Vehicle Safety

Young drivers (age 16 to 24) have the highest death rate from automobile crashes.

Risk-management driving Don’t drink and drive. Don’t drive when tired or stressed. Surround yourself with a safety “bubble.” Scan the road ahead of you and to both sides. Always drive with your low-beam headlights on. Obey all traffic laws.

Always wear a seat belt.

Violence

Violence is a set of behaviors that produce injuries.

Intentional injuries are acts committed with intent to harm.

Unintentional injuries are acts committed without intent to harm, usually accidentally

Violence in the United States

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) consider violence a form of chronic disease.

Of all deaths among persons age 10 to 24, 70.8 percent stem from four causes:

Motor vehicle crashes

Other unintentional injuries

Homicide

Suicide

Personal Reasons For Violence

Anger is a spontaneous biological feeling or emotional state of displeasure that occurs most frequently during times of personal frustration. Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is a behavioral

disorder characterized by repeated episodes of aggression and violent behavior that are disproportionate to the situation.

Primary aggression is goal-directed, hostile self-assertion that is destructive.

Reactive aggression is an emotional reaction brought about by frustrating life experiences.

Substance abuse Alcohol Illegal drugs

Intentional Injuries

Homicide is murder or non-negligent manslaughter.

Hate crimes are committed against a person, property, or group of people and are motivated by the offender’s bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.

Prejudice

Discrimination

Gang violence

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Domestic Violence

Domestic violence refers to the use of force to control and maintain power over another person in the home environment.

Domestic violence can include the following: Emotional abuse

Verbal abuse

Threats of physical harm

Physical violence

Domestic Violence (cont.)

Women as victims Six out of ten women in the United States will be

assaulted by someone they know. Cycle of violence

Tension building: Minor battering occurs.Acute battering: She can no longer control or predict

the abuse.Remorse/reconciliation: Batterer may be kind, loving,

and apologetic.Men as victims

As many as 12 percent of men reported that their wives had engaged in physically aggressive behaviors against them.

Sexual Victimization

Sexual assault is any act in which one person is sexually intimate with another person without consent; it can range from touching to forceful penetration.

Rape is an extreme form of sexual assault—penetration without the victim’s consent.

Aggravated rape: multiple attackers, physical beating, or weapons

Simple rape: involves one person, whom the victim knows, and does not involve a physical beating or weapons

Date or acquaintance rape: doesn’t necessarily happen on a date

Marital rape: unwanted intercourse or penetration by a spouse

Rape on U.S. Campuses

About 12 percent of women currently attending U.S. colleges have been raped.

In the past year, over 80 percent of rapes were committed by persons the victim knew, most on campus.

Alcohol is a catalyst for aggressive behavior in perpetrators.

Drugs are sometimes used to immobilize victims. The Ramstad Act gives victims the right to call in

off-campus authorities to investigate serious campus crimes.

A Campus-Wide Response to Violence

Campus law enforcement has the power to enforce laws in the same way they are handled in the general community.

Prevention and early response efforts

Many universities now hire crime prevention and safety specialists.

“The Chief Problem In Any Community Cursed With Crime Is Not The Punishment Of

The Criminals, But The Preventing Of The Young From Being Trained To Crime.”

-W.E.B. Du Bois-

New YorkGang members indicted in connection with "hit" (Kingston, NY): Seven members of the Sex, Money, Murder Gang and their associates were indicted by an Ulster County grand jury on eight counts in connection with theretaliation murder of a fellow gang member, who they thought was a snitch.Source: Mid-Hudson News    Date: April 2, 2010http://www.midhudsonnews.com/...

New York21-year-old shot to death in Newburgh (Newburgh, NY): A 21-year-old man was shot and killed, likely for revenge, Friday night, capping a 24-hour spate of gang violence that police said was among the bloodiest in Newburgh's history. Source: Times Herald-Record    Date: March 14, 2010http://www.recordonline.com/...

New YorkPolice, ATF pick up gang members (Niagara Falls, NY): Two gang members being sought in connection with the recent rash of violence in the city were picked up Monday and Tuesday by Falls police. Source: Niagara Gazette    Date: March 17, 2010http://niagara-gazette.com/...

http://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/Gang-Related-News

A brief history of gangs

A.D. 350-430 St. Augustine wrote in his confessions of the pleasure of stealing pears in the company of his adolescent accomplices: “My pleasure was not in those pears, it was in the offense itself, which the company of fellow sinners occasioned.”

Records of life in 17th century London mention youth gangs who terrorized the citizenry by breaking windows, destroying taverns and fighting, each group wearing different colored ribbons.

www.nationalgangcenter.gov/

National Youth Gang Center (2009). National Youth Gang Survey Analysis. Retrieved from http://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/Survey-Analysis

16

National Youth Gang Center (2009). National Youth Gang Survey Analysis. Retrieved from http://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/Survey-Analysis

“Human Beings. They are someone’s son, daughter, sister, brother, husband, wife, etc. This is a simple notion that is often forgotten. It is a key notion to treatment.”

Lisa Taylor Austin – Gang Expert at 2004 NYS Gang Summit

Who are Gang Members?

http://www.gangcolors.com

Elements Necessary For A Group To Be Considered A Gang

3 or more members.

Members are generally between 12 and 24 years old.

Members share a sense of identity.

Some permanence - generally a year or more.

Criminal activity is a central element of the group.

Theory

Klein “Street gangs are an amalgam (a mixture or blending) of racism, of

urban underclass poverty, of minority and youth culture, of fatalism in the face of rampant deprivation, of political insensitivity and the gross ignorance of inner-city (and inner-town) America on the part of most of us who don’t have to survive there.”

Hagedorn, Klein and Jackson Gangs are a product of postindustrial development.

Thrasher Structural and community factors are important.

Delinquency/gangs are the product of social environment.

Five Domains

Individual and Personal Attributes

Family Demographics

Peer Group

School

Community

Individual and Family

Peers, Peer Group and School

Community and Neighborhood

Other Factors

Identity Affiliation Attachment Stability Adolescence!!