that
one
can
app
ly to
det
erm
ine
the
dens
ity th
at w
ill
mos
t app
ropr
iate
ly s
atis
fy th
e ob
ject
ives
of a
cam
pus.
Bui
ldin
g C
over
age
is e
xpre
ssed
in tw
o
form
s th
at a
re d
epen
dent
upo
n on
e an
othe
r. O
ne fo
rm r
elat
es to
the
inte
nsity
of u
se o
f par
ticul
ar
stru
ctur
es w
hich
det
erm
ines
the
othe
r, w
hich
is th
e am
ount
and
rel
atio
nshi
p of
req
uire
d st
ruct
ures
.
Bot
h as
pect
s m
ust b
e th
orou
ghly
ana
lyze
d an
d ev
alua
ted
in o
rder
to r
efle
ct th
e pa
rtic
ular
obj
ec-
tives
of t
he in
stitu
tion.
Suc
h fa
ctor
s as
the
acad
emic
pro
gram
and
the
finan
cial
, man
ager
ial a
nd
phys
ical
inpu
ts s
houl
d ill
ustr
ate
sign
ifica
nt b
earin
gup
on th
e co
vera
ge fa
ctor
.
The
inte
nsity
of u
se d
eter
min
es th
e si
zes
or b
ulk
of p
artic
ular
bui
ldin
gs. O
nce
thes
e ne
eds
have
been
est
ablis
hed
then
the
quan
tity
of fa
cilit
ies
is d
eter
min
ed-
and
final
ly th
e re
latio
nshi
ps o
f
faci
litie
s. T
he r
elat
ions
hip
of fa
cilit
ies
is n
ot o
nly
depe
nden
tup
on th
e de
nsiti
es, b
ut h
eigh
t and
open
spa
ce c
onsi
dera
tions
as
wel
l. S
imila
rly h
eigh
t and
ope
n sp
ace
cons
ider
atio
ns w
ill e
ffect
the
rela
tions
hips
.It
was
sta
ted
that
ther
e is
not
an
appr
opria
te fo
rmul
a in
det
erm
inin
g th
e de
nsity
fact
or -
but
it m
ust b
e re
aliz
ed th
at th
ere
are
appr
opria
te s
olut
ions
. The
se s
olut
ions
are
der
ived
from
thor
ough
eva
luat
ion
and
test
ing
of a
ll th
e fa
ctor
s an
d ob
ject
ives
rel
ativ
e to
the
spec
ific
pro-
blem
. (V
olum
e V
dea
ls w
ith th
e as
pect
s of
faci
lity
stud
ies
in c
onsi
dera
bly
mor
e de
pth)
.
Des
ign
Fac
tor
Ana
lysi
s -
Bui
ldin
g D
ensi
ty:
Adm
inis
trat
ive
Inpu
tsE
duca
tiona
l Obj
ectiv
esP
rogr
am E
mph
asis
Enr
ollm
ent T
rend
sF
inan
cial
Fea
sibi
lity
Imm
edia
te C
osts
Fut
ure
Cos
ts
Exi
stin
g C
ampu
sP
rese
nt O
rient
atio
nC
apac
ity fo
r C
hang
eS
ite A
vaila
bilit
yN
ew C
ampu
sA
vaila
ble
Spa
ceS
tude
nt In
tera
ctio
nsC
ircul
atio
n S
tudi
es
Pre
viou
s D
ecis
ions
Dis
cipl
ine
Fun
ctio
nC
ircul
atio
nS
uppo
rt F
unct
ions
Inta
ngib
le F
acto
rsF
lexi
bilit
yE
xpan
sion
Aes
thet
ics
Per
sona
lity
Fac
ility
Stu
dies
57
4^}
I"'
,,
fW
q^1,
9FT
I ft.
,11
rcr,
RI
Tho
se d
esig
n fa
-..to
rs d
iscu
ssed
pre
viou
sly
are
the
tang
ible
des
ign
fact
ors
- w
hich
hav
e a
dire
ct
bear
ing
upon
the
synt
hesi
s of
the
ultim
ate
cam
pus
form
.B
ut th
ese
fact
ors
are
not a
ll-in
clus
ive.
The
re a
re a
lso
the
inta
ngib
le fa
ctor
s w
hich
hav
e co
nsta
nt o
vert
ones
in th
e pl
anni
ng p
roce
ss a
nd
espe
cial
ly e
ffect
the
sele
ctio
n an
d em
phas
is o
f the
tang
ible
des
ign
fact
ors.
The
follo
w;n
g di
s-
cuss
ion
focu
ses
upon
the
inta
ngib
le d
esig
nfa
ctor
s.
FLE
XIB
ILIT
Y (
OR
CO
NV
ER
TIB
ILIT
Y)
Edu
catio
n is
a d
ynam
ic in
stitu
tion.
The
pro
cess
esin
volv
ed a
re c
onst
antly
cha
ngin
g an
d im
prov
ing.
The
dem
ands
for
educ
atio
n ar
e ra
pidl
y in
crea
sing
and
freq
uent
ly e
ven
the
mos
t lib
eral
pro
ject
ions
I
are
outd
ated
prem
atur
ely.
, A te
chni
que
of r
espo
nse
to th
isun
pred
icta
ble
aspe
ct o
f edu
catio
nal
need
s is
sum
med
up
by th
e co
ncep
t offle
xibi
lity
- th
e ab
ility
to a
ccom
mod
ate
chan
ge. T
he c
on-
:1
cept
of f
lexi
bilit
y en
com
pass
es m
any
scal
es -
from
the
cam
pus
as a
who
le to
par
ticul
arfa
cilit
ies
1
and
indi
vidu
al s
pace
s w
ithin
thos
efa
cilit
ies.
kii
Eac
h de
cisi
on in
the
plan
ning
pro
cess
f- fr
om a
dmin
istr
ativ
ein
puts
to d
esig
n fa
ctor
s -
mus
t inc
lude
1
.4
the
over
tone
s of
con
side
ratio
ns fo
r fle
xibi
lity.
The
se c
onsi
dera
tions
can
not o
nly
be a
pplie
d in
theo
ry, b
ut m
ust a
lso
be a
pplie
d in
the
tran
slat
ion
of th
eory
into
form
and
des
ign.
Afle
xibl
e
cam
pus
is o
ne th
at c
an, ac
com
mod
ate,
for
exam
ple,
cha
nges
incu
rric
ula.
The
impl
icat
ions
of
such
cha
nges
do
not o
nly
invo
lve
the
reas
sign
men
tof
spa
ce, b
ut e
ffect
all
desi
gn fa
ctor
sfr
om
utili
ties
to c
ircul
atio
n -
and
effe
ct a
ll sc
ales
from
the
dem
ands
of t
he p
artic
ular
spa
ce to
thos
e
of th
e en
tire
cam
pus.
Ano
ther
exam
ple,
whi
ch is
bec
omin
g in
crea
sing
ly m
ore
com
mon
to m
any
58
711,
7777
1,W
MT
VR
Irrr
Arr
-Fis
x,,,m
vp cam
puse
s is
the
need
for
smal
ler
teac
hing
spa
ces.
The
roo
ts o
f thi
s ch
ange
can
be
asso
ciat
ed to
adm
inis
trat
ive
chan
ges
in a
cade
mic
em
phas
is a
nd n
ew th
eorie
s in
teac
hing
tech
niqu
es. T
hese
chan
ges
beco
me
cost
ly u
nles
s th
is c
once
pt o
f fle
xibi
lity
had
been
rec
ogni
zed
and
appl
ied.
Cam
pus
plan
ning
mus
t rec
ogni
ze a
nd r
espo
nd to
the
dyna
mic
s of
tech
nolo
gy, a
utom
atio
n, te
achi
ng
tech
niqu
es, e
tc.
Fle
xibi
lity
has
beco
me
the
key
to th
e re
spon
se -
but
it m
ust b
e ap
plie
d as
mor
e
than
a w
ord
or a
theo
ry. A
s su
ch it
is o
nly
a ke
y w
ithou
t a d
oor.
The
res
pons
ibili
ty is
in o
peni
ng
the
door
and
ens
urin
g th
at if
the
door
is c
hang
ed, t
he k
ey w
ill s
till w
ork.
EX
PA
NS
ION
Exp
ansi
on a
nd fl
exib
ility
are
som
ewha
t syn
onom
ous
and
ther
e ar
e co
rrel
atio
ns b
etw
een
the
two
conc
epts
. How
ever
, a s
igni
fican
t dis
tinct
ion
does
exi
st. E
xpan
sion
enc
ompa
sses
the
desi
gn
capa
city
to a
ccom
mod
ate
GR
OW
TH
(in
a p
refe
rabl
y or
derly
fash
ion)
as
diffe
rent
iate
d fr
om
flexi
bilit
y w
hich
focu
ses
on th
e ca
paci
ty to
acc
omm
odat
e C
HA
NG
ET
his
expa
nsio
n fa
ctor
mus
t
be in
corp
orat
ed in
to a
ll fa
cets
of t
he c
ampu
s pl
an to
incl
ude
cons
ider
atio
n of
fore
seen
as
wel
l
as u
nfor
esee
n gr
owth
. The
abi
lity
to e
xpan
d is
obv
ious
ly d
epen
dent
upo
n th
eap
plic
atio
n of
the
conc
ept o
f fle
xibi
lity
- as
evi
denc
ed b
y a
situ
atio
n of
unf
ores
een
expa
nsio
n w
hich
req
uire
s
flexi
bilit
y in
ord
er to
com
pens
ate
for
this
nee
d.
Exp
ansi
on, a
s fle
xibi
lity,
mus
t be
cons
ider
ed a
t all
scal
es. T
he p
roba
bilit
y of
futu
re g
row
th o
f
the
tota
l cam
pus
mus
t be
plan
ned
for
initi
ally
and
not
in a
pie
cem
eal f
ashi
on a
s th
e de
man
ds
aris
e.S
imila
rly, t
he r
elat
ions
hip
of b
uild
ings
and
the
spac
es d
efin
ed m
ust c
onsi
der
the
effe
ct
of e
xpan
sion
,F
requ
ently
, exp
ansi
on p
rogr
ams
at th
is s
cale
are
fore
seen
and
dec
isio
ns s
uch
as
horiz
onta
l or
vert
ical
exp
ansi
on c
an b
e m
ade
initi
ally
with
out s
acrif
ice
to th
e fu
nctio
ning
of t
he
faci
litie
s or
spa
ces.
59
Tr1
1,7
Pr,
4.0
<Y
r117
77un
sr.
raw
.'
-"`"
-
Just
as
expa
nsio
n m
ust c
onsi
der
all s
cale
s, it
mus
t als
o in
clud
eal
l rel
ativ
e fa
ctor
s. W
hen
an
acad
emic
pro
gram
is e
xpan
ded
or a
new
one
adde
d, th
en s
uch
fact
ors
asut
ility
ser
vice
s an
d
circ
ulat
ion
mus
t als
o be
exp
ande
d.W
ith r
efer
ence
to a
util
itysu
ch a
s w
ater
, thi
s m
ay s
impl
y
invo
lve
the
conn
ectio
n to
a n
earb
ylin
e th
at w
as d
esig
ned
to c
arry
incr
ease
d ca
paci
ties.
Or
it m
ay in
volv
e th
e ch
angi
ng o
rre
loca
tion
of th
e lin
e in
ord
er to
acc
omm
odat
eth
e in
crea
sed
need
. Or
it m
ay e
ven
invo
lve
chan
ges
at th
e so
urce
of s
uppl
y.W
ith r
efer
ence
to th
e pa
rkin
g
func
tion
of c
ircul
atio
n, e
xpan
ded
faci
litie
s m
ay r
equi
re a
dditi
onal
sur
face
park
ing
area
s. O
r
the
alte
rnat
ive
of a
mul
tilev
elpa
rkin
g st
ruct
ure
mig
ht b
e co
nsid
ered
.W
hate
ver
the
case
, the
need
for
the
cons
ider
atio
n of
the
expa
nsio
n fa
ctor
, and
its
rela
tion
to th
e co
ncep
t of f
lexi
bilit
y
is r
eadi
ly il
lust
rate
d.
SO
CIA
L IN
TE
RA
CT
ION
ST
he m
ost s
igni
fican
t ele
men
t of
the
educ
atio
nal p
roce
ss is
the
inte
ract
ion
of p
eopl
e. T
he c
on-
cept
of t
he c
lass
room
, or
inte
ract
ion
of in
divi
dual
to g
roup
(tea
cher
to s
tude
nt)
has
not e
xpe-
rienc
ed a
ny s
igni
fican
t cha
nges
sin
cem
an's
firs
t sch
ools
. The
re h
ave
been
cha
nges
in r
ole,
appr
oach
, tec
hniq
ue, a
nd c
omfo
rts
prov
ided
, but
it is
inte
rest
ing
to n
ote
that
the
basi
c co
ncep
t
has
cont
inue
d un
alte
red.
The
foca
l poi
nt o
f the
edu
catio
nal p
roce
ssis
stil
l the
cla
ssro
om. H
ow-
ever
, the
reco
gniti
on o
f the
con
cept
of i
nter
actio
nan
d its
rel
atio
n Lo
the
educ
atio
nal p
roce
ss
has
been
con
side
rabl
y ex
pand
ed to
incl
ude
mor
e th
an th
is o
ne fa
cilit
y.T
he c
once
pt, i
n th
eory
and
theo
retic
al a
pplic
atio
n,re
cogn
izes
the
nece
ssity
of,
and
rew
ards
from
, int
erac
tions
at a
ll
leve
ls. F
or e
xam
ple,
stu
dent
(s)
tost
uden
t(s)
, fac
ulty
to s
tude
nt(s
),st
uden
t(s)
to fa
culty
, fac
ulty
to fa
culty
, fac
ulty
toad
min
istr
atio
n, s
tude
nt(s
) to
adm
inis
trat
ion,
and
at e
ven
broa
der
scal
esof
univ
ersi
ty to
com
mun
ity, u
nive
rsity
toso
ciet
y, e
tc.
60
The
res
pons
ibili
ty o
f:a
mpu
s pl
anni
ngis
not
to o
nce
agai
n si
mpl
y re
cogn
ize
this
theo
ry, b
ut to
use
it -
to tr
ansl
ate
it in
to p
hysi
cal f
orm
s th
at e
ncou
rage
inte
ract
ions
. The
se id
eas
cann
ot b
e
deal
t with
in th
eory
- th
eory
onl
y re
cogn
izes
thei
r ex
iste
nce
- th
ey m
ust b
e ap
plie
d in
form
-
as fo
rm im
plie
s th
eir
use.
AE
ST
HE
TIC
SE
dwar
d G
. Gla
nz, i
n di
scus
sing
aes
thet
ics,
infe
rred
that
man
can
not a
fford
to s
epar
ate
beau
ty
and
mea
ning
from
the
actu
al b
usin
ess
of li
fe. H
e ad
ded
that
..
."t
he o
bjec
ts o
f the
arr
ist"
(des
igne
r) "
are
prod
ucts
of a
cul
ture
and
ref
lect
man
's u
nder
stan
ding
of h
is to
tal e
xist
ence
."
The
se o
bser
vatio
ns a
re s
o br
oad
and
yet s
o ap
prop
riate
as
to th
e co
ncep
t of a
esth
ects
that
ther
e
isve
rylit
tle le
ft to
add
. Aes
thet
ic c
onsi
dera
tions
mus
t pla
y a
sign
ifica
nt r
ole
in th
e pl
anni
ng
proc
ess.
Des
ign
is n
ot o
nly
an e
xpre
ssio
n of
func
tion
and
usef
ulne
ss, b
ut a
lso
an e
xpre
ssio
n of
...
beau
ty. A
nd b
eaut
y sh
ould
not
be
cons
ider
ed in
depe
nden
tly o
r se
para
tely
,bu
t as
an in
tegr
al
fact
or o
f the
tota
lpr
oces
s.
INS
TIT
UT
ION
AL
PE
RS
ON
ALI
TY
Eve
ry c
ampu
s ha
s a
"per
sona
lity"
. Thi
s is
por
tray
ed th
roug
h pa
rtic
ular
imag
es a
nd tr
aditi
ons
that
are
ass
ocia
ted
with
the
spec
ific
inst
itutio
n. O
n th
e ex
istin
g ca
mpu
s, th
is p
erso
nalit
y m
ust
be r
ecog
nize
d an
d th
en r
espo
nded
to -
eith
er p
ositi
vely
or
nega
tivel
y. A
pos
itive
res
pons
e
wou
ld r
einf
orce
and
aug
men
t a d
esira
ble
pers
onal
ity. A
neg
ativ
e re
spon
se w
ould
be
dire
cted
at m
odify
ing
or c
hang
ing
an u
ndes
irabl
e pe
rson
ality
. On
a ne
w c
ampu
s, o
ne is
affo
rded
the
oppo
rtun
ity o
f def
inin
g an
d th
en tr
ansl
atin
g th
roug
h de
sign
a m
eani
ngfu
l per
sona
lity.
In e
ither
case
,th
isre
pres
ents
an
unav
oida
ble
resp
onsi
bilit
y in
ulti
mat
ely
real
izin
g th
e m
ost a
ppro
pria
te
and
cons
iste
nt to
tal
cam
pus
envi
ronm
ent.
61
The
des
ign
fact
ors
have
bee
n id
entif
ied
and
exam
ined
. The
res
pons
ibili
ty, w
ith r
efer
ence
to th
e
plan
ning
pro
cess
, is
reco
gniti
on a
nd r
espo
nse.
Eac
h fa
ctor
pla
ys a
sig
n;ric
ant r
ole
and
requ
ires
cons
ider
able
atte
ntio
n -
both
as
an in
fluen
ceup
onth
e ot
her
fact
ors
and
the
tota
lpr
oces
s.
62
110
LAN
D U
SE
PLA
N -
SY
NT
HE
SIS
IMP
.C
ON
T IN
U/N
&
MA
NN
ING
4 1
2::::
* 2:
=2:
=4
7...
......
..1
) =
4 =
°
The
var
ious
dec
isio
ns a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith th
e pr
ior
phas
es le
ad to
the
form
ulat
ion
of a
land
use
-
or fa
cilit
ies
-pl
an. T
he b
asic
con
cept
s (o
f for
m)
of la
nd u
sepl
ans
wer
e de
fined
and
illu
stra
ted
in th
e fir
st s
ectio
n an
d th
eul
timat
e fo
rm e
stab
lishe
d w
ill r
efle
ct o
ne o
r m
ore
of th
eap
proa
ches
prev
ious
ly d
iscu
ssed
. How
ever
, it i
s es
sent
ial t
o re
cogn
ize
that
the
conc
epts
- c
once
ntric
,
linea
l, cl
uste
r, s
ecto
r an
d ra
ndom
- a
re v
ery
broa
dge
nera
lizat
ions
est
ablis
hed
mer
ely
as a
tool
of r
efer
ence
. The
impl
icat
ions
invo
lved
in th
efo
rmul
atio
n of
a la
nd u
se c
once
pt a
re to
o co
mpl
ex
to im
ply
that
dire
cttr
ansl
atio
n of
thos
e co
ncep
ts s
houl
d be
app
lied.
On
the
cont
rary
,th
ere
are
innu
mer
able
var
iatio
ns a
nd c
ombi
natio
ns o
f eac
h ba
sic
appr
oach
and
it is
with
in th
is s
pect
rum
of
solu
tions
that
a la
nd u
se p
lan
will
be
conc
eive
d.
Thi
s at
titud
e is
men
tione
d an
d en
cour
aged
beca
use
of th
e in
effic
ienc
ies
that
are
so
freq
uent
ly
illus
trat
ed a
s a
resu
lt of
a c
ateg
oriz
ed r
espo
nse.
Und
ersu
ch c
ir .u
mst
ance
s, th
e re
spon
ses
to
the
cond
ition
s an
d ob
ject
ives
are
lim
ited
due
topr
emat
urel
y co
ncei
ved
appr
oach
es. T
he m
ost
appl
icab
le a
ppro
ach
is to
con
scie
ntio
usly
avo
id im
posi
ngsu
perf
icia
l res
trai
nts
and
deve
lop
a
proc
ess
in w
hich
the
cond
ition
s an
d ob
ject
ives
will
def
ine
and
dete
rmin
eth
e al
tern
ativ
e ap
-
proa
ches
. Thu
s th
e go
al o
f the
pla
nnin
g pr
oces
s -
tode
velo
p a
solu
tion
that
mos
t app
ropr
iate
ly
refle
cts
the
desi
red
cond
ition
s an
d ob
ject
ives
prev
ious
ly is
olat
ed -
is r
einf
orce
d th
roug
hout
the
deci
sion
-mak
ing
proc
ess.
It m
ust a
lso
be r
ecog
nize
d th
at, g
iven
any
set
ofp
artic
ular
con
ditio
ns, t
hey
can
be d
evel
oped
into
num
erou
s ap
plic
able
sol
utio
ns.
The
se s
olut
ions
mus
t be
fed
back
thro
ugh
the
prev
ious
sta
ges
to e
valu
ate
thei
r co
mpa
rativ
e co
nsis
tenc
yw
ith th
e de
sign
fact
ors
and
basi
c de
tetm
inan
t3.
Aga
in,
the
proc
ess
rein
forc
es th
e go
al o
f dev
elop
ing
the
mos
tapp
ropr
iate
sol
utio
n. O
ften,
how
ever
,
the
alte
rnat
ives
are
freq
uent
ly li
mite
d by
fixe
d re
stra
ints
,su
ch a
s a
give
n si
te. T
his
cond
ition
furt
her
illus
trat
es th
e ne
cess
ity o
f ide
ntify
ing
vario
usso
lutio
ns a
s so
me
obje
ctiv
es m
ay b
e
65
sacr
ifice
d or
red
uced
in e
mph
asis
inre
aliz
ing
a so
lutio
n th
at is
con
sist
entw
ith th
e si
te (
or s
ome
fixed
res
trai
nt).
The
refo
re,
eval
uatio
n of
the
alte
rnat
ives
will
app
ropr
iate
ly w
eigh
the
mod
ifica
tions
.
The
cam
pus
land
use
pla
n is
"a
tech
niqu
e of
ada
ptin
g m
eans
to e
nds,
am
etho
d of
brid
ging
the
gap
betw
een
fact
-fin
ding
and
polic
y-m
akin
g". T
he p
lan
as a
mea
nsof
con
trol
, is
desi
gne-
' :o
prom
ote
the
orde
rly d
evel
opm
ent o
f the
cam
pus,
min
imiz
e th
e pr
oble
ms
and
conf
licts
com
mon
to d
isor
derly
deve
lopm
ent a
nd fo
ster
the
mos
t opt
imum
effic
ienc
ies
in u
se.
LAN
D U
SE
SC
ALE
SA
T 1
4 L
STIC
IER
YIC
f.6
Hou
61N
6A
G A
mid
I
'VA
SH
auei
go
dfA
c2i4
p176
,41
I
tgA
IER
41, I
AN
D V
4E4
Ple
aCL
0416
emiti
r
cam
aka
LA
ND
E6
AcA
PEM
Ic Z
ON
E)
66
The
re a
re tw
o m
ajor
con
text
s(o
r sc
ales
) in
whi
ch a
land
use
pla
n m
ust b
eco
nsid
ered
.
Firs
t, on
e m
ust e
xplo
real
l the
gen
era!
use
s
that
com
pris
e th
e ca
mpu
s -
such
as
acad
emic
zone
, stu
dent
hous
ing,
ath
letic
, ser
vice
s,
etc.
- a
nd r
esol
veth
ese
gene
ral r
elat
ions
hips
.
Sec
ondl
y, th
e m
ajor
land
use
sre
lativ
e to
eac
h
gene
ral u
se c
an th
en b
e re
solv
ed.
For
exa
mpl
e,
the
area
of g
reat
est
emph
asis
is th
e ac
adem
ic
zone
whi
ch m
ust s
till b
e br
oken
dow
n to
its
com
pone
nt p
arts
-ad
min
istr
atio
n, d
isci
plin
es
or fu
nctio
ns, c
omm
on u
ses,
etc.
It m
ay a
lso
be a
rgue
d th
at th
ere
isst
ill a
noth
er s
igni
fican
t
-nzA
4461
7
ON
tVE
R4I
TY
-C
eMM
UN
ITY
tsA
iklr
, u4S
4p
scal
e or
con
text
of l
and
use
that
has
bee
n ov
erlo
oked
. Thi
sw
ould
rel
ate
the
cam
pus
(as
a la
nd u
se)
to th
e m
ajor
com
mun
ity a
ndre
gion
al la
nd u
ses.
But
ove
r-em
phas
is p
resu
mes
that
this
con
side
ratio
n is
the
prin
cipa
l det
er-
min
ant o
f site
loca
tion
and
that
site
sel
ectio
nsh
ould
pre
cede
con
side
ratio
n
of th
e ot
her
cont
exts
of l
and
use.
Thi
s ap
proa
ch is
ques
tiona
ble
- no
t as
over
-em
phas
is o
f the
land
use
con
text
, but
ove
r-em
phas
is a
t the
wro
ng
time.
Mor
e w
ill b
e sa
id a
bout
this
poi
nt in
the
follo
win
g di
scus
sion
,
The
app
roac
h to
land
use
cla
ssifi
catio
n is
dep
ende
nt u
pon
the
deve
lopm
ent s
tatu
s of
the
part
icul
ar
inst
itutio
n in
que
stio
n. T
he v
aria
bles
wou
ld in
clud
e: a
n ex
istin
g ca
mpu
s, a
new
cam
pus
(but
with
a se
lect
edsi
te)
and
a ne
w c
ampu
s re
quiri
ng th
e se
lect
ion
of th
e si
te. W
hen
the
site
is a
fixed
fact
or th
en th
e fir
st c
onte
xt o
f lan
d to
be
cons
ider
ed w
ould
be th
at o
f reg
iona
l and
com
mun
ity
anal
ysis
and
gro
wth
pro
ject
ions
. The
n at
tent
ion
wou
ld fo
cus
upon
the
tota
l cam
pus
land
s.In
the
case
of t
heex
istin
g ca
mpu
s, th
e m
ajor
use
zon
es w
ould
eith
er h
e ex
tend
ed o
r re
iden
tifie
d to
ac-
com
mod
ate
for
the
proj
ecte
d gr
owth
(as
illu
stra
ted
belo
w).
SIT
E4
EX
IST
ING
CA
M P
U
DE
TE
RM
INA
NT
SP
RO
GR
AM
AN
AL.
[RE
GIO
NA
L A
NT
I!C
OM
MU
NIT
Y U
SE
S
-41.
:S""
*";:t
x
DE
SIG
NF
AC
TO
RS
67
x'rh
rr.,,
,,V,A
7M71
),T
r7FP
T/R
PrC
,r,
1
If th
e ca
mpu
s is
to b
e co
nstr
ucte
d th
en s
ite a
nd lo
catio
nal a
naly
sis,
coup
led
with
pro
gram
ana
lysi
s
and
eval
uatio
n of
the
desi
gn fa
ctor
s w
ould
equ
ally
con
trib
ute
toth
e de
term
inat
ion
of th
e zo
nes.
Fro
m th
ere,
eac
h zo
ne w
ould
be
brok
en d
own
into
its
esse
ntia
l com
pone
nts
(as
illus
trat
ed b
elow
).
PE
TE
RM
INA
NT
SD
ES
IGN
PR
OG
I?A
tA A
NA
L.F
AC
TO
RS
RE
&IO
NA
L.,A
11C
OM
MU
NIT
YLA
ND
US
ES
The
app
roac
h to
the
tota
lly n
ew c
ampu
s in
clud
ing
site
sele
ctio
n ca
lls fo
r so
me
mod
ifica
tion
of
the
proc
edur
e. T
his
is b
ased
upo
n th
e as
sum
ptio
nth
at th
e pr
inci
pal o
bjec
tive
of c
ampu
s pl
anni
ng
is to
rea
lize,
in th
e m
ost e
ffect
ive
way
, the
goal
s of
the
inst
itutio
n. T
here
fore
, con
trib
utin
g
fact
ors,
suc
h as
the
site
, sho
uld
be r
eact
ed to
as
varia
bles
and
not
fixe
d un
til s
uch
a tim
e th
at
it is
illu
stra
ted
that
they
are
rei
nfor
cing
the
prin
cipl
e ob
ject
ives
. The
firs
t dec
isio
ns w
ould
re-
late
to e
stab
lishi
ng th
e pr
inci
ple
cam
pus
zone
s -
whi
ch w
ould
refle
ct a
naly
sis
of th
e de
term
inan
ts
and
eval
uatio
n of
the
desi
gn fa
ctor
s. T
hen
the
com
pone
nts
of e
ach
zone
wou
ld b
e es
tabl
ishe
d.
The
alte
rnat
ive
solu
tions
wou
ld th
en b
e fe
d ba
ck th
roug
hth
e de
cisi
on-m
akin
g cr
iteria
and
eval
uate
d in
rel
atio
n to
the
alte
rnat
e si
tes
to d
eter
min
e th
e m
ost a
ppro
pria
teso
lutio
n.R
egio
nal
and
com
mun
ity a
naly
sis
wou
ld, a
t thi
s tim
e, c
ontr
ibut
e to
the
sele
ctio
n of
the
alte
rnat
ive
site
and
plan
(as
illu
stra
ted
at to
p of
follo
win
g pa
ge).
68
FE
E ID
I5A
C K
awZ
t-Z
er 4,
7Scs
7z,7
)."-
I-
M H
AN
TS
DE
TE
R7.
4
'VII
=06
PE
SIG
11..)
ZO
NE
SF
AC
TO
R
"...
6itt,
6.e
itctie
tv
CO
MP
ON
a.1
1-5
A L
T.
A-r
AL
T.
I A
LT
.
ALT S IT
ES
R E
.G. I
ON
4C
OM
MU
NIT
Y
Stil
l, ho
wev
er, w
hen
the
appr
opria
te a
ltern
ate
is s
elec
ted
in e
ither
cas
e pr
esen
ted,
it s
houl
d no
t
be r
egar
ded
as th
e fin
al s
olut
ion.
It w
as p
resu
mab
ly p
refe
rred
on
the
basi
s of
bei
ng th
e m
ost
appr
opria
te a
ltern
ativ
e an
d m
ay r
equi
re m
odifi
catio
ns b
ased
upo
n si
gnifi
cant
par
ts o
f oth
er
alte
rnat
ives
that
wer
e sa
crifi
ced.
The
land
use
pla
n m
ust n
ow b
e fin
aliz
ed b
y fe
edin
g it
back
thro
ugh
the
alte
rnat
ives
, des
ign
fact
ors
and
dete
rmin
ants
to e
nsur
e th
at R
will
mos
t app
ropr
iate
ly
refle
ct th
e pr
inci
ple
obje
ctiv
es (
as il
lust
rate
d be
low
).
S
DE
TE
R1) F
AC
TO
RN
I.i M
AN
I ..>
1-1
FIN
AL
ALT
.
C%
-) FE
EM
AC
69
AO
f,J W
O.*
A M
AJO
R. U
NIV
ER
SIT
YLA
ND
US
E Z
ON
ES
5CO
MP
ON
EN
T L
AN
D U
SE
SO
F A
CA
DE
MIC
ZO
NE
The
se tw
o m
ajor
sch
ools
of
thou
ght r
elat
ive
to la
nd u
se p
lans
- (
1) a
void
ing
a ca
tego
rized
res
pons
ean
d en
cour
agin
g co
nsid
erat
ion
from
a s
pect
rum
of
choi
ces,
and
(2)
aw
aren
ess
of th
e co
ntex
tsof
land
use
sca
les
- ca
n no
wbe
com
bine
d to
furt
her
illus
trat
e th
eva
lidity
of t
his
appr
oach
to c
ompr
ehen
-
sive
land
use
pla
nnin
g. T
heU
nive
rsity
of C
alifo
rnia
cam
pus
at Ir
vine
affo
rds
a pa
rtic
ular
ly g
ood
exam
ple.
The
zon
ing
of m
ajor
cam
pus
land
uses
is r
eadi
lyid
entif
iabl
e an
d w
ould
mos
t app
ropr
iate
lyre
late
to th
e
gene
ral k
ind
use
cate
gory
of c
once
ntric
- a
sill
ustr
ated
in A
. But
this
conc
entr
ic r
espo
nse
was
not
rigid
ly a
dher
ed to
in d
evel
opin
g th
e co
m-
pone
nt p
arts
of e
ach
maj
or u
se.
The
dia
gram
on
the
left
(B)
illus
trat
es
the
acad
emic
zon
e an
d it
is o
bvio
usth
at th
is r
elat
es to
a d
isci
plin
e
orie
nted
sec
tor
appr
oach
(an
d ev
en to
ade
gree
the
clus
ter
conc
ept)
.
The
refo
re, t
he a
ppro
ache
s di
ffere
d, a
sdi
d th
e re
spon
ses,
in r
elat
ion
to
each
con
text
.In
this
cas
e a
disc
iplin
e or
ient
edac
adem
ic p
rogr
am, i
n
conj
unct
ion
with
the
othe
r de
sign
fact
ors
and
dete
rmin
ants
, was
mos
t
appr
opria
tely
res
olve
d w
ithin
the
area
of a
sec
tor
appr
oach
in c
ontr
ast
to th
e co
ncen
tric
appr
oach
whi
ch g
uide
d th
e fir
st d
ecis
ions
.O
bvio
usly
if on
e ap
proa
ch w
ould
hav
egu
ided
the
entir
e pr
oces
s th
en th
eso
lutio
n
wou
ld n
ot h
ave
been
an
appr
opria
tetr
ansl
atio
n of
the
prob
lem
.
The
land
use
pla
n is
the
mos
t effe
ctiv
e de
vice
in th
e pl
anne
rs v
ocab
ular
y.It
is a
tim
ely
and
nece
ssar
ytr
ansi
tion
betw
een
desi
gn c
riter
ion
and
impl
emen
tatio
n.It
synt
hesi
zes
prev
ious
effo
rts
and
prov
ides
the
basi
s of
dire
ctio
n fo
r th
ose
to c
ome.
It is
the
esse
ntia
l ing
redi
ent i
n th
e tr
ans-
latio
n of
an
idea
into
form
.
71
ES
r: r r
I .V
.-77
,7,7
71
DE
TA
IL D
ES
IGN
AN
D IM
PLE
ME
NT
AT
ION
DE
Alc
o4F
AC
TO
RS
CoN
TIN
U/N
9P
LAN
NIN
G
INT
AN
G,
,qo
try:
II
Thi
s vo
lum
e is
prin
cipa
lly d
evot
ed to
thos
e pr
oced
ures
dis
cuss
ed in
the
prev
ious
mat
eria
l inv
olve
d
in d
evel
opin
g a
land
use
pla
n. H
owev
er, a
land
use
pla
n is
not
an
entit
y in
itse
lf -
an a
ttrac
tive
mul
ti-co
lore
d tw
o-di
men
sion
al d
raw
ing
on a
wal
l. M
ore
appr
opria
tely
, it i
sa
thre
e-di
men
sion
al
fram
e of
ref
eren
ce fo
r th
e ne
xt, a
nd m
ore
spec
ific
stag
e oF
des
ign.
It is
with
in th
is s
tage
whe
n th
e
actu
al c
ampu
s fo
rms
are
real
ized
. And
if th
ose
form
s ar
e to
be
mea
ning
ful t
o th
e to
tal
cam
pus
stru
ctur
e, th
ey s
houl
d be
con
ceiv
ed n
ot a
s in
depe
nden
t uni
ts b
ut a
s se
gmen
ts o
f a m
eani
ngfu
l
who
le.
Con
side
rabl
e at
tent
ion
mus
t be
focu
sed
upon
the
com
plex
ity o
f det
ail d
esig
n an
d im
plem
enta
tion.
Eac
h st
ruct
ure
or s
pace
mus
t be
desi
gned
to h
ouse
par
ticul
ar fu
nctio
ns a
nd s
till,
at th
esa
me
time,
the
desi
gner
mus
t rec
ogni
ze th
at it
is th
e to
talit
y oF
thes
e fu
nctio
ns th
at d
efin
es th
e ed
ucat
iona
l
inst
itutio
n. T
he a
ttent
ion
that
the
phas
e of
det
ail d
esig
n an
d im
plem
enta
tion
requ
ires
is th
e
subj
ect o
f a fu
rthe
r se
ries
of s
tudi
es s
uppo
rted
by
the
Coo
rdin
atin
g B
oard
Tex
as C
olle
ge a
nd
Uni
vers
ity S
yste
m. T
he fi
rst v
olum
e of
this
ser
ies,
ent
itled
CO
LLE
GE
AN
D U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
PH
YS
ICA
L P
LAN
T IM
PLE
ME
NT
AT
ION
-P
RO
CE
DU
RA
L G
UID
ELI
NE
S F
OR
BU
ILD
ING
DE
SIG
N
AN
D C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
has
bee
n pr
epar
ed b
y C
audi
ll, R
owle
tt, a
nd S
cott,
Hou
ston
, Tex
as, a
nd
is a
vaila
ble
for
dist
ribut
ion.
75
411
Jk..1
CX
70A
,
CO
NT
INU
OU
S P
LAN
NIN
G
1
DL
IWtr
slFA
CM
OR
0S
TA
NG
.
The
con
tinuo
us p
lann
ing
proc
ess,
as
disc
usse
d in
Vol
ume
One
, mus
t be
initi
ally
dire
cted
at a
revi
ew a
nd p
roje
ctio
n of
the
activ
ities
of
each
org
aniz
atic
Ald
uni
t as
wel
l as
rt -
7;Ix
ritn!
rtei
tiort
of th
e in
stitu
tiona
l obj
ectiv
es. T
he s
atis
fact
ory
acco
mpl
ishm
ent o
f the
se ta
sks
esta
blis
hes
the
nece
ssar
y di
rect
ives
for
effe
ctiv
e re
view
and
upd
ate
proc
edur
es r
elat
ive
toP
hysi
cal P
lant
Pla
nnin
g.
The
pla
nnin
g pr
oces
s is
by
no m
eans
a s
tatic
pro
cess
.S
imila
rly, a
pla
n, o
nce
deve
lope
d, s
houl
d
not b
e co
nstr
ued
as c
ompl
eted
.M
ore
than
a p
rodu
ct, p
lann
ing
is a
pro
cess
- a
pro
cess
that
en-
com
pass
es th
e fo
urth
dim
ensi
on o
f tim
e. T
here
fore
, a "
plan
", h
owev
erva
lid a
t a p
artic
ular
tim
e,
cann
ot r
etai
n its
val
idity
ove
r tim
e.C
hang
e ha
s be
com
e a
fact
of l
ife a
nd th
e in
stitu
tion
of
educ
atio
n is
no
exce
ptio
n. T
he c
once
pt o
f "T
I-.-
;P
lan"
mus
t be
broa
dene
d in
to a
con
cept
of a
"con
tinui
ng p
roce
ss"
whi
ch p
rodu
ces
plan
s on
ly to
iden
tify
part
icul
ar p
erio
ds in
the
proc
ess.
79
E
lip T
RA
FF
IC P
LAN
NIN
G SE
CT
ION 1
LAN
D U
SE
PLA
NN
ING
1111
1 11
1111
1111
1111
1
/Je
aA
,Ltik
layl
ajah
igg
YJ
Jbi
lIL
ta.,-
k,,,,
13.1
1:1l
liata
s W
.V.,.
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r,'"
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,,
Pro
vidi
ng fo
r th
e sa
fe a
nd e
ffici
ent
mov
emen
t of p
eopl
e an
d go
ods
isa
maj
or u
nive
rsity
pro
blem
for
whi
ch a
dequ
ate
plan
ning
is v
ital.
Man
yun
iver
sitie
s th
at w
ere
foun
ded
befo
re th
e in
vent
ion
of th
e au
tom
obile
mus
tnow
pro
vide
for
the
daily
acce
ss, s
tora
ge, a
nd e
gres
s of
thou
sand
s of
veh
icle
s.
Man
y in
stitu
tions
may
hav
e lo
ng-s
tand
ing
attit
udes
reg
ardi
ng th
e ro
le o
f the
aut
omob
ile in
the
in-
stitu
tiona
l env
ironm
ent a
ndm
ay o
ften
wis
h to
del
egat
e th
e as
soci
ated
pro
blem
s to
surr
ound
ing
com
mun
ity o
r ot
her
gove
rnm
enta
l age
ncie
s.It
mus
t be
reco
gniz
ed, h
owev
er, t
hat t
he a
utom
obile
is th
e pr
imar
y m
eans
of p
erso
naliz
ed tr
ansp
orta
tion
and
that
it is
nec
essa
ry to
eith
er p
lan
faci
litie
sto
acc
omm
odat
e th
e au
tom
obile
or to
dev
elop
pla
ns to
res
tric
t its
use
. Oth
er fo
rms
of tr
ansp
or-
tatio
n (p
edes
tria
n, tr
ansi
t, et
c.)
whi
ch w
ill p
rovi
de fo
r th
em
ovem
ent o
f peo
ple
and
good
s to
and
from
the
inst
itutio
n m
ust b
e pl
anne
d an
d de
velo
ped
if th
e au
tom
obile
is r
estr
icte
d.
The
uni
vers
ity c
ampu
s is
a m
ajor
traf
fic g
ener
ator
sim
ilar
to a
cen
tral
bus
ines
s di
stric
t (C
BD
),
indu
stria
l cen
ter,
or m
ajor
airp
ort.
The
uni
vers
ity m
ay b
e th
e on
ly tr
affic
gen
erat
or in
a sm
all
com
mun
ity w
hile
, in
a la
rge
urba
nar
ea, i
t is
only
one
of m
any.
The
two
maj
or c
ateg
orie
s of
univ
ersi
ty tr
affic
pro
blem
sar
e:
(1)
Nor
mal
(da
ily)
Tra
ffic
(2)
Spe
cial
Eve
nt T
raffi
c
The
nor
mal
(da
ily)
traf
fic p
robl
em is
com
pose
d of
the
follo
win
gba
sic
elem
ents
:
(1)
Acc
ess
to a
nd fr
om th
eca
mpu
s
(2)
Inte
rnal
circ
ulat
ion
(with
in th
e ca
mpu
s)
(3)
Veh
icul
ar s
tora
ge
3
The
spe
cial
eve
nt p
robl
em is
one
of p
rovi
ding
acc
ess,
park
ing,
and
qui
ck, e
ffici
ent e
gres
s fo
r
larg
e nu
mbe
rs o
f per
sons
and
veh
icle
s at
trac
ted
and
disp
erse
d ov
er a
sho
rt p
erio
d of
tim
eby
eve
nts
such
as
foot
ball
gam
es a
nd g
radu
atio
n ex
erci
ses.
The
follo
win
g se
ctio
ns o
f thi
s vo
lum
e di
scus
ste
chni
ques
that
can
be
utili
zed
to o
btai
n re
-
quire
d da
ta a
nd to
mak
e ne
cess
ary
anal
yses
in o
rder
to d
evel
op a
traf
fic p
lan.
The
elem
ents
of a
cces
s, in
tern
al c
ircul
atio
n, a
ndpa
rkin
g ar
e di
scus
sed
rela
tive
to th
e da
ily tr
affic
prob
lem
and
a s
ectio
n on
spe
cial
eve
nts
is p
rese
nted
to s
ugge
stpr
oced
ures
rel
ativ
e to
this
prob
lem
. Fin
ally
, a s
ectio
n on
dev
elop
ing
a tr
affic
plan
sum
mar
izes
the
tota
l pro
cess
and
indi
cate
s th
e de
sire
d re
sults
of a
traf
ficpl
anni
ng s
tudy
.
Fig
ure
1 ill
ustr
ates
the
maj
or c
ompo
nent
s an
dlo
gica
l flo
w o
f the
traf
fic p
lann
ing
proc
ess
that
will
be
disc
usse
d in
the
follo
win
gm
ater
ial.
r r r
FIG
UR
E 1
. TR
AF
FIC
PLA
NN
ING
PR
OC
ES
S
ES
TA
bLIS
NR
EQ
UIR
EM
EN
TS
iCO
ND
ITIO
NS
still
UT
iiE
TW
oRe
INV
P4T
OR
YC
HA
RA
CT
ER
IST
ICS
MO
Vel
AeN
T
AC
CE
SS
AN
ALY
SIS
NO
RM
AL
DE
MA
ND
OR
.
tN
oele
,Ik/ A
ND
Ort
TR
IPS
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
INP
UT
PN
YS
ICA
LIN
PU
T
FIPI
CIA
LIN
PUT
TY
Pe
olt
fAcr
ieM
el4T
TIM
E O
Fem
A14
0
FU
eit.i
cT
RA
NS
ITT
ItApp
ioA
SS
ioN
ME
UT
peoR
ST
RIA
N
(PA
RK
ING
SP
EC
IAL
EV
EN
TS
FA
CIL
ITIE
S
(OP
ER
AT
ION
S )
0,4+
+,1
,411
.
DE
VE
LOP
PLA
N
tom
m
TR
AFF
ICPL
AN
CO
NS
TR
UC
TIO
N
AN
D/O
RIM
PR
OV
EM
EN
TO
F T
RA
FF
ICF
AC
ILIT
I ES
EX
TE
RN
AL
ST
RE
ET
SP
UB
LIC
T R
AN
S P
OR
TA
II0V
PA
RK
ING
INT
ER
NA
L
ST
RE
ET
S
PA
RK
IN C
rN
ON
AU
TO
MO
TIV
E.
TR
AN
SIT
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
T IO
N)
TR
AF
FIC
C
CO
NT
RO
L
IJ
CO
NT
INU
ING
PLA
NN
ING
VC
Yi1
LC
LA
WA
1.ya
.L.W
.usa
aMr,
,,,a+
,..,.1
..1,
..1/1
.1.1
,1,7
1111
11. 2
/1.
AC
CE
SS
[1:4
:TE
RN
A
LC
IR,C
us-
AT
10
N
IPA
R.4
c.1
NG
Ci A
LT
)E
VE
NT
SW
1111
1..."
<It.
, <-1
,1,-
,<
nlia
llani
da g
'g g
-g
,""
g.,.
.et
v+i
j2j,
a y
A,
A,
ay a
?LA
NN
I Nr>
Cor
krri
N
vnar
r0/
,...
,..l.r
.frze
rr
PIP
PR
IMIR
MIII
MM
ITIM
Ilmm
tek
Acc
ess,
the
abili
ty to
app
roac
h, e
nter
, and
leav
e th
e ca
mpu
s of
an
inst
itutio
n, is
a m
ajor
com
-
pone
nt to
be
cons
ider
ed in
a tr
affic
stu
dy. T
he b
asic
con
cern
in th
e ac
cess
stu
dy is
to p
rovi
de
for
the
mov
emen
t of p
eopl
e an
d go
ods
to a
nd fr
om th
e su
rrou
ndin
g co
mm
unity
and
poi
nts
exte
rnal
to th
e co
mm
unity
. The
ske
tch
belo
w il
lust
rate
s tr
affic
inte
ract
ions
bet
wee
n a
univ
ersi
ty c
ampu
s
and
a co
mm
unity
.
0000
0013
00:
An
acce
ss s
tudy
sho
uld
prov
ide
answ
ers
to th
e fo
llow
ing
ques
tions
:
(1)
Wha
t tra
nspo
rtat
ion
faci
litie
s ex
ist f
or m
ovin
g pe
ople
and
goo
ds to
and
from
the
cam
pus?
(2)
Wha
t is
the
capa
bilit
y of
thes
e tr
ansp
orta
tion
faci
litie
s to
pro
vida
for
mov
emen
t?
(3)
Wha
t is
the
pres
ent a
nd fu
ture
dem
and
for
mov
emen
t?
(4)
Wha
t are
the
defic
ienc
ies
(pre
sent
and
futu
re)
in th
ese
tran
spor
tatio
n fa
cilit
ies?
In o
rder
to a
nsw
er th
ese
ques
tions
, the
follo
win
g st
udie
s ar
e ne
cess
ary:
(1)
Str
eet n
etw
ork
inve
ntor
y
(2)
Pub
lic tr
ansi
t inv
ento
ry
(3)
Mov
emen
t dem
and
inve
ntor
y
9
ST
RE
ET
NE
TW
OR
KIN
VE
NT
OR
Y
A s
tree
t net
wor
k in
vent
ory
will
furn
ish
info
rmat
ion
on th
e st
reet
faci
litie
L th
at e
xist
for
mov
ing
vehi
cula
r tr
affic
to a
nd fr
om th
e ca
mpu
s. A
lthou
ghth
e un
iver
sity
may
not
hav
e an
y
dire
ct c
ontr
ol o
ver
the
cons
truc
tion
and
mai
nten
ance
of s
tree
tfa
cilit
ies
exte
rnal
to th
e ca
mpu
s,
any
defic
ienc
ies
inth
ese
faci
litie
s sh
ould
be
defin
ed s
o th
at fa
ctua
l req
uest
s fo
r ac
tion
onth
e
part
of l
ocal
and
sta
te a
genc
ies
can
be p
rese
nted
.T
he u
nive
rsity
may
als
o be
abl
e to
pur
sue
dire
ct a
ctio
n to
impr
ove
the
stre
ets
adja
cent
to th
e ca
mpu
sw
here
traf
fic c
onve
rges
and
maj
or
cong
estio
n is
mos
t lik
ely
to o
ccur
.
The
str
eet n
etw
ork
inve
ntor
> c
onsi
sts
of a
n in
vent
ory,
clas
sific
atio
n an
d a
capa
city
stu
dy o
f the
stre
ets.
The
se s
teps
are
dis
cuss
ed b
elow
.
INV
EN
TO
RY
AN
D C
LAS
SIF
ICA
TIO
N
The
firs
t ste
p in
the
anal
ysis
of t
he s
tree
t net
wor
k is
an
inve
ntor
y of
the
cond
ition
of p
ertin
ent
exis
ting
faci
litie
s to
obt
ain
the
follo
win
g da
ta:
(1)
Str
eet w
idth
(2)
Sur
face
type
and
con
ditio
n
(3)
Loca
tion,
type
, and
num
ber
of p
arki
ng s
pace
s
(4)
Loca
tion,
type
, and
con
ditio
n of
all
traf
fic c
ontr
ol d
evic
es
10
.] ] 1 -1 J ii 7
A fu
nctio
nal c
lass
ifica
tion
of p
ertin
ent c
ampu
san
d pe
rimet
er s
tree
ts is
des
irabl
e in
ord
er to
dete
rmin
e w
hat s
tand
ard
of o
pera
ting
serv
ice
isap
plic
able
. Str
eets
sho
uld
be c
lass
ified
with
rega
rd to
the
func
tions
they
ser
ve, a
sde
fined
bel
ow.
Fre
eway
- T
his
clas
s of
faci
lity
is d
evot
eden
tirel
y to
traf
fic m
ovem
ent,
and
does
not
pro
-vi
de d
irect
land
ser
vice
. Thi
scl
assi
ficat
ion
is c
hara
cter
ized
by
com
plet
eco
ntro
l of a
cces
s,
with
no
at-g
rade
inte
rsec
tions
. Fre
eway
s pr
ovid
efo
r la
rge
volu
mes
of t
raffi
c at
rel
ativ
ely
high
spe
ed a
nd a
re p
rimar
ily in
tend
ed to
ser
veth
e lo
nger
trip
s fr
om o
ne p
art o
f the
urb
anar
ea to
ano
ther
, and
prov
ide
the
maj
or c
onne
ctio
ns to
oth
er p
ortio
nsof
the
stat
e an
d na
tion.
Art
eria
l - T
he p
rimar
y fu
nctio
n of
an
arte
rial i
s to
mov
etr
affic
. Art
eria
ls b
ring
traf
ficto
and
from
the
free
way
and
prov
ide
for
maj
or m
ovem
ents
of t
raffi
cw
ithin
or
thro
ugh
am
etro
polit
an a
rea
not s
erve
d by
free
way
s.A
rter
ials
inte
rcon
nect
the
prin
cipa
l tra
ffic
gene
rato
rs w
ithin
the
city
and
ser
ve to
conn
ect s
atel
lite
citie
sw
ithin
the
cent
ral c
ity.
Art
eria
ls h
andl
e tr
ips
betw
een
the
mor
e im
port
ant a
reas
of th
e ci
ty a
nd fo
rm a
n in
tegr
ated
syst
em; t
ypic
al tr
ip le
ngth
s ex
ceed
one
mile
,. an
d tr
uck,
bus
, sta
te a
nd fe
dera
l rou
tes
are
loca
ted
on a
rter
ials
. Thi
s co
ncen
trat
ion
of m
ajor
traf
fic r
equi
res
the
prov
isio
nof
suc
h
traf
fic a
ids
as p
rogr
essi
vesi
gnal
izat
ion
and
the
rest
rictio
n of
par
king
and
load
ing,
whi
ch
may
be
requ
ired
in o
rder
to im
prov
e ca
paci
ty a
ndtr
affic
flow
.
Col
lect
or -
The
col
lect
or a
ccom
mod
ates
the
inte
rnal
mov
emen
t with
in a
por
tion
of a
city
and
prov
ides
acc
ess
to th
e ar
teria
l sys
tem
.C
olle
ctor
s do
not
han
dle
long
, thr
ough
trip
san
d
need
not
be
cont
inuo
us fo
r an
y gr
eat
leng
th.
In a
grid
iron
stre
et p
atte
rn,
how
ever
, a s
tree
t
seve
ral m
iles
long
may
ser
ve a
s a
colle
ctor
rath
er th
an a
n ar
teria
l if i
ts p
redo
min
ant u
seis
to r
each
the
next
junc
tion
with
an
arte
rial.
Col
lect
ors
are
rare
ly d
esig
nate
d as
sta
te o
rfe
dera
l num
bere
d ro
utes
; how
ever
, the
y m
ay c
onne
ctle
ss im
port
ant r
ural
roa
ds w
ith th
e ur
ban
arte
rial s
yste
m. C
olle
ctor
s m
ay b
e us
ed fo
rbu
s or
truc
k m
ovem
ents
that
giv
e di
rect
serv
ice
to a
par
ticul
ar a
rea,
but a
re r
arel
y us
ed fo
r th
roug
h ro
utes
.T
he c
olle
ctor
str
eet s
uppl
ies
acce
ss to
abu
tting
pro
pert
y,w
hile
at t
he s
ame
time
serv
ing
loca
l tra
ffic
mov
emen
t.
Loca
l - T
he fu
nctio
n of
loca
l str
eets
is to
prov
ide
acce
ss to
adj
acen
t lan
d.Lo
cal r
esid
entia
l
stre
ets,
in m
ost c
ases
, car
ryda
ily v
olum
es o
f 1,5
00 v
ehic
les
orle
ss. M
ost t
rips
begi
n on
loca
l str
eets
, whi
ch in
turn
pro
vide
acc
ess
toei
ther
col
lect
or o
r ar
teria
l str
eets
.
11
The
cla
ssifi
catio
n of
each
str
eet w
ithin
the
netw
ork
into
one
of t
heab
ove
cate
gorie
s sh
ould
be
acco
mpl
ishe
d in
coo
pera
tion
with
the
loca
l com
mun
ity a
nd s
tate
high
way
dep
artm
ent.
The
ske
tch
belo
w il
lust
rate
s a
cam
pus
inre
latio
n to
the
adja
cent
str
eet
syst
em.
Idea
lly, a
cam
pus
is d
irect
ly
serv
iced
by
loca
l str
eets
and
has
acce
ss to
a fr
eew
ay o
rm
ajor
art
eria
l via
colle
ctor
s an
d ot
her
arte
rials
, but
the
cam
pus
shou
ld n
ot b
e fr
agm
ente
dby
thes
e co
llect
ors,
arte
rials
, and
free
way
s.
lc
12
r1r
CA
PA
CIT
Y A
NA
LYS
IS
The
zec
ond
part
of a
str
eet n
etw
ork
inve
ntor
y is
an
anal
ysis
of
the
capa
city
of v
ario
us s
ectio
ns o
f
the
stre
et n
etw
ork,
par
ticul
arly
thos
e ne
ar th
e ca
mpu
s. T
he te
chni
ques
used
to c
alcu
late
str
eet
capa
citie
s ar
e di
scus
sed
in d
etai
l in
the
Hig
hway
Cap
acity
Man
uall
and
"A S
tudy
of P
eaki
ng
Cha
ract
eris
tics
of S
igna
lized
Urb
an In
ters
ectio
ns a
s R
elat
ed to
Cap
acity
and
Des
ign.
"2 U
se c
F
thes
e re
fere
nces
is r
ecom
men
ded
to p
rovi
de th
e ne
cess
ary
dire
ctio
n fo
r th
e ca
paci
tyan
alys
is.
It is
als
o de
sira
ble
to e
valu
ate
the
oper
atio
n of
the
stre
et n
etw
ork
inth
e vi
cini
ty o
f the
cam
pus.
Gro
und
coun
ts o
f exi
stin
g de
man
d sh
ould
be
mad
e fo
r se
lect
ed s
tree
t sec
tions
,an
d vo
lum
es a
nd
the
effic
ienc
y of
ope
ratio
n sh
ould
be
note
d.If
volu
mes
are
app
roac
hing
cap
acity
, the
pre
sent
criti
cal d
efic
ienc
ies
in th
e st
reet
sys
tem
can
be
dete
cted
.
PU
BLI
C T
RA
NS
ITA
det
aile
d st
udy
of e
xist
ing
publ
ic tr
ansi
t sho
uld
be c
ondu
cted
. Thi
sw
ould
incl
ude
an in
vent
ory
of e
quip
men
t ope
rate
d, p
rese
nt r
outin
g pl
ans,
and
rou
ting
times
, i.e
.,w
hen
and
whe
re p
ublic
tran
sit m
akes
sch
edul
ed s
tops
.N
atur
ally
, thi
s st
udy
is m
ade
with
the
idea
of b
enef
ittin
g th
e
univ
ersi
ty b
y im
prov
ing
its a
cces
sibi
lity.
Dis
cuss
ions
sho
uld
take
plac
e be
twee
n th
e tr
ansi
t
auth
oriti
es a
nd u
nive
rsity
per
sonn
el c
once
rnin
g th
e un
iver
sity
's p
oten
tial a
s a
sour
ce o
frid
ersh
ip.
*MI
AM
INO
7Hig
hway
Res
earc
h B
oard
, Hig
hway
Cap
acity
Man
ual,
Spe
cial
Rep
ort 8
7, 1
965.
2D.R
. Dre
w a
nd C
. Pin
nell,
"A
Stu
dy o
f Pea
king
Cha
ract
eris
tics
of S
igna
lized
Urb
anIn
ters
ectio
ns a
s R
elat
ed to
Cap
acity
and
Des
ign"
, Hig
hway
Res
earc
h B
oard
Bul
letin
352
,19
62, p
p.15
4.
13
7rim
, rri
zner
rmi r
,nr
rte,
177
.11,
1
Est
imat
es o
f exi
stin
g tr
ansi
t usa
ge b
yun
iver
sity
-ass
ocia
ted
pers
ons
(stu
dent
s,fa
culty
, sta
ff) s
houl
d
be m
ade.
Thi
s co
uld
be d
one
byin
terv
iew
ing
(per
sona
l or
post
card
) pe
rson
sas
soci
ated
with
the
univ
ersi
ty w
ho d
o no
t liv
eon
-cam
pus.
3 C
hang
es in
tran
sit r
oute
s an
d/or
rou
ting
times
cou
ld b
e
mad
e if
tran
sit a
utho
ritie
s w
ere
reas
onab
ly s
ure
that
suc
h ch
ange
s w
ould
pay
off
inin
crea
sed
tran
sit r
even
ue. B
usse
s m
ight
eve
nbe
rou
ted
thro
ugh
the
cam
pus
durin
g ce
rtai
n pa
rts
of th
e da
y.
By
incr
easi
ng th
e co
nven
ienc
e of
ridin
g tr
ansi
t to
the
cam
pus,
and
thus
enc
oura
ging
per
sons
to
leav
e th
eir
auto
mob
iles
at h
ome,
auto
mob
ile c
onge
stio
n on
the
cam
pus
coul
dpo
ssib
le b
e re
duce
d
by a
sig
nific
ant a
mou
nt. C
erta
inly
publ
ic tr
ansi
t has
a p
oten
tial a
s a
sour
ce o
f mov
emen
tto
and
from
a u
nive
rsity
cam
pus,
and
the
traf
fic p
lann
er c
an il
l affo
rd to
over
look
its
poss
ibili
ties.
DE
MA
ND
OR
MO
VE
ME
NT
CH
AR
AC
TE
RIS
TIC
SIn
ord
er to
pla
n pr
oper
ly fo
r in
gres
s to
and
egre
ss fr
om th
e ca
mpu
s, it
is n
eces
sary
to s
tudy
the
trav
el p
atte
rns
of p
erso
ns m
ovin
g to
and
from
the
cam
pus.
An
inve
ntor
y of
trav
el p
atte
rns
will
prov
ide
info
rmat
ion
on tr
ip p
atte
rns,
the
type
and
loca
tion
of a
reas
tow
hich
trip
s ar
e m
ade,
and
the
mod
e of
trav
el u
sed
to m
ake
the
trip
.T
his
stud
y w
ill id
entif
y th
e or
igin
san
d de
stin
atio
ns o
f
trip
s m
ovin
g to
and
from
the
cam
pus
and
prov
ide
char
acte
ristic
sre
lativ
e to
this
mov
emen
t. T
he
orig
in a
nd d
estin
atio
n da
ta c
an th
enbe
use
d to
ass
ign
traf
fic to
the
stre
etne
twor
k or
tran
sit
faci
litie
s in
ord
er to
stu
dy th
e de
ficie
ncie
sth
at m
ay e
xist
at p
rese
nt o
r in
i.he
futu
re.
11"
3Nat
iona
l Com
mitt
eeon
Urb
an T
rans
port
atio
n,M
anua
l 2A
, Orig
in-D
estin
atio
n an
dLa
nd U
se,
Pub
lic A
dmin
istr
atio
n S
ervi
ce, C
hica
go, I
llino
is, 1
958.
14
4
OR
IGIN
AN
D D
ES
TIN
AT
ION
OF
TR
IPS
In o
rder
to s
tudy
trav
el p
atte
rns,
it is
nec
essa
ry to
obt
ain
info
rmat
ion
on th
e or
igin
and
des
tinat
ion
of a
ll tr
ips
havi
ng o
ne e
nd o
n th
e ca
mpu
s. T
his
info
rmat
ion
can
be o
btai
ned
from
one
of t
wo
sour
ces:
(1)
Inte
rvie
w s
urve
y
(2)
Uni
vers
ity r
ecor
ds o
n fa
culty
and
stu
dent
s
The
inte
rvie
w s
urve
y m
etho
d co
nsis
ts o
f int
ervi
ewin
g (p
erso
nal o
r po
stca
rd)
a co
ntro
lled
sam
ple
of th
e po
pula
tion
invo
lved
and
obt
aini
ng c
ompl
ete
info
rmat
ion
on a
ll pe
rtin
ent t
rips
mad
e du
ring
a sa
mpl
eda
y.4
The
rec
ords
met
hod
utili
zes
avai
labl
e da
ta-
take
n fr
om u
nive
rsity
rec
ords
-
rela
tive
to fa
culty
, sta
ff, a
nd s
tude
nts,
so
that
trav
el p
atte
rns
can
be p
redi
cted
. Thi
s la
tter
met
hod
is r
ecom
men
ded
beca
use
it ca
n be
don
e in
less
tim
e an
d w
ith fe
wer
per
sonn
el. A
map
of th
e ar
ea s
houl
d be
util
ized
. The
bas
ic te
chni
ques
invo
lved
will
be
disc
usse
d in
the
follo
win
g m
ater
ial. r.
... a
ir oi
l
CA
MP
U4
r
CO
MM
UN
ITY
4Ib
id.
e{.
1110
A 0
0
15
Def
initi
on -
Onl
y tr
ips
mad
e fr
om a
per
son'
s ho
me
(orig
in)
to th
e ca
mpu
s de
stin
atio
n w
ill
be c
onsi
dere
d be
caus
e ot
her
trip
s ar
e ge
nera
lly e
ither
not
pre
dict
able
or
irrel
evan
t to
the
stud
y. T
hese
trip
s ar
e ge
nera
lly m
ade
(exc
ept f
or p
edbb
tria
n tr
ips)
by
usin
g th
e st
reet
net
-
wor
k sy
stem
des
crib
ed u
nder
Str
eet N
etw
ork
Inve
ntor
y.In
sum
mar
izin
g tr
ip in
form
atio
n,
it is
nec
essa
ry to
div
ide
the
area
into
"zo
nes"
for
traf
fic p
urpo
ses.
The
pro
cedu
re fo
r
doin
g th
is is
out
lined
in th
e se
ctio
n on
Tra
ffic
Ass
ignm
ent.
Fac
ulty
-Sta
ff T
rips
- H
ome
and
offic
elo
catio
ns fo
r ea
ch m
embe
r of
the
facu
lty a
nd s
taff
mus
t be
iden
tifie
d. T
he o
ffice
loca
tion
is a
ccep
ted
as th
e "d
estin
atio
n" b
ecau
se it
is
assu
med
that
the
facu
lty-s
taff
mem
ber
will
par
k ve
ry n
ear
his
offic
e.If
this
is n
ot th
e ca
se,
park
ing
loca
tion
may
hav
e to
be
used
. Res
iden
ce-c
ampu
s lo
catio
n in
form
atio
n m
ay b
e
avai
labl
e fr
om th
e pe
rson
nel a
nd o
ffice
spa
ce r
ecor
ds.
In m
ost c
ases
, how
ever
, thi
s in
for-
mat
ion
will
not
be
avai
labl
e in
a fo
rm w
hich
is c
onve
nien
t for
com
pute
r pr
oces
sing
; con
-
sequ
ently
, it m
ust b
e su
mm
ariz
ed m
anua
lly. C
are
shou
ld b
e ta
ken
so th
at d
oubl
e-co
untin
g
(cou
ntin
g a
part
-tim
e st
uden
t as
both
stu
dent
and
facu
lty)
is a
void
ed.
If a
cont
inui
ng p
lann
ing
stud
y is
to b
e in
stig
ated
, it i
s re
adily
app
aren
t tha
t the
re is
a n
eed
for
a re
cord
sys
tem
whi
ch c
an fu
rnis
h pl
anni
ng d
ata
of th
is ty
pe. I
t is
reco
mm
ende
d th
at th
e
exis
ting
reco
rd s
yste
m b
e up
date
d so
that
suc
h pe
rtin
ent i
nfor
mat
ion
can
be c
ompu
ter
orie
nted
.
Stu
dent
Trip
s-
The
dem
and
mad
e on
the
netw
ork
by s
tude
nts
is s
omew
hat d
iffer
ent f
rom
that
mad
e by
facu
lty-s
taff
due
to th
eir
plac
e of
res
iden
ce. S
tude
nts
livin
g on
-cam
pus
mus
t be
cons
ider
ed if
they
driv
e th
eir
auto
mob
iles
from
thei
r do
rmito
ries
to th
eir
clas
ses;
onl
y if
they
wal
k or
rid
e bi
cycl
es c
an th
ey b
e di
sreg
arde
d.In
mos
t cas
es, r
egul
atio
ns e
ither
hav
e be
en
or s
houl
d be
mad
e to
pro
hibi
t on-
cam
pus
stud
ents
driv
ing
to c
lass
.A
ll of
f-ca
mpu
s st
uden
ts
who
driv
e au
tom
obile
s to
the
cam
pus
(gen
eral
ly th
ose
havi
ng p
arki
ng p
erm
its)
mus
t als
o be
,e4
hho.
LV
JY.1
,.,A
1.1.
11.1
AW
V...
. an.
a,
1, f
I,0.
1s0
1,hJ
.1
OI
Jo, V
iri
g27
.010
0..0
.1. L
a .4
120
Vol
'..41
41,1
,S1,
.01,
12.6
0%40
.10.
L.1
00 0
1.0.
1.10
1014
01.i0
m0.
12,1
,10
cons
ider
ed. T
he in
form
atio
n ne
eded
for
each
stu
dent
con
side
red
cons
ists
of h
ome
(or
dor-
mito
ry)
loca
''on
and
a de
stin
atio
n as
iden
tifie
d by
his
firs
t cla
sslo
catio
n.
Vis
itor
Trip
s -
The
dem
and
mad
e on
the
netw
ork
by v
isito
rs is
ofte
n sc
atte
red
and
diffi
cult
to p
redi
ct. H
owev
er, p
redi
ctio
n is
poss
ible
in s
ome
case
s an
d m
ay b
ecom
e im
port
ant a
s
far
as th
e ca
mpu
s ne
twor
k is
con
cern
ed. A
ttend
ance
figu
res
for
shor
t, co
urse
s an
d se
min
ars
held
on-
cam
pus
for
non-
univ
ersi
ty p
erso
ns a
re g
ener
ally
avai
labl
e an
d sh
ould
be
take
n
into
acc
ount
, esp
ecia
lly c
once
rnin
g th
e ca
mpu
sne
twor
k.
TY
PE
OF
MO
VE
ME
NT
Peo
ple
and
good
s tr
avel
to a
uni
vers
ity c
ampu
s by
var
ious
mod
es.
The
maj
or m
odes
are
dis
cuss
ed
in th
e fo
llow
ing
mat
eria
l.
Zzz
......
.-`,
....,.
...
ay
Aut
omob
ile -
One
of t
he m
ajor
mod
es o
f mov
emen
t to
the
cam
pus
isth
e au
tom
obile
.
Stu
dent
s an
d fa
culty
gen
eral
ly r
ely
mor
e he
avily
on
the
auto
mob
ileth
an p
ublic
tran
sit b
e-
caus
e th
e de
man
dce
om a
ny p
artic
ular
are
a of
the
city
may
not
be
heav
y en
ough
tosu
stai
n
tran
sit,
and
the
varie
ty in
cla
ss s
ched
ules
cau
ses
trip
s to
be s
prea
d th
roug
hout
the
day.
17
Cam
pus
hous
ing
has
a de
finite
bea
ring
on th
e am
ount
of a
utom
obile
mov
emen
t gen
erat
ed b
y
the
cam
pus.
The
re w
ill b
e lit
tle s
tude
nt a
utom
obile
traf
fic o
n th
e st
reet
net
wor
k sy
stem
if
mos
t stu
dent
s ar
e ho
used
on-
cam
pus
beca
use
it is
exp
ecte
dth
at c
ampu
s re
side
nts
will
wal
k
to c
lass
.H
owev
er, w
hen
larg
e nu
mbe
rs o
f stu
dent
s liv
e of
f-ca
mpu
s, m
ovem
ent t
o th
e
cam
pus
via
the
stre
et n
etw
ork
syst
emw
ill in
crea
se, a
nd th
is p
ortio
n of
the
tota
l mov
emen
t
to th
e ca
mpu
s ca
n be
com
e so
larg
e as
to c
ause
sev
ere
cong
estio
n pr
oble
ms
on th
e ca
mpu
s
as w
ell a
sim
med
iate
ly a
djac
ent t
o it.
On
a ca
mpu
s w
here
suf
ficie
nt h
ousi
ng is
pro
vide
d,
prob
lem
s as
soci
ated
with
acc
ess,
inte
rnal
circ
ulat
ion,
and
par
king
will
gen
eral
ly b
ele
ss
criti
cal b
ecau
se a
larg
er p
ropo
rtio
n of
stu
dent
mov
emen
t will
be
gene
rate
dw
ithin
the
cam
pus.
Tra
nsit
- T
rans
it sy
stem
s ex
ist t
o m
ake
it po
ssib
le fo
rco
ncen
trat
ions
of p
eopl
e to
mov
e to
-
geth
er m
ore
rapi
dly
than
wou
ld o
ther
wis
e be
pos
sibl
e. T
hese
peo
ple
mus
tbe
col
lect
ed a
nd
depo
site
d at
a m
inim
um n
umbe
r of
poi
nts.
Stu
dent
s m
ovin
g to
cam
puse
s in
larg
e ur
ban
area
s
may
be
able
to u
tiliz
eth
e ci
ty's
tran
sit s
yste
m. A
stu
dy s
houl
d be
mad
e to
det
erm
ine
both
the
pres
ent a
nd th
e po
tent
ial s
tude
nt, f
acul
ty, a
nd s
taff
tran
sit u
sage
.T
his
shou
!d a
lso
in-
clud
e a
stud
y of
the
times
of p
eak
dem
and
mad
e on
tran
sit b
y st
uden
ts,f
acul
ty m
embe
rs, a
nd
staf
f per
sonn
el. A
tran
sit s
tudy
may
res
ult i
n so
me
sche
dule
and/
or r
oute
cha
nges
pro
vide
d
that
uni
vers
ity-b
ased
rid
ersh
ip r
epre
sent
s a
sign
ifica
nt p
ortio
n of
over
all t
rans
it pa
tron
age.
Ped
estr
ian
- M
ost p
edes
tria
n tr
ips
mad
e to
the
cam
pus
will
be
by s
tude
nts
livin
g ne
ar, o
r ad
-
jace
nt to
, the
cam
pus.
Fac
ulty
and
sta
ff m
embe
rsge
nera
lly li
ve in
res
iden
tial a
reas
loca
ted
furt
her
from
the
cam
pus
than
stu
dent
s an
d, th
eref
ore,
driv
e or
rid
etr
ansi
t to
the
cam
pus.
Con
flict
is c
reat
ed b
etw
een
thes
e pe
dest
rian
trip
s an
d ve
hicu
lar
trip
s,an
d th
e am
ount
of
conf
lict i
ncre
ases
as
the
num
ber
of v
ehic
ular
and
/or
pede
stria
n tr
ips
incr
ease
s.
18
Oth
er -
Oth
er m
odes
of
trav
el to
the
cam
pus
are
mot
orcy
cle
(or
mot
or s
coot
er)
and
bicy
cle.
In s
ome
case
s, th
evo
lum
e of
trip
s us
ing
thes
e m
odes
may
war
rant
spe
cial
cons
ider
atio
ns p
er-
tain
ing
to p
arki
ng a
ndin
tern
al c
ircul
atio
n. H
owev
er, m
ost
univ
ersi
ties
can
abso
rb th
ese
mod
es
of tr
avel
with
out u
sing
mea
nsot
her
than
pro
vidi
ng li
mite
dnu
mbe
rs o
f spe
cial
par
king
spa
ces.
TIM
E O
F D
EM
AN
D
The
dem
and
mad
e on
the
stre
et n
etw
ork
syst
em b
yst
uden
ts, f
acul
ty, a
nd s
taff
is n
ot a
stea
dy,
unifo
rm d
eman
d th
roug
hout
the
day.
inst
ead,
it te
nds
topu
lsat
e, h
avin
g de
finite
pea
k an
dof
f-
peak
per
iods
. The
sepu
lses
affe
ct th
e en
tire
stre
etne
twor
k, a
nd a
re th
e m
ost p
rono
unce
d at
poin
ts n
ear
the
cam
pus
perim
eter
.
Pea
k -
The
pea
k tim
e of
dem
and
crea
ted
by s
tude
nts,
facu
lty,
and
staf
f gen
eral
ly o
ccur
s
just
prio
r to
the
first
clas
s be
caus
e la
rge
num
bers
of c
ampu
s us
ers
have
ear
ly m
orni
ng b
usi-
ness
on
the
cam
pus.
Oth
er p
eak
perio
ds o
ccur
if c
lass
hour
s an
d fa
culty
-sta
ff w
ork
hour
s
coin
cide
. For
inst
ance
, if
clas
ses
begi
n at
8:0
0 a.
m.,
thes
e pe
aks
wou
ld b
e at
8:0
0 a.
m.,
12:0
0 no
on, 1
:00
p.m
., an
d5:
00 p
.m. F
or th
is r
easo
nth
ere
are
bene
fits
to b
e ga
ined
by
star
ting
clas
ses
thirt
y m
inut
esah
ead
of c
ampu
s w
ork
sche
dule
s,i.e
., st
artin
g cl
asse
s at
7:30
a.m
., if
norm
al w
ork
hour
s ar
e 8:
00 a
.m. t
o 5:
00 p
.m.
In g
ener
al, t
he la
te a
fter-
noon
pea
kcr
eate
d by
per
sons
goi
ngho
me
is li
ghte
r th
an th
eea
rly m
orni
ng p
eak
beca
use
man
y ca
mpu
s us
ers,
espe
cial
ly o
ff-ca
mpu
s ba
sed
stud
ents
,le
ave
the
cam
pus
inte
rmitt
ently
thro
ugho
ut th
e da
y. T
here
fore
, it
is a
ppar
ent t
hat i
f mos
tst
uden
ts li
ve o
ff-ca
mpu
san
d dr
ive
to s
choo
l, th
e m
orni
ngpe
ak w
ill b
e m
uch
high
er th
anth
e af
tern
oon
peak
. If m
ost
stud
ents
live
on-c
ampu
s, th
e pe
ak m
orni
ngan
d ev
enin
g de
man
dsw
ill b
e m
ore
near
ly e
qual
.
Off-
Pea
k -
Dem
ands
mad
e on
the
stre
et n
etw
ork
syst
em b
y ca
mpu
s us
ers
durin
g th
e of
f-pe
ak
perio
ds p
rese
nt n
opa
rtic
ular
pro
blem
.
Ano
ther
impo
rtan
t con
side
ratio
nis
the
rela
tion
betw
een
the
peak
tim
e of
dem
and
crea
ted
by
cam
pus
user
san
d th
at c
reat
ed b
yno
rmal
, eve
ryda
y w
ork
trip
s by
the
city
's p
opul
ace.
Con
gest
ion
on th
eci
ty s
tree
t net
wor
k sy
stem
resu
lts fr
om th
e hi
gh d
eman
ds m
ade
onth
e sy
stem
due
to th
e pe
ak 19
flow
s of
traf
fic.
If th
e pe
ak ti
me
of d
eman
d fo
r ca
mpu
s us
ers
coin
cide
s w
ith th
e pe
ak c
reat
ed b
y
busi
ness
, an
addi
tiona
l am
ount
of c
onge
stio
n is
cre
ated
. Thi
s co
uld
be a
llevi
ated
ifca
mpu
s cl
ass
hour
s an
d ca
mpu
s w
ork
(offi
ce)
hour
s w
ere
shift
ed, w
ith r
elat
ion
to lo
cal w
ork
hour
s, b
yso
me
amou
nt o
f tim
e.If
com
mun
ity w
ork
hour
s be
gin
at 8
:00
a.m
., ca
mpu
s cl
ass
and
wor
k ho
urs
coul
d
begi
n at
7:3
0 a.
m. i
nste
ad o
f 8:0
0 a.
m. B
y do
ing
this
, con
gest
ion
coul
d be
not
icea
bly
rele
ived
,
prov
ided
that
the
cam
pus
is a
maj
or tr
affic
gen
erat
or w
ithin
the
com
mun
ity. A
stu
dy o
f tra
ffic
volu
mes
will
pro
vide
the
data
nec
essa
ry to
rec
ogni
ze a
nd r
espo
nd to
circ
ulat
ion
conf
licts
.
TR
AF
FIC
AS
SIG
NM
EN
T
Onc
e th
e or
igin
and
des
tinat
ion
of e
ach
trip
has
bee
n de
term
ined
, the
last
ste
p in
the
data
re-
duct
ion
stag
e is
to d
eter
min
e w
hich
rou
tes
will
be
take
n. T
he u
sual
pro
cedu
re is
to a
ssum
e th
at
a dr
iver
will
follo
w th
e m
inim
um ti
me
path
from
his
orig
in (
hom
e) to
his
des
tinat
ion
(poi
nt o
n
cam
pus)
. The
bas
k ite
m fo
rus
e in
sum
mar
izin
g th
is d
ata
is a
zon
e m
ap, a
s ill
ustr
ated
bel
ow.
CO
MM
UN
ITY
CA
MPU
S
IMM
O
20
CO
3=11
.011
111E
1241
1
Ni 0
DE
.S3
LI
MK
IB
efor
e es
tabl
ishi
ng z
ones
,it
is n
eces
sary
to d
ecid
ew
hat l
evel
of d
etai
l is
requ
ired
for
traf
fic
assi
gnm
ent.
The
traf
fic a
ssig
nmen
tne
twor
k fo
r a
colle
ge c
ampu
s sh
ould
incl
ude
all m
ajor
traf
fic
arte
ries
thro
ugh
the
cam
pus,
all a
rter
ial s
tree
ts le
adin
g to
the
cam
pus,
mos
tco
llect
or s
tree
ts a
nd
som
e lo
cal s
tree
ts.
It m
ay b
e th
at o
ne s
tree
t on
the
assi
gnm
ent n
etw
ork
will
rep
rese
nt m
ore
than
one
onth
e gr
ound
and
this
sho
uld
be c
onsi
dere
d in
inte
rpre
ting
an a
ssig
nmen
t.T
he le
vel o
f
deta
il sh
ould
be
grea
test
in th
e vi
cini
tyof
, and
with
in, t
he c
ampu
s.T
he im
port
ance
of t
he
netw
ork
is to
rec
ogni
ze a
t wha
t poi
nts
and
in w
hat n
umbe
rs th
est
uden
ts, f
acul
ty a
nd s
taff
ente
r
the
cam
pus,
and
whe
re th
ey g
o on
ceth
ey e
nter
.
Sin
ce it
is d
esire
d to
cod
e th
elo
catio
n fo
r a
pers
on's
hom
e ad
dres
s as
wel
l as
his
cam
pus
dest
ina-
tion,
it is
nec
essa
ry to
zon
e ar
eas
outs
ide
the
cam
pus.
Ext
erna
l zon
es c
anbe
rat
her
gene
raliz
ed
sinc
e it
is o
nly
nece
ssar
y to
mak
e a
reas
onab
le e
stim
ate
ofth
e ro
ute
follo
wed
by
all t
rips
ori-
gina
ting
in a
giv
en z
one.
The
zon
e m
ap is
use
d to
sho
won
ly s
tude
nt, f
acul
ty a
nd s
taff
trip
sm
ade
to th
e ca
mpu
s; th
eref
ore
zone
s w
illbe
def
ined
for
resi
dent
ial a
nd c
ampu
s ar
eas
only
.
Cur
rent
Tra
ffic
Ass
ignm
ent
Fac
ulty
-Sta
ff T
rips
- O
nce
the
info
rmat
ion
onth
e or
igin
and
des
tinat
ion
of tr
ips
has
been
sum
mar
ized
for
each
mem
ber
of th
e fa
culty
and
sta
ff, it
is n
eces
sary
to a
ssig
n
thes
e tr
ips
to th
e st
reet
net
wor
k.Lo
gica
l rou
tes
take
n by
facu
lty-s
taff
mem
bers
in
arriv
ing
at th
eir
offic
es m
ust
be e
xam
ined
. The
usu
al a
ssig
nmen
tpr
oced
ure
is to
sele
ct th
e m
inim
um ti
me
path
from
each
hom
e to
the
asso
ciat
ed o
ffice
.It
shou
ld
be ta
ken
into
acc
ount
that
two
neig
hbor
s m
ay e
nter
the
cam
pus
atdi
ffere
nt p
oint
s
if th
eir
offic
es a
re lo
cate
d in
diffe
rent
bui
ldin
gs o
n ca
mpu
s.T
his
illus
trat
es th
at
the
rout
e ta
ken
is a
func
tion
ofbo
th h
ome
and
offic
e lo
catio
n,an
d th
eref
ore,
eac
h
trip
mus
t be
cons
ider
edin
depe
nden
tly.
21
Afte
r tr
ips
have
bee
n as
sign
ed to
the
netw
ork,
info
rmat
ion
on th
enu
mbe
r of
trip
s an
-
ticip
ated
at a
ny o
ne ti
me
can
beca
lcul
ated
. The
max
imum
cas
e w
ould
occ
urif
all
facu
lty-s
taff
mem
bers
nee
ded
to g
et to
the
cam
pus
with
in th
e sa
me
hour
;ho
wev
er,
this
is u
nlik
ely.
An
estim
ate
that
isre
pres
enta
tive
of th
e ac
tual
cas
e m
ust b
em
ade
so th
at th
evo
lum
es a
ssig
ned
to e
ach
cam
pus
entr
y po
int c
anbe
app
ropr
iate
ly a
djus
tec
to s
how
the
max
imum
expe
cted
con
ditio
n. T
his
estim
ate
can
be m
ade
by c
ount
ing
all s
taff
mem
bers
who
se n
orm
al w
ork
hour
s be
gin
prio
r to
, or
coin
cide
with
, the
be-
ginn
ing
of c
lass
es, a
ddin
g on
efa
culty
mem
ber
for
each
firs
t per
iod
clas
s, a
nd a
ddin
g
an a
ppro
pria
tepe
rcen
tage
that
wou
ld a
ccou
ntfo
r ot
her
facu
lty m
embe
rs a
rriv
ing
on
the
cam
pus
prio
r to
firs
t per
iod
clas
ses,
Stu
dent
Trip
s -
Onl
y st
uden
ts w
hoha
ve r
egis
tere
d th
eir
auto
mob
iles
onth
e ca
mpu
s
and
are
allo
wed
to d
rive
to c
lass
will
be
assi
gned
to th
e st
reet
netw
ork.
In a
dditi
on,
only
stu
dent
s ha
ving
a fi
rst p
erio
dcl
ass,
plu
s an
app
ropr
iate
per
cent
age
of o
ther
stud
ents
(pe
rcen
tage
bas
ed o
n es
timat
esof
the
num
ber
of s
tude
nts
arriv
ing
prio
r to
first
per
iod
clas
ses
who
do
not h
ave
afir
st p
erio
d cl
ass)
, will
be
cons
ider
ed. T
hese
stud
ents
, hav
ing
a tr
ip o
rigin
, ass
ocia
ted
with
som
e ty
pe o
f hou
sing
, and
a c
ampu
s
dest
inat
ion,
are
ass
igne
d to
the
netw
ork
in m
uch
the
sam
e m
anne
r as
facu
lty-s
taff
trip
s. H
owev
er, t
he d
estin
atio
nof
stu
dent
trip
s m
ade
toth
e ca
mpu
s pr
esen
ts a
mor
e
diffi
cult
prob
lem
than
facu
lty-s
taff
trip
s.B
ecau
se s
tude
nts
mus
t ofte
npa
rk in
an
area
whi
ch is
not
adja
cent
, or
even
clo
se, t
oth
eir
cam
pus
dest
inat
ion,
the
assi
gn-
men
t pro
cedu
re fo
r st
uden
ts is
reve
rsed
in th
at th
e as
sign
men
t sta
rts
with
the
stud
ent's
dest
inat
ion
and
wor
ks b
ackw
ard
to h
is o
rigin
(hou
sing
). T
here
fore
, stu
dent
s ar
e
assi
gned
(on
pap
er o
nly)
a p
arki
ng s
pace
inth
e ar
ea c
lose
st to
thei
r fir
stcl
assr
oom
M.4
-111
1. r
te..4
14,1
,,s1J
hLdn
.pa,
IlTS
b.I
dest
inat
ion.
(Thi
s in
clud
es b
oth
stud
ents
hav
ing
a fir
st p
erio
d cl
ass
and
the
extr
a
perc
enta
ge d
escr
ibed
abo
ve.
It is
felt
that
this
"ex
tra
perc
enta
ge o
f stu
dent
s", w
ho
do n
ot h
ave
a fir
st p
erio
d cl
ass
but a
rriv
e pr
ior
to th
eir
first
cla
ss, w
ill p
ark
near
thei
r fir
st c
lass
eve
n th
ough
thei
r im
med
iate
des
tinat
ion
may
be
the
Stu
dent
Cen
ter)
.
The
car
ow
ners
hip
ratio
s (d
efin
ed a
nd d
iscu
ssed
in s
ectio
n on
Par
king
Dem
and)
and
the
defin
ed c
apac
ity o
f the
are
a m
ust b
oth
be ta
ken
into
acc
ount
. Whe
n th
e
near
est a
rea
(or
area
s) is
fille
d, th
e as
sign
men
t pro
cedu
re m
ust m
ove
to a
noth
er a
rea.
Afte
r th
e ca
mpu
s as
sign
men
t has
bee
n m
ade,
stu
dent
s ar
e th
en a
ssig
ned
the
mos
t
logi
cal r
oute
s le
adin
g to
the
zone
in w
hich
thei
r ho
usin
g is
loca
ted.
In a
larg
e ci
ty
whe
re tr
ansi
t usa
ge is
sig
nific
ant,
cam
pus-
boun
d au
tom
obile
traf
fic w
ill b
e co
m-
para
tivel
y lo
wer
and
a s
peci
al s
urve
y of
tran
sit u
sage
, esp
ecia
lly tr
ansi
t sto
ps w
ithin
or c
lose
to th
e ca
mpu
s, m
ay b
e ne
eded
.
The
facu
lty-s
taff
and
stud
ent t
rip a
ssig
nmen
t pro
cedu
re d
escr
ibed
abo
veca
n be
chec
ked
and
valid
ated
to a
cer
tain
ext
ent b
y ut
ilizi
ng a
per
iphe
ral c
ordo
n co
unt
surv
ey. T
his
surv
ey w
ill g
ive
a m
easu
re o
f the
num
ber
of v
ehic
les
on th
e ca
mpu
s,
but w
ill y
ield
no
info
rmat
ion
as to
thei
r or
igin
s or
des
tinat
ions
.In
em
ploy
ing
this
met
hod,
an
imag
inar
y co
rdon
line
is d
raw
n ar
ound
the
cam
pus
perim
eter
(st
udy
area
).
The
traf
fic v
olum
e cr
ossi
ng th
is li
ne a
t eve
ry p
oint
is r
ecor
ded
for
the
dura
tion
of
the
stud
y pe
riod.
The
vol
umes
ent
erin
g an
d le
avin
g ca
n be
acc
umul
ated
and
, fro
m
this
, the
num
ber
of v
ehic
les
rem
aini
ng w
ithin
the
cord
on li
ne c
an b
e de
term
ined
.
23
Fut
ure
Tra
ffic
Ass
ignm
ent
The
traf
fic a
ssig
nmen
t pro
cedu
re fo
r th
efu
ture
is h
andl
ed in
a m
anne
r si
mila
r to
the
curr
ent a
ssig
nmen
t pro
cedu
re. A
prob
lem
doe
s de
velo
p, h
owev
er, b
ecau
se th
e or
igin
of fu
ture
trip
s is
not
def
inite
ly k
now
n.It
is th
eref
ore
nece
ssar
y to
look
at t
rend
s in
land
use
dev
elop
men
t in
all a
reas
from
whi
chca
mpu
s-bo
und
trip
s m
ight
orig
inat
e.
Nat
ural
ly, t
he p
roje
ctio
n ye
ar is
a p
ertin
ent v
aria
ble
inde
term
inin
g lo
gica
l trip
orig
ins.
Fac
ulty
-sta
ff an
d st
uden
tenr
ollm
ent e
stim
ates
for
the
proj
ecte
d ye
ar s
houl
d
be o
btai
ned
from
man
agem
ent s
tudi
es a
sdi
scus
sed
in V
olum
e II
- M
anag
emen
t and
Fin
anci
al P
lann
ing.
Pro
ject
ions
for
both
five
and
ten
year
perio
ds a
re r
ecom
men
ded
so th
at th
ede
velo
pmen
t of t
rans
port
atio
n fa
cilit
ies
can
prec
ede,
or
at le
ast k
eep
abre
ast o
f dem
and.
The
traf
fic p
lann
er s
houl
d an
alyz
efa
culty
-sta
ff, g
radu
ate
and
unde
rgra
duat
e st
uden
ts
sepa
rate
ly w
ith r
espe
ct to
the
loca
tion
of fu
ture
hous
ing.
Thi
s is
nec
essa
ry b
ecau
se
diffe
rent
type
s of
cam
pus
user
s ge
nera
llyliv
e in
diff
eren
t are
as a
nd fa
cilit
ies.
For
inst
ance
, fac
ulty
mem
bers
are
mor
elik
ely
to li
ve in
res
iden
tial d
evel
opm
ents
than
in
apar
tmen
t com
plex
es lo
cate
dad
jace
nt to
the
cam
pus.
SU
MM
AR
YT
he s
eque
ntia
l pro
cedu
re n
eces
sary
for
a st
udy
of a
cces
s is
per
haps
bes
t illu
stra
ted
thro
ugh
the
use
of a
flow
diag
ram
, sho
wn
in F
igur
e 2.
Thi
s ar
rang
emen
tof
ste
ps w
ithin
the
diag
ram
allo
ws
one
tolo
gica
lly r
elat
e ea
ch s
tep
to th
e en
tire
acce
ss s
tudy
.
24
FIG
UR
E 2
AC
CE
SS
DE
VE
LOP
ME
NT
PLA
N
I 1111
1111
1111
110)
AC
CE
SS A
NA
LY
SIS
com
esor
ewA
m%
STR
EE
T N
ET
WO
RK
INV
EN
TO
RY
FVE
NT
OR
YC
LA
SSIP
ICA
TI0
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(ThE
MA
ND
IaT
hM
OV
EM
EN
TC
HA
RA
CT
ER
IST
ICS
OR
IGIN
AN
APE
STIN
AT
ION
1O
F T
RIP
S
[CA
PAC
ITV
iiA
NA
LY
SIS
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ITY
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ovE
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NT
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EM
AN
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tTR
AFF
ICA
SSIG
NM
EN
T,A
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ER
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L C
IRC
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TIO
N,
1
IIIIN
TE
RN
AL
CIR
CU
LAT
ION
AC
CE
S5A
NA
LY
66...
14
The
mov
emen
t of p
erso
ns a
nd v
ehic
les
with
in th
e ca
mpu
s is
als
o of
prim
ary
impo
rtan
ce.
Info
r-
mat
ion
nece
ssar
y to
mak
e de
cisi
ons
rega
rdin
g th
is m
ovem
ent c
omes
ess
entia
lly fr
om tw
o so
urce
s -
an in
vent
ory
of c
ampu
str
avel
way
faci
litie
s w
ith r
egar
d to
cap
acity
, and
an
exam
inat
ion
of th
e
vario
us m
odes
of i
nter
nal m
ovem
ent.
Que
stio
ns p
ertin
ent t
o in
tern
alci
rcul
atio
n w
hich
sho
uld
be a
nsw
ered
are
as
follo
ws:
Wha
t fac
ilitie
s ex
ist f
or m
ovin
g tr
affic
with
in th
e ca
mpu
s?W
hat i
s th
e ab
ility
of t
he fa
cilit
ies
to m
ove
traf
fic?
Wha
t are
the
dem
ands
for
mov
emen
t (pr
esen
t and
futu
re)
on th
e fa
cilit
ies?
Wha
t veh
icle
-ped
estr
ian
conf
licts
exi
st?
Wha
t are
the
defic
ienc
es (
pres
ent a
nd fu
ture
) of
the
faci
litie
s?
FA
CIL
ITIE
S IN
VE
NT
OR
YT
YP
ES
Str
eets
- T
he c
ampu
s st
reet
sys
tem
sho
uld
be in
vent
orie
d to
obt
ain
the
follo
win
g:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Str
eet w
idth
Sur
face
type
and
con
ditio
nLo
catio
n, ty
pe, a
nd n
umbe
r of
par
king
spa
ces
Loca
tion,
type
, and
con
ditio
n of
all
traf
fic c
ontr
ol d
evic
es
A fu
nctio
nal c
lass
ifica
tion
of th
e ca
mpu
s st
reet
sys
tem
sho
uld
alre
ady
have
bee
nco
mpl
eted
.In
form
atio
n ob
tain
ed fr
om th
e ca
mpu
s st
reet
inve
ntor
y an
d cl
assi
ficat
ion
shou
ld b
e re
cord
edan
d it
is s
ugge
sted
that
a s
et o
f map
s be
use
d fo
r gr
aphi
cal d
ispl
ay a
ndvi
sual
rev
iew
.
Sid
ewal
ks -
Sid
ewal
k lo
catio
ns a
nd w
idth
s sh
ould
be
obta
ined
and
the
abili
ty to
acc
omm
o-da
te p
edes
tria
n m
ovem
ent c
onsi
dere
d.It
is s
ugge
sted
that
this
info
rmat
ion
also
be
reco
rded
on a
map
for
visu
al r
evie
w.
29
Oth
ers
- O
ther
trav
eiw
ays,
suc
h as
wel
l-wor
n pa
ths
and
bicy
cle
path
way
s, s
houl
d be
not
edan
d re
cord
ed o
n a
map
.
CA
PA
CIT
Y
The
cap
acity
of e
ach
stre
et w
ithin
the
cam
pus
shou
ldbe
det
erm
ined
usi
ng th
e re
fere
nces
not
ed
prev
ious
ly. T
raffi
c vo
lum
e co
unts
sho
uld
also
be
mad
e so
that
any
defic
ienc
ies
in th
e ex
istin
g
cam
pus
stre
et s
yste
m c
anbe
not
ed.
MO
VE
ME
NT
CH
AR
AC
TE
RIS
TIC
SV
EH
ICU
LAR
Aut
omob
ile -
Aut
omob
ile m
ovem
ents
with
in a
nd th
roug
h th
e ca
mpu
s ca
nbe
ana
lyze
d us
ing
traf
fic v
olum
e co
unts
. Fro
m r
esul
ts o
f thi
san
alys
is, a
ppro
pria
te c
ontr
ol m
easu
res,
suc
h as
thos
e m
entio
ned
belo
w, c
an b
e ta
ken.
Tra
ffic
pass
ing
thro
ugh
the
cam
pus
shou
ld b
e el
imi-
ated
if p
ossi
ble;
how
ever
, any
act
ion
take
nw
ill c
erta
inly
invo
lve
join
t act
ion
betw
een
the
univ
ersi
ty a
nd c
omm
unity
lead
ers.
The
ske
tch
show
n to
the
right
illu
stra
tes
a ty
pica
l cam
pus
and
its m
ajor
thro
ugh
stre
ets
- th
e fir
st d
raw
ing
show
s th
e st
reet
s be
fore
any
reg
ulat
ory
actio
n
has
been
take
n, a
nd th
e se
cond
dra
win
g sh
ows
a di
scon
tinuo
usm
ajor
thro
ugh-
stre
et s
yste
m
whi
ch e
limin
ates
mos
t thr
ough
-cam
pus
mov
emen
ts.
With
in-c
ampu
s au
tom
obile
mov
emen
ts
shou
ld b
e re
stric
ted
if th
e m
inim
izat
ion
ofve
hicl
e-pe
dest
rian
conf
licts
is s
ough
t. A
third
cont
rol m
easu
re is
to r
estr
ict a
ll ve
hicl
e m
ovem
ents
with
inth
e ce
ntra
l cor
e. T
his
will
hel
p
in th
e de
velo
pmen
t of a
ped
estr
ian
orie
nted
cam
pus
core
,w
hich
is d
iscu
ssed
in th
e fir
st
sect
ion
of th
is v
olum
e, L
and
Use
Pla
nnin
g.
ati+
.yry
AR CO
MM
ITC
AM
PU
S
Del
iver
y an
d em
erge
ncy
- D
eliv
ery
and
emer
genc
y ve
hicl
es m
ust b
e al
low
ed a
cces
s to
the
cam
pus.
Em
erge
ncy
vehi
cles
mus
t be
able
to g
ain
acce
ss to
the
cam
pus
at a
ny ti
me
durin
g
the
day,
and
pro
visi
on m
ust b
e m
ade
for
acce
ss to
the
cent
ral c
ore
of th
e ca
mpu
s, e
ven
to
the
exte
nt o
f allo
win
g us
e of
ped
estr
ian
mal
ls.
If pe
dest
rian
mal
ls a
nd/o
r si
dew
alks
are
to
be u
sed
by e
mer
genc
y ve
hicl
es, t
heir
pave
d w
idth
mus
t he
at le
ast t
en fe
et, a
nd s
houl
d
prob
ably
be
twel
ve fe
et, a
nd a
lt co
rner
s m
ust h
ave
a ra
dius
whi
ch th
ese
vehi
cles
can
nego
tiate
. Del
iver
ies,
how
ever
, can
be
rest
ricte
d to
off-
peak
hou
rs-
this
wou
ld n
ot
only
elim
inat
e so
me
vehi
cle-
pede
stria
n co
nflic
ts b
ut w
ould
als
o in
crea
se th
e ca
paci
ty o
f
the
cam
pus
stre
et s
yste
m d
urin
g pe
ak p
erio
ds.
31
Bic
ycle
Bic
ycle
mov
emen
tsar
e us
ually
min
or o
n m
ost c
ampu
ses,
but
this
may
not
alw
ays
hold
true
.If
bicy
cle
mov
emen
ts b
ecom
e he
avy
enou
ghto
ser
ious
ly r
estr
ict p
edes
tria
n, a
nd
even
aut
omob
ile, m
ovem
ents
, sep
arat
e bi
cycl
e pa
thw
ays
may
be
need
ed. C
erta
inly
, sto
rage
rack
s fo
r bi
cycl
es s
houl
d be
pro
vide
dat
var
ious
poi
nts
abou
t the
cam
pus
so th
at a
n un
-cl
utte
red
cam
pus
appe
aran
ce is
ret
aine
d.
PE
DE
ST
RIA
N
The
maj
or r
easo
ns fo
r st
udyi
ng th
e ch
arac
teris
tics
of p
edes
tria
n m
ovem
ent
are
to m
inim
ize
auto
-pe
dest
rian
conf
licts
, ins
ure
that
new
str
uctu
res
are
built
in a
ppro
pria
te lo
catio
ns, i
nsur
e th
at th
e
build
ing
use
is c
orre
ct fo
r ea
ch b
uild
ing'
s lo
catio
n,an
d m
inim
ize
over
all t
rave
l dis
tanc
es (
times
)fo
r st
uden
ts.
Ped
estr
ian
mov
emen
tsar
e m
ore
diffi
cult
to a
naly
ze th
an a
utom
obile
mov
emen
ts b
ecau
se p
edes
tria
ns
are
not r
estr
icte
d to
a li
mite
d st
reet
sys
tem
, sin
ce th
ey h
ave
the
capa
city
to m
ove
free
ly a
roun
dth
e ca
mpu
s.It
is u
sual
ly n
eces
sary
to c
onsi
der
only
mov
emen
t bec
ause
that
mov
emen
t rep
rese
nts
a m
ajor
par
t of t
he to
tal o
n-ca
mpu
s pe
dest
rian
circ
ulat
ion.
32
Orig
in a
nd D
estin
atio
n S
tudy
- T
he a
naly
sis
of in
tern
al c
ampu
s tr
affic
is n
ot a
n ea
sy ta
sk
and
very
littl
e re
sear
ch, t
o da
te, h
as b
een
docu
men
ted.
A v
ery
thor
ough
ana
lysi
s of
this
mov
emen
t is
poss
ible
, how
ever
, and
wou
ld p
rovi
de v
alua
ble
data
for
both
traf
fic a
nd la
nd
use
plan
ning
. A s
tudy
util
izin
g th
e st
uden
t rec
ords
of a
uni
vers
ity is
her
ein
prop
osed
as
a ne
w a
nd p
rom
isin
g ap
proa
ch to
the
stud
y of
inte
rnal
cam
pus
traf
fic.
The
bui
ldin
gs o
n a
cam
pus
can
be d
esig
nate
d as
the
node
s of
a tr
affic
net
wor
k as
sho
wn
belo
w.
The
mov
emen
t of s
tude
nts
betw
een
thes
e no
des
can
then
be
dete
rmin
ed u
sing
eac
h st
uden
t's
sche
dule
as
obta
ined
from
the
univ
ersi
ty r
egis
trat
ion
reco
rds.
By
exam
inin
g th
e cl
ass
sche
dule
of e
ach
indi
vidu
al s
tude
nt a
nd b
y re
cord
ing
his
trip
s fr
om b
uild
ing
to b
uild
ing
durin
g a
typi
cal d
ay, m
ovem
ent d
ata
of th
e ty
pe s
how
n be
low
can
be
deve
lope
d.
ii111
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llIm
e200
.... l
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1,...
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33
FR
nF
TV
+li
It is
obv
ious
that
the
prop
osed
pro
cedu
rew
ould
be
very
diff
icul
t and
tim
e co
nsum
ing
if
perf
orm
ed m
anua
lly. T
here
fore
, the
stu
dyw
ould
logi
cally
req
uire
the
use
of a
com
pute
r.
Thi
s sh
ould
not
pre
sent
a m
ajor
pro
blem
sin
ce m
ost
univ
ersi
ties
now
util
ize
com
pute
rs to
hand
le s
tude
nt r
ecor
ds. H
owev
er, a
spec
ial p
rogr
am w
ould
be
need
ed s
o th
atth
e st
eps
show
n in
the
follo
win
g lo
gic
diag
ram
coul
d be
exe
cute
d.
MA
TC
HC
LA
4661
.6W
ITI4
LO
CA
TIO
N
34
÷11
1110
1
ol
50tT
Tal
p6E
A' T
IME A
NI
PEA
TIN
AT
IO
W
PRIN
T
The
dat
a ob
tain
ed fr
om th
e pr
opos
ed s
tudy
of s
tude
nt m
ovem
ent
on th
e ca
mpu
s w
ould
be
valu
able
for
a nu
mbe
r of
use
s, th
e m
ost o
bvio
us o
f whi
ch a
re a
s fo
llow
s:
(1)
Pea
k M
ovem
ents
- D
ata
onpe
ak m
ovem
ents
wou
ld p
rovi
de th
e op
port
unity
to e
xam
ine
the
abili
ty o
f sid
ewal
ks a
nd o
ther
ped
estr
ian
faci
litie
s to
acc
omm
odat
e st
uden
t mov
emen
t
betw
een
build
ings
.
(2)
Tra
vel T
imes
- B
y as
sign
ing
norm
al tr
avel
tim
es (
time
requ
ired
to w
alk
from
one
build
ing
to a
noth
er)
betw
een
all b
uild
ings
and
by
anal
yzin
g th
e in
divi
dual
stu
dent
trip
s, it
wou
ld b
e po
ssib
le to
stu
dy th
e av
erag
e tr
avel
tim
e of
stu
dent
s.T
his
wou
ld p
rovi
de in
-
form
atio
n fo
r cl
ass
sche
dulin
g an
d bu
ildin
g lo
catio
n or
ass
ignm
ent.
(3)
Ped
estr
ian-
Veh
icle
Con
flict
s -
It w
ould
be
poss
ible
to id
entif
y th
e lo
catio
n an
d m
agni
tude
of p
edes
tria
n-ve
hicl
e co
nflic
ts b
y de
term
inin
g th
e vo
lum
e of
stu
dent
trip
s th
at c
ross
vehi
cula
r fa
cilit
ies.
(4)
Bui
ldin
g Lo
catio
n-
Itw
ould
be
poss
ible
to u
nder
stan
d pe
dest
rian
inte
ract
ions
and
thei
r
rela
tion
to b
uild
ing
loca
tion
and
build
ing
use.
For
exa
mpl
e, it
may
be
foun
d, u
sing
this
stu
dy, t
hat a
bui
ldin
g is
in th
e co
rrec
t loc
atio
n bu
t its
use
is in
appr
opria
te.
In th
at
case
an
alte
rnat
e us
e fo
r th
e bu
ildin
g co
uld
be a
ssum
ed a
nd th
e re
sulti
ng p
edes
tria
n
mov
emen
t (vo
lum
es, p
erso
n-m
iles
or p
erso
n-ho
urs
of w
alki
ng)
eval
uate
d. T
his
illus
trat
es
an e
ssen
tial t
ool a
pplic
able
to th
e to
tal p
lann
ing
proc
ess
and,
furt
her,
indi
cate
s th
e ne
ed
for
inte
grat
ed a
nd s
imul
tane
ous
plan
ning
pro
cedu
res
in th
e de
cisi
on-m
akin
g pr
oces
s.In
this
way
, opt
imum
land
use
s an
d lo
catio
ns fo
r ne
w b
uild
ings
, as
wet
" os
opt
imum
use
of
exis
ting
build
ings
, can
be
atta
ined
.
35
AD
DIT
ION
AL
CO
NS
IDE
RA
TIO
NS
As
disc
usse
d in
the
prev
ious
land
use
sec
tion,
a c
ampu
s ca
n be
def
ined
as
auto
mob
ile-o
rient
ed,
pede
stria
n-or
ient
ed, o
r so
me
degr
ee o
f bot
h. T
he b
asic
orie
ntat
ion
of th
e ca
mpu
s re
lativ
e to
traf
fic m
ust b
e de
term
ined
at a
n ea
rly s
tage
in th
e st
udie
s.
The
dat
a on
inte
rnal
circ
ulat
ion
that
will
res
ult f
rom
the
stud
ies
prev
ious
ly d
iscu
ssed
sho
uld
be
com
bine
d w
ith in
put f
rom
the
land
use
stu
dies
and
uni
vers
ity o
bjec
tives
.It
may
be
that
the
univ
ersi
ty is
str
ivin
g to
cre
ate
an a
tmos
pher
e on
cam
pus
that
will
exe
rt g
reat
influ
ence
on
the
traf
fic o
rient
atio
n of
the
cam
pus.
SU
MM
AR
YT
he s
eque
ntia
l pro
cedu
re n
eces
sary
for
a st
udy
of in
tern
al c
ircul
atio
n is
per
haps
best
illus
trat
ed th
roug
h th
e us
e of
a fl
ow d
iagr
am, s
how
n in
Fig
ure
3. T
his
arra
ngem
ent o
f ste
ps
with
in th
e di
agra
m a
llow
s on
e to
logi
cally
rel
ate
each
ste
p to
the
entir
e in
tern
alci
rcul
atio
n
stud
y.
36
FIG
UR
E 3
INT
ER
NA
L C
IRC
ULA
TIO
N D
EV
ELO
PM
EN
T P
LAN
AC
CE
SS
AN
ALY
SIS
INT
ER
NA
L
rFA
CI L
. IT
'Ect
INV
EN
TO
RY
[...:"
Y
es"
MO
VE
ME
NT
cHA
R.A
citiz
isve
s
CA
PA
CIT
Y..1
I V
EI-
4IC
UL
A2
j 125
1-45
TR
IAN
)1 )
,P
AR
KIN
G
1
PA
RK
ING
Cot
iTilA 4
InA
stiti
N6
Pro
vidi
ng p
arki
ng s
pace
is o
ne o
f the
mos
t tro
uble
som
e pr
obte
ms
asso
ciat
edw
ith tr
affic
pla
nnin
g.
Intu
itive
dec
isio
n -
mak
ing
conc
erni
ng a
dditi
onal
par
king
is n
ot s
atis
fact
ory
irom
an
econ
omic
poin
t of v
iew
; qua
ntifi
able
fact
s on
par
king
are
nee
ded.
An
anal
ysis
of p
arki
ng r
equi
res
an
inve
ntor
y of
exi
stin
g fa
cilit
ies,
the
dete
rmin
atio
n of
par
king
dem
and,
and
deci
sion
s re
gard
ing
park
ing
rest
rictio
ns.
Que
stio
ns p
ertin
ent t
o pa
rkin
g w
hich
sho
uld
be a
nsw
ered
are
:
(1)
Wha
t par
king
faci
litie
s ex
ist?
(2)
Wha
t is
the
abili
ty o
f the
se fa
cilit
ies
to s
tore
veh
icle
s?
(3)
Wha
t is
the
pres
ent a
nd fu
ture
dem
and
for
park
ing
faci
litie
s?
(4)
Wha
t def
icie
ncie
s ex
ist (
pres
ent a
nd fu
ture
)?
INV
EN
TO
RY
The
firs
t ste
p in
any
par
king
sur
vey
is a
n in
vent
ory
of e
xist
ing
park
ing
faci
litie
s (b
oth
perm
anen
t
and
tem
pora
ry fa
cilit
ies)
.T
his
inve
ntor
y sh
ould
incl
ude
not o
nly
the
faci
lity
but t
here
gula
tions
unde
r w
hich
it o
pera
tes.
It is
rec
omm
ende
d th
at a
bas
e m
ap o
f ade
quat
e sc
ale
(app
roxi
mat
ely
1" =
100
') be
use
d so
i'ha
t the
loca
tion
and
num
ber
of p
arki
ngst
alls
in e
ach
faci
lity,
and
cur
b
spac
es a
long
eac
h bl
ock
face
, can
be
mor
eea
sily
rec
orde
d an
d pe
ruse
d. T
his
inve
ntor
y sh
ould
be k
ept u
p to
dat
e th
roug
h an
nual
rev
isio
n.
41
NU
MB
ER
OF
SP
AC
ES
The
num
ber
of s
pace
s w
ithin
eac
h lo
t and
alo
ng e
ach
bloc
k fa
cesh
ould
be
coun
ted
and
thei
r
posi
tion
reco
rded
on
the
base
map
. All
load
ing
zone
s an
dill
egal
ly u
sed
spac
es (
In th
is c
onte
xt,
illeg
al p
arki
ng is
def
ined
onl
y as
the
use
of a
spa
ce n
ot in
tend
ed fo
rpa
rkin
g.)
shou
ld a
lso
be
reco
rded
. The
cla
ssifi
catio
n (s
tude
nt, f
acul
ty, r
eser
ved,
etc
.) o
f eac
hst
all s
houl
d be
not
ed,
as s
houl
d an
y m
eter
edfa
cilit
ies.
UT
ILIZ
AT
ION
DU
RA
TIO
N, A
ND
TU
RN
OV
ER
S
In th
is d
ay o
f cro
wde
d pa
rkin
g fa
cilit
ies,
and
dem
ands
for
mor
e sp
aces
, som
e m
easu
reof
the
adeq
uacy
of a
faci
lity
is n
eede
d. T
he d
urat
ion,
turn
over
, and
utili
zatio
n of
a fa
cilit
y he
lp
mea
sure
its
char
acte
ristic
s an
d pr
ovid
e a
basi
s of
com
paris
on w
ith o
ther
faci
litie
s.
The
firs
t thi
ng n
eede
d is
a d
efin
ition
of t
erm
s."U
sage
" re
fers
to th
e nu
mbe
r of
hou
rs (
durin
g
the
stud
y pe
riod)
a p
arki
ng s
pace
is u
sed.
"Util
izat
ion"
ref
ers
to th
e su
mm
atio
n of
usa
ges
(for
the
stud
y pe
riod)
ove
r al
l par
king
spa
ces
with
in th
e fa
cilit
y di
vide
dby
the
tota
l num
ber
of
spac
es in
the
faci
lity,
and
this
rat
io is
to b
e m
ultip
lied
by 1
00 p
erce
nt. T
hus,
usa
ge is
in te
rms
of p
erce
nt -
its
max
imum
val
ue b
eing
100
per
cent
.
.'lia
tiona
l Com
mitt
ee o
n U
rban
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Man
ual 3
D, C
ondu
ctin
g a
Com
preh
ensi
ve P
arki
ngS
tudy
, Pub
lic A
dmin
istr
atio
n S
ervi
ce, C
hica
go, I
llino
is, 1
958.
42
"Par
king
dur
atio
n" r
efer
s to
the
sum
mat
ion
of u
sage
s(f
or th
e st
udy
perio
d) o
ver
all p
arki
ng
spac
es w
ithin
the
faci
lity
divi
ded
by th
e su
mm
atio
n of
the
num
ber
of d
iffer
ent
vehi
cles
par
ked
in e
ach
park
ing
spac
e w
ithin
the
faci
lity
durin
g th
e st
udy
perio
d. P
arki
ng d
urat
ion
is in
term
s
of h
ours
.
"Tur
nove
r ra
te"
refe
rs to
the
sum
mat
ion
of th
e nu
mbe
rof
diff
eren
t veh
icle
s pa
rked
in e
ach
park
ing
spac
e w
ithin
the
faci
lity
durin
g th
e st
udy
perio
ddi
vide
d by
the
tota
l num
ber
of s
pace
s
in th
e fa
cilit
y. T
urno
ver
rate
is in
term
s of
vehi
cles
per
par
king
spa
ce. A
rel
atio
nshi
p fo
r
each
of t
hese
term
s is
giv
en b
elow
.
usag
e
Util
izat
ion
supp
lyx
1 0
CP
/o
usag
e
Par
king
dur
atio
n =
no. o
f diff
eren
tve
hicl
es p
arke
d
no. o
f diff
eren
tve
hicl
es p
arke
dT
urno
ver
rate
no. o
f spa
ces
The
se c
hara
cter
istic
s m
ay b
e co
mpu
ted
for
anin
divi
dual
sta
ll, a
cur
b fa
ce, a
par
t of a
park
ing
faci
lity,
or
the
entir
e fa
cilit
y.43
In o
rder
to c
ondu
ct th
ese
stud
ies,
par
king
cou
nts
shou
ld b
e m
ade
ever
yho
ur d
urin
g th
e sc
hool
day
,
and
shou
ld b
e do
ne o
n tw
o da
ys o
f a w
eek.
The
day
s sh
ould
be
chos
en a
sfo
llow
s; o
ne d
ay fr
om th
e
Mon
day,
Wed
nesd
ay, F
riday
gro
up a
nd o
ne fr
om th
e T
uesd
ay, T
hurs
day,
Sat
urda
y gr
oup.
Tw
o
met
hods
of g
athe
ring
part
s of
thos
e da
ta a
re a
vaila
ble:
1) P
ut o
ut c
rew
s to
mak
e co
unts
at a
ll
faci
litie
s; a
nd 2
) F
ly th
e ar
ea w
ith a
low
flyi
ng a
irpla
ne u
sing
aer
ial p
hoto
grap
hy. C
erta
in a
d-
vant
ages
and
dis
adva
ntag
es o
f eac
h ar
e im
med
iate
ly a
ppar
ent.
If gr
ound
cre
ws
are
used
, coo
r-
dina
tion
is a
pro
blem
bec
ause
of t
he la
rge
num
bers
of p
eopl
e in
volv
ed. A
bas
e m
ap fo
rea
ch lo
t
and
curb
face
sho
uld
be p
repa
red
for
each
cre
w. M
aps
shou
ld b
ela
rge
enou
gh a
nd o
rient
atio
n
clea
r en
ough
so
that
dat
a ca
n be
rec
orde
d on
the
map
.
The
aut
omob
ile s
ticke
r nu
mbe
r, w
heth
er s
taff
or s
tude
nt, c
ould
be
reco
rded
for
each
aut
omob
ile
park
ed in
eac
h st
all.
Em
pty
spac
es a
nd c
ars
illeg
ally
par
ked
shou
ld a
lso
be n
oted
. Res
erve
d
spac
es s
houl
d be
not
edbe
caus
e th
ey a
ffect
the
utili
zatio
n of
a fa
cilit
y. A
faci
lity
full
of r
e-
serv
ed s
pace
s ca
n ha
ve a
util
izat
ion
no g
reat
er th
an 1
.00;
how
ever
, a fa
cilit
y w
ith n
o re
serv
ed
spac
es d
oes
not
have
this
lim
itatio
n im
pose
d on
it.
If th
ere
is n
o ca
mpu
s re
gist
ratio
n st
icke
r on
an a
utom
obile
, the
licen
se n
umbe
r sh
ould
be
:.eco
rded
.
The
adv
anta
ge o
f thi
s m
etho
d of
dat
a co
llect
ion
is th
at in
form
atio
n on
indi
vidu
al a
utom
obile
s
can
be o
btai
ned.
By
know
ing
the
cam
pus
regi
stra
tion
num
bers
of t
he v
ehic
les,
the
loca
tion
of
the
indi
vidu
al's
hom
e ca
n be
foun
d us
ing
Cam
pus
Sec
urity
Offi
cere
cord
s. A
goo
d pi
ctur
e of
each
per
son'
s tr
avel
pat
torn
s is
then
kno
wn,
sin
ce th
e or
igin
and
dest
inat
ion
of e
ach
trip
is k
now
n.
44
The
oth
er m
etho
d of
dat
aco
llect
ion,
aer
ial p
hoto
grap
hy, i
sm
uch
quic
ker
and
easi
er. H
owev
er,
this
met
hod
give
s no
info
rmat
ion
onth
e id
entif
icat
ion
ofin
divi
dual
aut
omob
iles
usin
g th
efa
cili-
ties.
If th
is te
chni
que
is u
sed,
the
cam
pus
shou
ld b
eflo
wn
ever
y ho
ur.
It is
rec
omm
ende
d th
at
a st
anda
rdae
rial c
amer
a be
use
d;ho
wev
er, i
f one
is n
otav
aila
ble
a 35
mm
. cam
era
will
suffi
ce.
The
cam
pus
shou
ld b
e flo
wn
on tw
oda
ys, t
hose
day
s be
ing
chos
en a
s st
ated
pre
viou
sly.
One
mus
t rem
embe
r th
atve
geta
tion
can
hide
par
king
faci
litie
s un
less
the
fligh
ts a
rem
ade
durin
g th
e
win
ter,
and
und
ergr
ound
faci
litie
s m
ust b
e ha
ndle
d by
cre
ws.
DE
MA
ND
The
re is
som
etim
es c
onfu
sion
rela
tive
to th
e te
rms
"usa
ge"
and
"dem
and"
as
appl
ied
topa
rkin
g
faci
litie
s. T
he te
rm "
dem
and"
isap
plic
able
in c
ases
whe
re th
esu
pply
of p
arki
ng s
pace
s ex
ceed
s
the
num
ber
of p
arke
rs. T
he te
rm"u
sage
" is
use
d w
hen
park
ing
is a
t a p
rem
ium
, i.e
.,w
hen
ther
e
are
mor
epa
rker
s th
an a
vaila
ble
snac
es.
In th
is c
ase
usag
e is
not
adi
rect
indi
catio
n of
dem
and
but i
s in
stea
d an
indi
catio
n of
the
rela
tive
desi
rabi
lity
of e
xist
ing
faci
litie
s.
Dem
and
is r
athe
r di
fficu
lt to
mea
sure
.In
gen
eral
, the
onl
y tw
om
etho
ds u
sed
for
such
mea
sure
-
men
t are
inte
rvie
win
g pa
rker
s or
usin
g co
rdon
orig
in-d
estin
atio
n su
rvey
s.T
hese
are
long
and
expe
nsiv
e st
udie
s. T
here
fore
, usa
gean
alys
is is
mos
t ofte
n us
ed(in
pre
fere
nce
to d
eman
d
anal
ysis
) an
d is
, in
fact
, a s
igni
fican
t mea
sure
of p
arki
ng a
dequ
acy.
45
In o
rder
to d
eter
min
e th
e pa
rkin
g us
age
on a
cam
pus,
all
faci
litie
s ar
e ca
tego
rized
acc
ordi
ng to
the
type
of u
ser,
suc
h as
res
iden
t stu
dent
, non
-res
iden
t stu
dent
, or
facu
lty-s
taff.
A s
tudy
of
vehi
cle
regi
stra
tion
shou
ld b
e m
ade
for
each
cat
egor
y of
use
r. T
he o
ffice
res
pons
ible
for
vehi
cle
regi
stra
tion
and
cont
rol w
ill p
roba
bly
have
info
rmat
ion
on th
e nu
mbe
r an
d ty
pes
of p
arki
ng p
er-
mits
issu
ed.
It is
impo
rtan
t tha
t his
toric
al a
s w
ell a
s cu
rren
t inf
orm
atio
n be
gat
here
d fo
r ea
ch
type
, Fro
m th
is in
form
atio
n, th
e ra
tios
of p
erso
ns to
veh
icle
sfo
r al
l cat
egor
ies
of p
arke
rs c
an
be c
alcu
late
d. T
hese
rat
ios,
cal
led
car
owne
rshi
p ra
tios
(CO
R),
are
def
ined
as:
CO
R =
No.
of p
erso
ns (
such
as
grad
uate
stu
dent
s)
No.
of v
ehic
les
regi
ster
ed (
by g
radu
ate
stud
ents
)
The
CO
Rs
for
the
hist
oric
al in
form
atio
n sh
ould
be
calc
ulat
ed s
o th
at g
ener
al c
arow
ners
hip
tren
ds
can
be e
stab
lishe
d.
FA
CU
LTY
-ST
AF
F
The
car
ow
ners
hip
ratio
s fo
r fa
culty
and
sta
ff ar
e us
ed in
con
junc
tion
with
the
max
imum
expe
cted
num
bers
of f
acul
ty a
nd s
taff
mem
bers
on
cam
pus
at a
ny o
ne ti
me
in o
rder
to d
eter
min
eth
e nu
mbe
r
of fa
culty
-sta
ff ve
hicl
es o
n ca
mpu
s. B
y us
ing
hist
oric
al a
nd c
urre
nt c
ar o
wne
rshi
p ra
tios,
pro
-
ject
ions
of e
xpec
ted
num
ber
of v
ehic
les
on c
ampu
s, g
iven
the
futu
re n
umbe
r of
facu
lty-s
taff
mem
bers
, can
be
mad
e.
46
ST
UD
EN
TS
The
car
ow
ners
hip
ratio
s sh
ould
be
dete
rmin
edfo
r fr
eshm
en, s
opho
mor
es, a
nd u
pper
clas
smen
(juni
ors,
sen
iors
, gra
duat
es)
on-c
ampu
s st
uden
ts, a
ndsi
mila
r co
mpu
tatio
ns s
houl
d be
mad
e fo
r
off-
cam
pus
stud
ents
. The
num
ber
of s
tude
nts
incl
ass
durin
g th
e m
axim
um c
lass
hou
r of
the
wee
k
is u
sed
with
the
CO
Rs
to d
eter
min
eho
w m
any
stud
ent v
ehic
les
are
on c
ampu
s du
ring
the
max
imum
hour
(or
tim
e of
pea
k us
age)
. The
num
ber
of r
esid
ent-
stud
ent v
ehic
les
in th
epa
rkin
g lo
ts w
ill
prob
ably
rem
ain
abou
t con
stan
t dur
ing
the
wee
k, a
s w
ill fa
culty
-sta
ff re
quire
men
ts.
How
ever
,
non-
resi
dent
stu
dent
req
uire
men
ts w
i II v
ary
cons
ider
ably
dur
ing
the
day
and
this
is th
e re
ason
the
peak
cla
ss h
our
is u
sed.
FU
TU
RE
The
futu
re u
sage
of p
arki
ng fa
cilit
ies
isde
pend
ent o
nly
on th
e gr
owth
of t
hein
stitu
tion.
Bec
ause
exa
ct n
umbe
rs fo
r st
uden
ts,
facu
lty, a
nd s
taff,
in a
ny g
iven
futu
re y
ear,
are
not k
now
n,
pred
ictiv
e te
chni
ques
mus
t be
empl
oyed
.M
ost i
nstit
utio
ns h
ave
deve
lope
den
rollm
ent f
igur
es fo
r
futu
re y
ears
as
a re
sult
of m
anav
men
tpl
anni
ng a
nd it
is r
ecom
men
ded
that
the
traf
fic p
lann
er
adap
t his
wor
k to
thes
e da
ta. T
hese
figur
es, a
nd a
ny c
onst
rain
ts u
nder
whi
ch th
ey w
ere
deve
lope
d,
shou
ld b
e us
ed b
y th
e tr
ansp
orta
tion
plan
ner
in th
e de
velo
pmen
t of f
utur
e us
age
figur
es.
Thi
s is
furt
her
disc
usse
d in
Vol
ume
11 -
Man
agem
ent a
ndF
inan
cial
Pla
nnin
.
47
An
exam
inat
ion
of th
e ge
nera
l tre
nd o
f car
owne
rshi
p, u
sing
the
past
and
pre
sent
CO
Rs
for
each
cate
gory
of p
arke
rs, w
illes
tabl
ish
appr
opria
te r
atio
s fo
r fu
ture
yea
rs.
It is
exp
ecte
d th
at, w
ith
car
owne
rshi
p on
the
rise
thro
ugho
ut th
e na
tion,
and
cer
tain
lyw
ith y
oung
peo
ple,
thes
e ra
tios
will
be
no la
rger
than
the
pres
ent C
OR
s fo
und
and
will
pro
babl
y be
sm
alle
r. A
ll fu
ture
con
-
stra
ints
sho
uld
be ta
ken
into
acc
ount
.F
or in
stan
ces
it sh
ould
be
reco
gniz
edth
at, i
f the
cur
rent
adm
inis
trat
ion'
s po
licy
is n
ot to
bui
ld n
ew d
orm
itorie
san
d no
t to
rest
rict e
nrol
lmen
t, st
uden
t
enro
llmen
t inc
reas
es w
ill o
ccur
with
in th
e no
n-re
side
ntbo
dy. T
here
fore
, ver
y lit
tle, i
f any
addi
tiona
l res
iden
t stu
dent
par
king
will
nee
d to
be
prov
ided
. How
ever
, und
er th
ese
circ
um-
stan
ces,
non
-res
iden
t stu
dent
park
ing
may
qui
ckly
bec
ome
criti
cal.
Fac
ulty
-sta
ff pa
rkin
g pr
o-
ject
ions
are
mad
e in
the
sam
e w
ay. A
thor
ough
sur
vey
of a
dmin
istr
ativ
e po
licy
is a
gain
nee
ded
so th
at c
orre
ctas
sum
ptio
ns a
re m
ade.
It is
als
o im
port
ant t
hat a
ll pr
ojec
ted
figur
es o
npa
rkin
g
requ
irem
ents
be
calc
ulat
ed fo
r ea
ch y
ear
and
not
sim
ply
one
set o
f fig
ures
for
ten
year
s in
adva
nce,
It is
onl
y th
roug
h an
ann
ual d
evel
opm
ent o
fpa
rkin
g sp
ace
requ
irem
ents
that
sup
ply
can.
kee
pab
reas
t of a
rap
idly
cha
ngin
g de
man
d.
It m
ay b
e th
at th
ere
is s
ome
ques
tion
as to
the
imm
edia
te n
eed
for
addi
tiona
lpa
rkin
g sp
aces
on
a
cam
pus.
Tw
oin
dica
tors
can
be
exam
ined
from
the
data
com
pile
d in
the
surv
ey in
ord
er to
det
er-
min
e th
is fu
ture
nee
d. O
ne o
f the
se is
the
pres
ent f
acili
ty u
tiliz
atio
n. P
arki
ng o
n ca
mpu
sha
s
prob
ably
not
bec
ome
a se
rious
pro
blem
if th
eut
iliza
tion
of th
e fa
cilit
ies
is le
ss th
an 9
5% d
urin
g
the
peak
cla
ss h
ours
of t
he w
eek.
How
ever
, thi
s do
es n
ot m
ean
that
par
king
can
not b
ecom
e a
serio
us p
robl
em w
ithin
a s
hort
tim
e. R
ecog
nitio
nof
a p
ossi
ble
park
ing
prob
lem
can
be d
eter
min
ed
whe
n ca
r ow
ners
hip
tren
ds a
nd c
ampu
s po
pula
tion
figur
es a
repr
ojec
ted.
A s
econ
d in
dica
tion
is
prov
ided
by
exam
inin
g th
e us
e of
ille
gal s
pace
s fo
rpa
rkin
g. M
ore
park
ing
spac
es s
houl
d be
prov
ided
if th
e ill
egal
spa
ces
are
cons
iste
ntly
use
d du
ring
the
peak
cla
ss h
ours
of t
he w
eek.
48
..,11
1,11
.1.in
toha
r,C
nn
Ina
u.F
r y
n,,t
1177
171-
-
r. r n
1,,,7
1,
FA
CIL
ITY
TY
PE
S
The
con
stru
ctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
of s
ome
or a
ll ty
pes
of c
ampu
s pa
rkin
g fa
cilit
ies,
in th
e fo
rm o
f
on-s
tree
t (cu
rb)
and/
or o
ff-st
reet
(lo
ts a
nd g
arag
es),
are
impo
rtan
t to
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f any
com
preh
ensi
ve tr
affic
pla
n. T
he p
rinci
pal f
acto
rs c
ontr
ollin
g w
hich
type
or
type
s sh
ould
be
built
are
est
hetic
s an
d ec
onom
ics.
ON
-ST
RE
ET
Of t
he c
hoic
es a
vaila
ble
for
prov
idin
g fu
ture
par
king
, cer
tain
ly o
n-st
reet
, or
curb
par
king
, is
the
leas
t ple
asin
g fr
om a
n es
thet
ic p
oint
of v
iew
. The
re is
littl
e re
ason
to s
pend
mon
ey in
ord
er
to b
eaut
ify a
cam
pus
and
then
cre
ate
an u
nsig
htly
app
eara
nce
by a
llow
ing
vehi
cles
to p
ark
alon
g
all c
urb
face
s. C
urb
park
ing
also
cre
ates
a h
azar
d fr
om th
e st
andp
oint
of p
edes
tria
n sa
fety
and
redu
ces
the
capa
city
of t
he c
ampu
s st
reet
sys
tem
.It
is th
eref
ore
reco
mm
ende
d th
at n
o ad
ditio
nal
curb
par
king
be
allo
wed
on
eith
er p
edes
tria
n or
aut
omob
ile o
rient
ed c
ampu
ses,
and
it w
ould
, in
fact
, be
desi
rabl
e to
elim
inat
e al
l cam
pus
curb
par
king
, esp
ecia
lly in
cor
e ar
eas.
It is
rea
lized
that
pre
sent
cur
b sp
aces
wou
ld h
ave
to b
e re
plac
ed b
y an
equ
ival
ent n
umbe
r of
off-
stre
et s
pace
s -
this
wou
ld r
equi
re a
n ou
tlay
of fu
nds
for
whi
ch n
o ad
ditio
nal s
pace
s w
ould
be
fort
hcom
ing.
How
-
ever
, it i
s fe
lt th
at th
e es
thet
ic v
alue
s re
aliz
ed fr
om s
uch
a m
ove
can
be a
sw
ell j
ustif
ied
as
expe
nditu
res
for
land
scap
ing,
cam
pus
open
spa
ces,
and
the
arch
itect
ural
trea
tmen
t of b
uild
ings
. 49
LOT
S
Lots
are
gen
eral
ly th
e fir
st c
lass
of o
ff-st
reet
par
king
faci
lity
built
on a
cam
pus.
Thi
s is
reas
onab
le b
ecau
se c
onst
ruct
ion
and
mai
nten
ance
cos
ts a
re le
ss w
ith th
is c
lass
than
with
oth
ers.
The
con
stru
ctio
n co
st o
f a p
aved
, off-
stre
et fa
cilit
y is
app
roxi
mat
ely
50pe
r sq
uare
foot
. The
area
of a
par
king
spa
ce, g
ener
ally
giv
en a
s 25
0 to
400
sq.
ft.,
is m
ade
up o
f the
act
ual p
arki
ng
area
(ge
nera
lly a
roun
d 18
0-20
0 sq
uare
feet
) pl
us s
ome
part
of t
he d
rivew
ays.
The
refo
re, a
park
ing
spac
e us
ually
cos
ts b
etw
een
$135
and
$20
0 (e
xclu
ding
land
cos
ts).
Geo
met
ric d
esig
n an
d lo
catio
n of
lots
is o
f utm
ost i
mpo
rtan
ce.
Layo
ut a
ltern
ativ
es s
houl
d be
inve
stig
ated
so
that
the
best
alte
rnat
ive
from
the
stan
dpoi
nt o
f cap
acity
and
saf
ety,
can
be c
hose
n.
Ent
ranc
e po
ints
to th
e lo
t are
als
o of
maj
or c
once
rn. T
heir
loca
tion
shou
ld b
e su
ch th
at la
rge
queu
es d
o no
t for
m a
t the
ent
ranc
e w
aitin
g to
driv
e in
to th
e lo
t.S
ince
the
maj
ority
of s
tude
nts
usua
lly a
rriv
e on
cam
pus
prio
r to
the
first
cla
ss p
erio
d, b
ut le
ave
at v
ario
us ti
mes
dur
ing
the
rem
aind
er o
f the
day
, lot
ent
ry p
oint
s m
ust b
e so
des
igne
d th
at la
rge
volu
mes
of p
arke
rs c
an
ente
r th
e lo
t in
a sm
all t
ime
spac
e.It
may
be
nece
ssar
y to
pro
hibi
t lef
t tur
ns in
to lo
ts fr
om
two-
way
str
eets
or
to p
rovi
de s
epar
ate
entr
y qu
euei
ng la
nes
for
traf
fic w
aitin
g to
par
k in
the
lots
.
The
flow
pat
tern
with
in th
e fa
cilit
y sh
ould
be
deve
lope
d in
a m
anne
r su
ch th
at c
onfli
ctin
g m
ove-
men
ts o
n th
e st
reet
(al
so a
t ent
ranc
es a
nd e
xits
) ar
e av
oide
d. T
he e
xits
sho
uld
open
ont
o m
ore
than
one
str
eet,
if po
ssib
le, s
o th
at th
e de
man
d im
pose
don
any
one
str
eet d
oes
not e
xcee
d its
capa
city
. The
re a
re tw
o ba
sic
lot l
ocat
ions
rel
ativ
e to
the
cam
pus
- in
tern
al a
ndpe
riphe
ral
(frin
ge).
An
illus
trat
ion
rela
ting
them
to th
e ca
mpu
s is
sho
wn
to th
e rig
ht-
a di
scus
sion
of
each
follo
ws
the
sket
ch.
r r
s-^s
-nw
Inte
rnal
Lot
s -
Mos
t cam
pus
lots
qua
lify
asin
tern
al lo
ts b
ecau
se th
ey a
re w
ithin
the
conf
ines
of t
he c
ampu
s pe
rimet
er. T
hese
are
suffi
cien
t for
mos
t cam
puse
s.
Per
iphe
ral L
ots
-P
erip
hera
l lot
s m
ay e
ither
be
loca
ted
on th
e pe
rimet
er o
fth
e
cam
pus
or s
ome
dist
ance
from
its
near
est e
dge.
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
in th
efo
rm o
f a
shut
tle-b
us ty
pe s
ervi
ce m
ay b
e ne
eded
to tr
ansp
ort
stud
ents
from
thes
e lo
ts to
the
cam
pus,
Thi
s ty
peof
lot i
s re
com
men
ded
as a
n al
tern
ativ
e to
the
cons
truc
tion
of
gara
ges
on a
cam
pus
sinc
eit
may
be
mor
e ec
onom
ical
to p
urch
ase
land
not
con
-
nect
ed w
ith th
e ca
mpu
s, b
uild
a lo
t, an
dbu
s th
e st
uden
ts to
the
cam
pus
than
to
build
mul
ti-le
vel g
arag
es.
51
GA
RA
GE
S
Gar
ages
, bot
h ab
ove
and
belo
w g
roun
d, a
re th
e m
ost e
xpen
sive
par
king
fac
ilitie
s to
con
stru
ct.
Ent
ranc
es to
gar
ages
are
gen
eral
ly v
ia r
amps
or
elev
ator
s, th
e la
tter
bein
gm
ore
expe
nsiv
e.
Abo
.;<:-
grou
nd g
arag
es w
ith r
amps
con
nect
ing
the
vari
ous
floo
rs c
ost a
ppro
xim
atel
y $3
.75
to $
4.50
per
squa
re f
oot t
o co
nstr
uct.
For
cost
-per
-veh
icle
-spa
ce c
alcu
latio
ns, t
he a
ctua
l are
a of
the
park
ing
spac
e (1
80-
200
squa
re f
eet)
is a
dded
to s
ome
part
of
the
driv
eway
s an
d ot
her
area
s co
m-
pris
ing
the
faci
lity.
The
refo
re, e
ach
vehi
cle
spac
e is
usu
ally
con
side
red
to b
e ab
out 4
00 s
quar
e
feet
; thu
s th
e to
tal c
ost i
s be
twee
n $1
500
and
$180
0 pe
r ve
hicl
e sp
ace
(exc
ludi
ng la
nd c
osts
).
Und
ergr
ound
gar
ages
with
ram
ps c
onne
ctin
g th
e fl
oors
cos
t in
the
rang
e of
$7.
50 to
$10
.00
per
.--
1
squa
re f
oot,
so th
at th
e to
tal c
ost p
er v
ehic
le s
pace
is in
the
rang
e of
$30
00 to
$40
00. T
he c
ost
jca
n be
hig
her
if th
ere
are
mor
e th
an tw
o or
thre
e un
derg
roun
d fl
oors
or
if s
paci
al m
easu
res
are
need
ed to
kee
p ou
t see
page
. The
use
of
auto
mob
ile e
leva
tors
is n
ot r
ecom
men
ded
beca
use
they
]ar
e qu
ite e
xpen
sive
and
can
not h
andl
e th
e pe
ak p
erio
d de
man
ds w
hich
wou
ld b
e pl
aced
upo
n
them
by
cam
pus
user
s.llI- a-
.
Lan
d us
e is
a p
ertin
ent f
acto
r in
com
pari
ng lo
t:: a
nd g
arag
es. C
erta
inly
a g
arag
e w
hich
can
ac-
com
mod
ate
two
hund
red
vehi
cles
will
take
up
less
land
are
a th
an u
com
para
ble
lot,
alth
ough
the
gara
ge m
ay ta
ke u
p m
ore
spac
e (s
pace
insl
udes
ver
tical
con
side
ratio
ns).
An
exam
ple
may
bes
t
illus
trat
e th
is c
onsi
dera
tion.
52
,.3S
uppo
se a
cam
pus
who
se a
rea
is 1
00 a
cres
nee
ds p
arki
ng s
pace
for
6000
veh
icle
s (g
raph
ical
ly
show
n be
low
). A
ssum
ing
each
par
king
sta
ll av
erag
es 4
00 s
quar
e fe
et, a
ppro
xim
atel
y fif
ty-
five
acre
s ar
e ne
eded
for
park
ing!
The
land
are
a re
quire
d w
ould
be
only
abo
ut fo
urte
en
acre
s if
four
-sto
ry g
arag
es a
re u
sed.
kal
1101
"P8
o am
mum
eim
e
) ! I
OP
ER
AT
ION
Onc
e pa
rkin
g fa
cilit
ies
are
esta
blis
hed,
som
e sy
stem
is n
eede
d to
reg
ulat
e th
em. T
he m
etho
d
gene
rally
use
d is
to a
ttach
a fe
e to
the
park
ing
spac
es. T
he fe
es c
harg
ed fo
r pa
rkin
g sh
ould
be
com
men
sura
te w
ith th
e co
sts
of c
onst
ruct
ion,
mai
nten
ance
, and
enf
orce
men
t. P
arki
ng p
erm
its
are
gene
rally
issu
ed to
stu
dent
s, fa
culty
, and
sta
ff. A
s th
e va
lue
of a
lot i
ncre
ases
, it m
ay b
e
that
the
pric
e of
par
king
ther
e sh
ould
ris
e.In
this
way
, the
loca
tion
of th
e fa
cilit
y is
take
n in
to
acco
unt i
n th
e ec
onom
ics
of p
arki
ng.
*JO
C".
1
Par
king
nea
r th
e ce
nter
of a
cam
pus
is c
erta
inly
mor
ede
sira
ble
than
par
king
a m
ile a
way
from
the
near
est c
ampu
s bu
ildin
g. T
hose
who
par
k cl
ose
tofa
cilit
ies,
as
facu
lty m
embe
rs g
ener
ally
do, s
houl
d pr
obab
ly p
ay m
ore
for
this
priv
ilege
. New
faci
litie
s ca
n be
par
tially
fina
nced
from
this
add
ed r
even
ue.
Incr
easi
ng th
e ch
arge
for
prim
e pa
rkin
g lo
catio
ns m
ayal
so te
nd to
red
uce
the
dem
and
for
that
par
king
.
54
Lot O
pera
tion
- Lo
ts a
re u
sual
ly r
egul
ated
by
char
ging
afe
e fo
r th
e us
e of
the
faci
lity.
A p
arki
ng p
erm
it st
icke
r is
ofte
n pl
aced
on
the
park
er's
win
dshi
eld
so th
at th
e le
gal u
sers
can
be d
istin
guis
hed
from
thos
e ill
egal
ly u
sing
the
faci
lity.
The
dem
and
for
park
ing
spac
es, p
artic
ular
ly a
mon
gst
uden
ts, m
ay e
xcee
d th
e ab
ility
or
desi
re o
f the
uni
vers
ity to
sat
isfy
that
dem
and.
In th
is e
vent
, cer
tain
reg
ulat
ory
actio
ns
shou
ld b
e ta
ken.
One
is to
incr
ease
the
cost
of
park
ing
in a
n at
tem
pt to
dec
reas
e th
e
dem
and.
Thi
s ca
n be
don
e by
eith
er in
crea
sing
park
ing
perm
it ch
arge
s or
met
erin
g th
e
faci
litie
s. T
he m
eter
ing
of in
divi
dual
par
king
sta
llsw
ithin
a lo
t is
not r
ecom
men
ded.
How
ever
, met
erin
g en
tran
ces
or e
xits
may
be
desi
rabl
e. C
oin
or c
ard
oper
ated
gat
es
seem
to w
ork
wel
l.E
ntra
nce
and
exit
poin
ts s
houl
d be
con
trol
led
soth
at p
erso
ns c
anno
t
park
with
in th
e lo
ts w
ithou
t pay
ing.
Bec
ause
the
oper
atio
n in
volv
ed in
pla
cing
a c
oin
or c
ard
in a
met
eran
d w
aitin
g fo
r a
gate
to r
ise
take
sap
prox
imat
ely
20-3
0 se
cond
s, it
is r
ecom
men
ded
that
par
kers
not
be
requ
ired
to p
ayw
hen
they
ent
er th
e fa
cilit
y in
ord
er
to a
void
the
deve
lopm
ent o
flo
ng q
ueue
s du
ring
peak
per
iods
.It
is a
dvis
able
to u
se a
gate
at t
he e
ntra
nce
how
ever
, to
prev
ent
park
ers
exiti
ng th
roug
h th
e en
tran
ce.
I [ r r
In m
ost
cam
pus
lots
, par
kers
leav
e at
fairl
y ra
ndom
tim
es o
f the
day
so
that
larg
equ
eues
wai
ting
to e
xit d
o no
t dev
elop
.It
is th
eref
ore
advi
sed
that
par
kers
be
requ
ired
to p
ay
at th
e ex
it.D
iffer
entia
l cou
nter
equ
ipm
ent i
s av
aila
ble
that
wcl
l ins
ure
that
no
one
is
adm
itted
to th
e lo
t unl
ess
ther
e is
an
avai
labl
e pa
rkin
g sp
ace.
Thi
s ty
pe o
f met
erin
g
devi
ce is
muc
h ea
sier
to m
aint
ain
for
fee
colle
ctio
n th
an a
re in
divi
dual
stal
l met
ers.
How
ever
, thi
s ty
pe o
f met
erin
g m
ay n
otbe
bes
t in
lots
whi
ch a
re h
eavi
ly u
sed
for
spec
ial
even
ts.
For
eve
nts
such
as
foot
ball
gam
es, l
arge
num
bers
of p
arke
rs d
esire
to e
nter
the
lot q
uick
ly
and
also
wan
t to
leav
e -
all a
t the
sam
e tim
e -
as s
oon
as th
e ga
me
is o
ver.
If pa
rker
s
wer
e re
quire
d to
pay
at t
he e
xit,
and
assu
min
g 30
sec
onds
of t
ime
per
auto
, the
tim
e
requ
ired
to r
elea
se 3
00 c
ars
wou
ldbe
2ho
urs!
It is
ther
efor
e in
dica
ted
that
spe
cial
atte
ntio
n to
the
oper
atio
n of
a m
eter
ed lo
t may
be
requ
ired
for
spec
ial e
vent
s.It
may
be d
esira
ble
to d
isco
ntin
ue th
e m
eter
ed o
pera
tion
durin
g th
e sp
ecia
l eve
nt a
nd to
utili
ze
som
e ot
her
fee
colle
ctio
n sy
stem
at
this
tim
e.
55
. ?1,
34,1
i,.A
.V.
0 01
0t t
00,,,
,,,r7
iTzr
r0r7
7.0,
00,
.vpi
rrnr
iv, T
re,w
7V7P
ILIT
KW
V,r
,""
471"
"T
477
Gar
age
Ope
ratio
n -
Gar
ages
are
not
onl
y m
ore
expe
nsiv
e th
an lo
ts b
ut a
re a
lso
mor
e di
ffi-
cult
to o
pera
te o
n a
cam
pus.
Thi
s op
erat
ion
prob
lem
is d
ue to
gar
age
entr
ance
and
exi
t
prob
lem
s. A
san
exa
mpl
e, c
onsi
der
a tw
o flo
orse
lf-pa
rkin
g ga
rage
with
ram
ps c
onne
ctin
g
the
floor
s.T
his
is r
ough
ly e
quiv
alen
t to
two
lots
who
se s
izes
are
equ
al to
one
floo
r ea
ch o
f
the
gara
ge. T
here
fore
, app
roxi
mat
ely
twic
e as
man
y ve
hicl
es w
ill u
ttem
pt to
ent
er th
e
gara
ge a
s w
ill a
ttem
pt to
ent
er o
ne lo
t.In
gen
eral
, veh
icle
s ca
n en
ter
a lo
t mor
e qu
ickl
y
than
a g
arag
e an
d th
e re
sult
is th
at la
rge
queu
es m
ay b
uild
up
at e
ntra
nces
to g
arag
es.
Thi
s is
acc
entu
ated
if th
e ga
rage
has
a to
ll ga
te a
t the
ent
ranc
e.It
can
ther
efor
e be
see
n
that
a c
ritic
al p
robl
em a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith c
ampu
s ga
rage
ope
ratio
n is
that
of v
ehic
le q
ueui
ns
at th
e en
tran
ces
durin
g pe
ak p
erio
ds.
SU
MM
AR
YT
he s
eque
ntia
l pro
cedu
re n
eces
sary
for
a st
udy
of p
arki
ng is
per
haps
bes
t illu
stra
ted
thro
ugh
the
use
of a
flow
diu
tgrlm
, sho
wn
in F
igur
e 4.
Thi
s ar
rang
emen
tof
ste
ps w
ithin
the
diag
ram
allo
ws
one
to lo
gica
lly r
elat
e ea
ch s
tep
to th
e en
tire
park
ing
stud
y.
56
VT
.
CO
P E
RA
M O
N e
l--3
E r I
7:79
71,1
5P71
MrP
TIM
TP.
77'.
MP
ten
Wrr
rtri
rr??
Trm
n r
V1,
,1If
!
FIG
UR
E4.
PA
RK
ING
DE
VE
LOP
ME
NT
PLA
N
INT
ER
NA
L C
I R
CU
LA
TIO
N
r-PA
RK
ING
INV
EN
TO
RY
NU
MB
ER
- O
FS
PA
,C E
)
PU
RA
TIo
NT
UR
NO
VE
R _2,4
j1
Unt
-IZ
AT
IC
114
L...
..._,
..i
T-.
-7ST
A/C
A;i
D
FA
CU
LTY
STAFF
STU
DE
NT
S
FAC
ILIT
I E
S
TY
PED
r
SP
EC
IAL
EV
EN
T T
RA
FF
IC
NO
MA
LC
ON
P11
10 N
6A
NA
LY
SA
CC
ESS
CIR
CU
LA
TIO
N
PA W
K. 1
"1,
,,,,,,
V,r
77".
1"."
1,...
0 ..4
1/IY
A, -
4,,,,
,TIC
I777
1711
1$,,,
,,.1
, ,,,,
,,,,,,
,,Trt
, Gir
,w,
,..1,
41-P
T,
.4
,17
s 1,
,,,,,
....
C
Spe
cial
eve
nts,
suc
h as
foot
ball
gam
es, p
rese
nt p
robl
ems
to th
e tr
affic
pla
nner
whi
ch a
re d
if-
fere
nt fr
om th
e ev
eryd
ay p
robl
ems.
Man
y pe
ople
ent
er th
e ca
mpu
s w
ho a
re n
ot fa
mili
ar w
ith th
e
loca
tion
of p
arki
ng fa
cilit
ies
or s
tree
ts. A
gre
at d
eal o
f coo
rdin
atio
n an
d pl
anni
ng m
ust b
e do
ne
so th
at th
ese
peop
le c
an b
e ha
ndle
def
ficie
ntly
. The
exp
ecte
d at
tend
ance
, rou
ting
of p
eopl
e
appr
oach
ing
and
leav
ing
the
cam
pus,
and
con
trol
coo
rdin
atio
n w
hile
driv
ers
are
on o
r ne
ar th
e
cam
pus
are
all i
mpo
rtan
t con
side
ratio
nsw
ithou
t whi
ch s
peci
al e
vent
s tr
affic
bec
omes
cha
otic
.
Que
stio
ns p
ertin
ent t
o sp
ecia
l eve
nts
whi
ch s
houl
d be
ans
wer
ed in
this
sec
tion
are:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Wha
t eve
nts
requ
ire s
peci
al tr
affic
pla
nnin
g?
Wha
t tra
ffic
prob
lem
s ar
e as
soci
ated
with
spe
cial
eve
nts?
Wha
t met
hods
are
ava
ilabl
e fo
r co
ntro
lling
spe
cial
eve
nts
traf
fic?
To
wha
t ext
ent m
ust a
dvan
ce tr
affic
pla
nnin
g pr
epar
atio
ns b
e m
ade?
AT
TE
ND
AN
CE
The
exp
ecte
d at
tend
ance
at a
n ev
ent i
s an
impo
rtan
t con
side
ratio
n be
caus
e pa
rkin
g sp
ace
mus
t be
prov
ided
. Exp
ecte
d at
tend
ance
sta
tistic
s ar
e us
ually
ava
ilabl
e fr
om th
e ca
mpu
s of
fice
in c
harg
e
of (
spon
sorin
g) th
e ev
ent.
Fro
m e
xpec
ted
atte
ndan
ce fi
gure
s, it
is p
ossi
ble
to d
eter
min
e th
e
num
ber
of v
ehic
les
expe
cted
by
estim
atin
g th
e nu
mbe
r of
per
sons
per
car
. A s
urve
y ta
ken
durin
g
the
even
t will
est
ablis
h th
e ac
tual
num
ber
of v
ehic
les
and
whe
re th
ey w
ere
park
ed.
It is
als
o
feas
ible
to d
eter
min
e w
hich
lots
are
util
ized
in c
onne
ctio
n w
ith v
ario
us a
ttend
ance
figu
res.
The
se s
tatis
tics
are
exce
llent
ref
eren
ces
for
plan
ning
acc
ess,
inte
rnal
circ
ulat
ion,
and
par
king
for
futw
e ev
ents
.
61
RO
UT
ING
The
rou
ting
of tr
ips
to a
nd fr
om th
e pa
rkin
g fa
cilit
ies
is v
ery
impo
rtan
t.D
igni
tarie
s an
d pe
r-
sons
bus
sed
to th
e ev
ent v
iach
arte
red
buse
s m
ust b
e ha
ndle
d se
para
tely
from
the
mas
ses.
Als
o,
arra
ngem
ents
sho
uld
be m
ade
with
the
bus
com
pani
es s
oth
at th
ey a
re fa
mili
ar w
ith th
eir
role
in
the
oper
atio
n, i.
e., t
heir
rout
e to
and
from
the
spec
ial e
vent
and
whe
re th
ey p
ark
durin
g th
e
even
t. T
his
requ
ires
adva
nced
pla
nnin
g. T
he d
irect
ion
from
whi
ch th
e pr
edom
inan
t num
ber
of
out-
of-t
own
trip
s w
ill c
ome
to th
e ca
mpu
s sh
ould
be
asce
rtai
ned.
It is
then
pos
sibl
e to
iden
tify
the
rout
es a
vaila
ble
for
traf
fic a
nd p
edes
tria
n m
ovem
ent
befo
re a
nd a
fter
an e
vent
and
to c
al-
cula
te th
e ca
paci
ties
on th
ese
rout
es.
It sh
ould
be
kept
in m
ind
that
man
y ou
t-of
-tow
npe
ople
will
pro
babl
y no
t be
fam
iliar
with
app
roac
h ro
utes
to th
e ca
mpu
s or
the
cam
pus
stre
et s
yste
m.
Rou
ting
map
s sh
ould
be
draw
n up
and
dis
trib
uted
to a
llpo
lice
offic
ers
and
othe
rs in
volv
ed in
spec
ial e
vent
s tr
affic
con
trol
. Tw
o m
aps
shou
ld p
roba
bly
be g
iven
toea
ch o
ffice
r. T
he fi
rst
wou
ld s
how
pre
-eve
nt r
outin
gs in
the
form
of o
rigin
s to
the
cam
pus
that
will
mos
t lik
ely
be u
sed
by in
com
ing
pers
ons
and
rout
es to
get
to th
e pa
rkin
g fa
cilit
ies
on c
ampu
s.T
he s
econ
d m
ap w
ould
depi
ct p
ost-
even
t rou
tings
. Thi
s w
ill g
ener
ally
invo
lve
one-
way
rout
ings
on
som
e st
reet
s an
d
rest
rictio
ns o
n ce
rtai
n pa
rkin
g fa
cilit
y en
tran
ces
and/
or e
xits
. Men
wor
king
in p
arki
ng fa
cilit
ies
wou
ld a
lso
get t
hese
map
s in
add
ition
to p
arki
ng fa
cilit
y di
agra
ms.
A c
opy
of th
ese
map
s sh
ould
be s
ent w
ith a
ny ti
cket
s th
at a
re m
aile
d fo
r a
spec
ial e
vent
.
62
C
CO
NT
RO
L.C
OO
RD
INA
TIO
N
Con
trol
coo
rdin
atio
n is
abs
olut
ely
esse
ntia
l if l
arge
vol
umes
of s
peci
al e
vent
str
affic
are
to b
e
hand
led
quic
kly
and
effic
ient
ly.
Thi
s re
quire
s w
illin
g co
oper
atio
nbe
twee
n st
ate,
cou
nty,
city
,
and
univ
ersi
ty tr
affic
con
trol
pers
onne
l. O
ne p
erso
n sh
ould
be
put i
nch
arge
of t
he e
ntire
spec
ial e
vent
s tr
affic
ope
ratio
n.In
this
way
, all
effo
rts
coul
d be
coor
dina
ted
thro
ugh
one
per-
son
who
wou
ld h
ave
the
auth
ority
to d
eleg
ate
jobs
to r
espo
nsib
le in
divi
dual
s.A
con
trol
cen
ter
shou
ld b
e us
ed a
nd a
ll pe
rson
s co
nnec
ted
with
the
traf
fic c
ontr
ol s
houl
d be
inra
dio
cont
act w
ith
this
cen
ter.
Als
o, a
ny e
mer
genc
yve
hicl
es a
t a s
peci
al e
vent
sho
uld
be in
radi
o co
ntac
t with
the
cont
rol c
ente
r.If
poss
ible
, an
airp
lane
sho
uld
be u
tiliz
ed to
obs
erve
pos
t-ev
ent
traf
fic fl
ow.
Thi
s w
ould
pro
ve v
ery
help
ful i
nun
ders
tand
ing
how
the
tota
l sys
tem
was
oper
atin
g.If
the
per-
son
in o
vera
llco
ntro
l wer
e in
the
plan
e, n
eces
sary
chan
ges
in th
e sy
stem
cou
ld b
e m
ade
onth
e sp
ot.
r r
Pol
ice
offic
ers
mus
t be
inst
ruct
ed in
the
gene
ral o
pera
tion
so th
atth
ey c
an u
nder
stan
d ho
w th
eir
spec
ific
job
mus
t fit
into
the
tota
lpl
an. B
y do
ing
this
, the
y w
ill b
e m
ore
coop
erat
ive.
The
offic
ers
also
nee
d so
me
inst
ruct
ion
inth
eir
spec
ific
job
conc
erni
ngco
ordi
natio
n an
d th
e ha
ndlin
g
of s
erio
us p
robl
ems
such
as
bad
colli
sion
s.
63
In th
e ca
se o
f a b
ad c
ollis
ion,
an
alte
rnat
e ro
utin
g pl
an s
houl
d be
ava
ilabl
e.A
ll tr
affic
con
-
trol
per
sonn
el s
houl
d be
aw
are
of s
uch
apl
an a
nd h
ow to
impl
emen
t the
ir pa
rt o
f it.
Thi
s is
one
reas
on th
at r
adio
con
tact
with
eac
h of
the
traf
fic c
ontr
ol p
erso
nnel
is a
mus
t.It
may
als
o be
nece
ssar
y to
ere
ctsp
ecia
l sig
ns a
nd b
arric
ade
cert
ain
stre
ets
befo
re a
nd a
fter
a sp
ecia
l eve
nt.
Fin
ally
, rev
iew
of t
he o
pera
tion,
whi
le it
ista
king
pla
ce, s
houl
d be
und
erta
ken
so th
at c
orre
c-
tions
can
be
mad
e an
d pl
ans
upda
ted
for
the
next
spe
cial
eve
nt.
The
ske
tche
s at
rig
ht il
lust
rate
two
rout
ing
plan
s de
sign
ed to
faci
litat
e th
e m
ovem
entof
traf
fic
for
a fo
otba
ll ga
me.
The
firs
t ske
tch
repr
esen
ts a
pre
-gam
epl
an a
nd th
e se
cond
a p
ost-
gam
e
plan
.S
tree
ts w
hich
may
nor
mal
ly h
andl
e tw
o-w
aytr
affic
are
mad
e on
e-w
ay fo
rth
is s
peci
al
even
t. T
he d
irect
ion
of tr
avel
on
som
eof
the
stre
ets
is r
ever
sed
for
post
-gam
etr
affic
.T
his
type
of p
lan
requ
ires
adva
nce
plan
ning
and
con
trol
coo
rdin
atio
n. B
arric
ades
and
cont
rol
offic
ers
are
need
ed to
insu
re c
ompl
ianc
eby
spe
ctat
ors
with
this
type
of
plan
.
64
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IAM
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yrri
ff74
WIT
AR
TIM
ITT
IMM
ITIM
MIf
fil
TR
AF
FIC
PLA
N
AC
CE
S5A
NA
LY
SIla
RT
ER
NA
LC
IRC
uL-A
T I
D t4
, 1111
01W
%
P/A
sfki
c.1
NG
CO
N4I
PER
AT
IO
RE
QU
IRE
ME
NT
S
The
traf
fic p
lann
ing
tech
niqu
es d
iscu
ssed
in th
e pr
evio
usse
ctio
ns h
ave
desc
ribed
var
ious
stu
dies
nece
ssar
y fo
r th
ede
velo
pmen
t of a
n ef
fect
ive
plan
. Thi
s pl
an s
houl
d pr
ovid
e an
swer
s to
the
follo
win
g qu
estio
ns:
(1)
Wha
t new
traf
fic fa
cilit
ies
(str
eets
, lot
s, g
arag
es,
etc.
) w
ill b
e re
quire
d?
(2)
Wha
t tra
ffic
cont
rols
(on
e-w
ay s
tree
ts, s
igna
lizat
ion,
park
ing
'rest
rictio
ns, e
tc.)
will
be
requ
ired?
(3)
Wha
t inf
luen
ce w
ill th
e tr
affic
pla
n ex
ert o
n ot
her
aspe
cts
of th
e un
iver
sity
plan
ning
pro
cess
?
The
traf
fic p
lan
shou
ld b
e re
view
ed in
ligh
t of t
heov
eral
l uni
vers
ity p
lan;
par
ticul
ar e
mph
asis
shou
ld b
e pl
aced
on
inte
grat
ing
it w
ith th
e P
hysi
cal
Pla
nt P
lan.
Thi
s re
quire
s a
uniq
ue e
valu
a-
tion
for
each
cam
pus
in o
rder
to p
rope
rlyre
flect
the
type
and
form
of c
ampu
s de
sire
d.
Loca
l and
sta
te a
genc
ies
shou
ld b
e in
volv
ed w
ith th
e un
iver
sity
in im
plem
entin
g th
e tr
affic
plan
.
Cer
tain
ly, i
nter
actio
ns b
etw
een
thes
e gr
oups
mus
t occ
ur if
mut
ual p
robl
ems
are
to b
e so
lved
.
FA
CIL
ITIE
ST
he n
eed
for
the
cons
truc
tion
or p
rovi
sion
of t
rans
port
atio
nfa
cilit
ies
will
be
cons
ider
ed w
ith
resp
ect t
o th
e fo
llow
ing
geog
raph
iclo
catio
ns:
(1)
Ext
erna
l Fac
ilitie
s
(2)
Inte
rnal
Fac
ilitie
s69
EX
TE
RN
AL
FA
CIL
ITIE
S
The
se fa
cilit
ies
are
loca
ted
exte
rnal
ly to
the
univ
ersi
ty c
ampu
s.T
hese
wou
ld in
clud
e:
(1)
New
or
impr
oved
str
eets
(2)
Pub
lic tr
ansp
orta
tion
(3)
Par
king
Rec
ogni
tion
of th
e ne
ed fo
r an
dju
stifi
catio
n of
thes
e fa
cilit
ies
wou
ld r
esul
t fro
m s
tudi
es o
f:
(1)
Str
eet n
etw
ork
(2)
Pub
lic tr
ansp
orta
tion
(3)
Par
king
As
stat
ed e
arlie
r, th
e pr
ovis
ions
of a
maj
or p
ortio
n of
the
exte
rnal
faci
litie
sw
ill p
roba
bly
by
the
resp
onsi
bilit
y of
the
surr
ound
ing
com
mun
ity. H
owev
er,
the
univ
ersi
ty s
houl
d de
fine
its e
xter
-
nal f
acili
ty n
eeds
, and
sho
uld
enco
urag
eth
e su
rrou
ndin
g co
mm
unity
topr
ovid
e ne
eded
faci
litie
s.
1 N
TE
RN
AL
FA
CI L
ITIE
S
The
se a
re fa
cilit
ies
that
wou
ldbe
pro
vide
d w
ithin
the
cam
pus.
The
y w
ould
incl
ude:
70
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Str
eets
or
stre
et m
odifi
catio
ns
Par
king
faci
litie
s
Sid
ewal
ks o
r ot
her
faci
litie
s fo
rno
n-au
tom
otiv
e tr
affic
Tra
nsit
oper
atio
ns
IMP
LEM
EN
TA
TIO
N
Sin
ce th
e tr
affic
pla
n co
vers
a te
n yo
arpl
anni
ng p
erio
d, it
is n
eces
sary
tosc
hedu
le th
e de
velo
p-
men
t of t
he v
ario
usfa
cilit
ies
to b
e pr
ovid
ed.
The
re is
als
o a
need
tode
velo
p ec
onom
ic d
ata
on
cost
s an
d in
com
ere
lativ
e to
the
faci
litie
spr
ovid
ed. T
his
data
wou
ldpr
ovid
e an
inpu
t to
the
over
all f
inan
cial
pla
nnin
g ph
ase
of th
e un
iver
sity
.
TR
AF
FIC
CO
NT
RO
LN
umer
ous
solu
tions
to u
nive
rsity
traf
fic p
robl
ems
can
be p
rodu
ced
thro
ugh
anef
fect
ive
traf
fic
engi
neer
ing
prog
ram
.H
owev
er, f
ew u
nive
rsiti
esha
ve u
tiliz
ed th
e ta
lent
sof
pro
fess
iona
l tra
ffic
engi
neer
s to
dev
elop
traf
fic c
ontr
ol p
lans
.Itt
is th
eref
ore
reco
mm
ende
dth
at tr
affic
eng
inee
ring
tale
nts
be a
dded
to th
epl
anni
ng te
am.
The
use
of p
rove
n tr
affic
engi
neer
ing
tech
niqu
es c
angr
eatly
incr
ease
the
effic
ienc
yof
exi
stin
g
faci
litie
s. T
hese
tech
niqu
esw
ill in
clud
e su
ch it
ems
as:
(1)
Pla
cing
of s
igns
and
mar
king
s
(2)
Inst
alla
tion
of s
igna
lizat
ion
(3)
Pro
visi
on o
f cha
nnel
izat
ion
(4)
Dev
elop
men
t of o
ne-w
ay s
tree
top
erat
ion
(5)
Dev
elop
men
t of d
esire
d pa
rkin
gre
stric
tions
71
Par
ticul
ar e
mph
asis
sho
uld
be p
lace
d on
pla
nnin
g re
stric
tive
cont
rols
. The
se c
ontr
ols
may
incl
ude
such
item
s as
:
(1)
Ass
ignm
ent o
f par
king
faci
litie
s
(2)
Pro
hibi
tion
of c
erta
in tr
affic
mov
emen
ts
(3)
Pro
hibi
tion
of d
rivin
g pr
ivile
ges
If de
ficie
ncie
s ex
ist b
etw
een
the
faci
litie
sav
aila
ble
and
thos
e re
quire
d, th
is im
bala
nce
betw
een
supp
ly a
nd d
eman
d ca
n be
par
tially
res
olve
d us
ing
rest
rictiv
eco
ntro
ls. T
he p
lann
ing
and
deve
lop-
men
t of t
he p
rope
r co
ntro
l pro
cedu
res
is ju
st a
s im
port
ant a
s pl
anni
ng fo
r th
e pr
ovis
ion
of n
ew
faci
litie
s. A
gain
, the
dat
a de
velo
ped
in th
e pr
evio
usst
udie
s sh
ould
pro
vide
the
basi
c in
form
atio
n
from
whi
ch a
n ef
fect
ive
traf
ficco
ntro
l pla
n ca
n be
est
ablis
hed.
72
,ris
mIT
nro
o,v.
"111
1
SU
MM
AR
Y
The
traf
fic s
tudi
es m
ay p
rovi
deda
ta w
hich
will
influ
ence
othe
r as
pect
s of
the
tota
l pla
nnin
g
proc
ess.
For
exam
ple,
the
univ
ersi
ty's
dec
isio
nre
gard
ing
the
prov
isio
n of
on-
cam
pus
stud
ent
hous
ing
may
be
influ
ence
d by
the
prob
lem
of t
rans
port
ing
stud
ents
to a
nd fr
omth
e ca
mpu
s.If
they
are
hou
sed
on c
ampu
s th
ey c
anpr
obab
ly w
alk
to a
nd fr
om c
lass
.H
owev
er, i
f the
y liv
e in
off-
cam
pus
hous
ing
loca
ted
aco
nsid
erab
le d
ista
nce
from
the
cam
pus,
ther
e m
ust b
e so
me
con-
side
ratio
n gi
ven
to th
eir
met
hod
of tr
ansp
ort
to a
nd fr
om th
e ca
mpu
s.T
he tr
affic
pro
blem
s cr
eate
d
by la
rge
num
bers
of s
tude
nts
livin
g of
f-ca
mpu
s ca
n be
sev
ere.
The
loca
tion
of b
uild
ings
and
othe
r tr
affic
gen
erat
ing
faci
litie
s on
a c
ampu
sw
ill a
lso
have
a m
ajor
bea
ring
onth
e tr
affic
pla
n.
Thi
s vo
lum
e ha
s so
ught
to id
entif
yth
e st
udie
s an
d as
soci
ated
tech
niqu
es n
eces
sary
to d
evel
op
adeq
uate
info
rmat
ion
for
effe
ctiv
e tr
affic
plan
ning
. Tra
ffic
is a
vita
l con
side
ratio
nin
the
over
-
all p
lann
ing
proc
ess
of a
uni
vers
ity a
nd it
shou
ld r
ecei
ve g
reat
er a
ttent
ion
than
R h
as in
the
past
.It
is d
esire
d th
at th
e m
ater
ial p
rese
nted
here
in w
ill b
e he
lpfu
l in
prov
idin
gdi
rect
ion
for
plan
ning
to p
rovi
de fa
cilit
ies
and
cont
rol f
or u
nive
rsity
traf
fic a
s an
inte
gral
par
t of t
he to
tal
univ
ersi
ty p
lann
ing
proc
ess.
73
AD
DIT
ION
AL
VO
LUM
ES
The
follo
win
g ou
tline
s de
scrib
e th
ead
ditio
nal v
olum
es in
the
serie
s on
Pla
nnin
g G
uide
lines
:
VO
LUM
E I
-P
LAN
NIN
G S
YS
TE
M
I.In
trod
uctio
nA
. Bac
kgro
und
B.
Pla
nnin
g R
equi
rem
ents
C. P
roje
ct S
cope
D.
Pro
ject
Org
aniz
atio
nE
.P
roje
ct P
rese
ntat
ion
F.
Tim
e S
pan
G. C
omm
unity
Con
side
ratio
nsII.
Man
agem
ent a
nd P
rogr
am P
lann
ing
A. U
nive
rsity
Obj
ectiv
esB
.P
rogr
am P
lans
and
Req
uire
men
tsC
. Pla
nnin
g R
epor
tA
cade
mic
Dep
artm
ents
D.
Col
lege
Sum
mar
yE
.P
lann
ing
Rep
ort
Res
earc
h an
d P
ublic
Ser
vice
and
/or
Ext
ensi
onF
.P
lann
ing
Rep
ort
Sup
port
Org
aniz
atio
nsG
. Uni
vers
ity S
umm
ary
III.
Phy
sica
l Pla
nt P
lann
ing
A. F
acili
ties
Pla
nnin
gB
.T
raffi
c P
lann
ing
C. U
tiliti
es P
lann
ing
D.
Land
Use
Pla
nnin
gE
.P
hysi
cal P
lant
Pla
nnin
g P
roce
ssIV
.F
inan
cial
Pla
nnin
gA
. Mul
ti-Y
ear
Bud
gets
B.
Fin
anci
al E
valu
atio
nC
. Cos
t Est
imat
ion
D.
inco
me
Est
imat
ion
E.
Pla
nnin
g- P
rogr
amm
ing-
Bud
getin
gV
,T
otal
Uni
vers
ity P
lan
V!.
Con
tinuo
us P
lann
ing
Sys
tem
A. D
ynam
ic P
lann
ing
B.
Org
aniz
atio
nV
II.S
umm
ary
VO
LUM
E"
II -
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
AN
D F
INA
NC
IAL
PLA
NN
ING
I.In
trod
uctio
nA
. Pla
nnin
g S
yste
mB
.M
anag
emen
t and
Pro
gram
Pla
nnin
gC
. Fin
anci
al P
lann
ing
D.
Org
aniz
atio
n fo
r P
lann
ing
II.In
stitu
tiona
l Obj
ectiv
esA
. Fac
t-F
indi
ng S
tudy
B.
Pre
limin
ary
Obj
ectiv
esC
. Rev
iew
and
Mod
ifica
tions
III.
Org
aniz
atio
nal U
nit
Pla
ns
A, P
rogr
am U
nits
B.
Sup
port
Uni
tsIV
.P
lann
ing
Rep
ort -
Pro
gram
Impl
emen
tatio
n U
nits
A. F
orm
atB
.H
isto
rical
Sec
tion
C. P
roje
ctio
nsD
.P
rogr
am R
equi
rem
ents
V.
Pla
nnin
g R
epor
t - P
rogr
am S
uppo
rtU
nits
VI.
Man
agem
ent a
nd P
rogr
amP
lann
ing
Sum
mar
yV
II.O
rgan
izat
ion
for
Pla
nnin
gA
. Bas
ic C
onsi
dera
tions
B.
Dev
elop
men
t of P
lann
ing
Org
aniz
atio
nC
. Sta
ffing
of P
lann
ing
Org
aniz
atio
nV
II I.
Cos
t Mod
elIX
.In
com
e M
odel
X.
Pla
nnin
g-P
rogr
amm
ing-
Bud
getin
gA
. Def
initi
onB
.P
rogr
am C
once
ptC
. Pro
gram
Req
uire
men
tsD
.R
esou
rce
Allo
catio
n
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At A
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VO
LUM
E IV
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HY
SIC
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NT
PLA
NN
ING
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CIL
ITIE
S S
TU
DIE
SI.
Intr
oduc
tion
A. P
robl
emB
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equi
red
Stu
dies
C. P
rese
ntat
ion
II. In
vent
ory
of E
xist
ing
Fac
ilitie
sA
. Req
uire
men
tsB
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acili
ties
Man
ual -
U.S
. Offi
ce o
f Edu
catio
nC
. Spe
cial
Req
uire
men
tsIII
. Util
izat
ion
of T
each
ing
Fac
ilitie
sA
. Con
side
ratio
nsB
.U
tiliz
atio
n M
easu
rem
ents
C. R
epor
ting
IV. E
stim
atio
n of
Spa
ce R
equi
rem
ents
A. T
each
ing
Fac
ilitie
sB
.N
on-T
each
ing
Fac
ilitie
sV
. Util
izat
ion
of N
on-T
each
ing
Fac
ilitie
sA
. Con
side
ratio
nsB
.O
rgal
izat
iona
l Uni
t - S
pace
Inve
ntor
yC
. Pro
ratio
n S
yste
mD
. Util
izat
ion
Eva
luat
ion
VI.
Aut
omat
ed A
ssig
nmen
t of T
each
ing
Fac
ilitie
sA
. Mas
ter
Sch
edul
e C
onst
ruct
ion
B.
Stu
dent
Sec
tioni
ngC
. Sum
mar
yV
II. Q
ualit
y A
naly
sis
of E
xist
ing
Fac
ilitie
sA
. Phy
sica
l Ana
lysi
sB
.C
ost A
naly
sis
C. I
ntan
gibl
e A
naly
sis
D. R
atin
g S
yste
mV
III. R
esid
entia
l Hou
sing
Stu
dyA
. Sin
gle
Stu
dent
sB
.M
arrie
d S
tude
nts
C. F
acul
ty-
Sta
ffD
. Com
mun
ity R
esou
rces
IX. F
acili
ties
Pla
nnin
g S
yste
mA
. Flo
w D
iagr
amB
. Out
put
VO
LUM
E V
- P
HY
SIC
AL
PLA
NT
PLA
NN
ING
UT
ILIT
Y S
TU
DIE
S
I.In
trod
uctio
n
II.E
nerg
y U
tiliti
esA
. Chi
lled
Wat
erB
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ater
Hea
ting
Sys
tem
sC
. Ste
amD
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onde
nser
Wat
erE
.E
lect
ric L
ight
ing
and
Pow
er
III.
Dis
trib
utio
n S
yste
ms
A. C
entr
al U
tiliti
es P
lant
B.
Cen
tral
Pla
nt D
istr
ibut
ion
Sys
tem
sC
. Con
trol
s fo
r C
entr
al U
tiliti
es P
lant
sD
.T
otal
Ene
rgy
Pla
nts
IV.
Ser
vice
Util
ities
A. W
ater
B.
Sew
erag
e S
yste
mC
. Sur
face
Dra
inag
eD
.D
omes
tic H
ot W
ater
E.
Com
pres
sed
Air
V.
Com
mun
icat
ion
Sys
tem
sA
. Tel
epho
ne S
yste
ms
B.
Tel
egra
phC
. Rad
ioD
.P
neum
atic
Tub
e S
yste
ms
E.
Clo
ck a
nd S
igna
l Sys
tem
sF
.D
ata
Rec
laim
Sys
tem
s
VI.
Sum
mar
y
Aw
u+A
gww
4.1u
w.a
mA
i