VERBAL & NON-VERBALBEHAVIOR

DETECTING DECEPTION

NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOR• Eyes-their importance

• 90% of facial information come from eye expressions

• Eye contact can indicate truthfulness or deception

• San Paku• Excessive eye blinking indicates

stress

EYES• Eye movement

• Eye movement to the left indicates an introverts personality

• Eye movement to the right indicates an extroverts personality

• Not as effective with women as men

EYES• Eye behaviors that are indicators

of deception.• Excessive eye shifting• Prolonged eye contact• Staring at interviewer• MSU

GUILTY EYES• Ready to confess

• Looks at ceiling for the first time.• Starts blinking.

NOSE• “The nose is the most stress

sensitive part of the body.”• Touching, rubbing, picking, and

holding the nose are indicators of stress and deception.

MOUTH• Inappropriate/excessive smiling is an

indicator of deception.• False smile is noted by only lower teeth

showing.• Any obstruction of speech-whether

physical or symbolic indicates stress.• Excessive gulping is a sign of stress

MOUTH• Yawning is a sign of stress or feigned

boredom.• Other behaviors indicating stress

• Biting lips• Squeezing lips• Continuously licking lips• Dry mouth resulting in a clacking sound

when talking• White foam in the corners of the mouth

FACE

• Frozen Face-expression• Facial coloring

• White/chalky• Red

• Facial tics-spasms, good indicators of deception

HANDS• Hands on chin

• Thumb under chin, forefinger stroking chin-deciding to confess

• Thumb under chin subject starts to smile• Hand over mouth indicator of deception• Women’s hands go to their neck and throat

area indicator of stress.• Hands away from body indicator of

truthfulness.• Hands inward to the body indicator of

deception.

ARMS• Crossing of arms indicates

defensiveness caused by fear of the situation or guilt ridden stress.

• Arms crossed over chest, fists clasped under arms indicates uncooperativeness.

ARMS• Arms crossed closely to the neck

indicates greater defiance.• Arms crossed and leaning into the

interrogator indicates lessening chance of cooperation.

GENERAL APPEARANCES• Truthful person

• Appears at ease• Talkative• Sincere• Cooperative• Answers questions directly• Good eye contact• Appears relaxed• Lighthearted conversation

Grocery

GENERAL APPEARANCES• Deceptive person

• Apprehensive• Worried appearance• Continual sighing or yawning• Aggressive toward interviewer• Overfriendly• Poor eye contact• Evasive answering• Excessive movement

POSTURE (SITTING)• Truthful

• Sits upright• Relaxed looking• Changes positions• Arms open uncrossed• Legs open uncrossed• Head and shoulders straight up• Overall has casual appearance

POSTURE (SITTING)• Deceptive Person

• Slouches in chair• Stiff and rigid• Faces to the side • Moves frequently and rapidly• Arms crossed upper body turned away from

interrogator• Head slump• Fetal position

LIAR’S MOVEMENT• Trunk shifting means fear of

interrogation.• Moving chair away from

interrogator.• Attempting to exit.

LEGS• Leg(s) stretched far out• Hands on inside of legs• Crossing of legs

FEET-INDICATORS OF STRESS• Bouncing feet• Kicking-anger• Person moves interrogators chair• Foot tapping• Cross ankles under chair

PRE-CONFESSION POSES• Palms up• First sigh• Rounding or drooping of shoulders• Chin dropping to chest• Eyes slowly blinking while looking

at ceiling

PRE-CONFESSION POSES• First crying (look for mucus)• Holding or rubbing chin while

smiling• Leans into interrogators body

space• Overall look of submission

Cooper

VERBAL BEHAVIOR• Verbal signals are the most

productive.• Pitch increase, cracking in the

voice, increased flow and volume are indicators of stress.

• Stress occurs and rate, volume, or pitch may increase or decrease 95%.

The No’s which may indicate deception• The 5 second no• No followed by body movement

• Arms crossing• Legs crossing• Body shifting

• The late no when others were timely

• No followed by closing of eyes

NO’S• No given before the question is

finished• The “Stevie Wonder” NO• Breathless No no sound• Humming bird no• No with a washed out look• No with a hypnotic glance

NO’S• Multiple No’s at stress points• The “Nixon” no• No followed by laughter

Anger/Aggression indicative of deception• Doesn’t deny the crime, attacks

the facts• Blames the victim• Anger at onset of interview• Makes issues of false issues• Truthful person doesn’t start out

angry

Speech indicators of deception• Sighs• Laughs• Tsks• Whew• Slurring of words• Skips around sentences• Stop sentences

Speech

• Restarts sentences• Leaves off ends of sentences• Speech dysfunction 90% likelihood

of lying• Overly polite, cannot be insulted

Guilt signatures-beware who without prompting• Tells you about previous arrest • Tells you about past similar trouble• Speaks in third person about

themselves 1st to 3rd

• States they are hated or disliked

Guilt Signatures• Vehemently denies minor issues• Says interviewer is prejudiced and

will never believe them

Pointer Responses• Statements made in response to

hot issues which indicate deception

• That question bothers me• That question makes me fell funny• Obscene remarks uttered at

relevant issue

Pointer Responses• Stands up at the time the relevant

question is asked• Stomach growls, burps, etc….• Swinging of the arms with hands in

a fist

Prompted Pointed Response• Ask subject if there was a

particular area he was having a problem with and if wished to clarify it at this time.

Stalling tactics that are indicative of deception• Why?

• Time to think• Formulate the answer

• Stalling tactics• Repeat the question• Clears throat or coughs• Answers the question with a question

Stalling Tactics• What type of person do you think I

am• Road of Life• Growing up

• Are you accusing me• Do you really think I did it• Are you talking to me

Stalling Tactics• Why would I want to do something

like that• Did I do it• Could you say that again• Could you rephrase the question• Questions entire investigation• Ask you to hurry up

Religious Statements'• Deceptive persons are more likely

to use them• Honest to God • A God fearing person like myself• I swear to you on my----------grave(Fld nurse case)

Memory Lapses• When subject claims memory

failure• Deceptive memory phrases

• Doesn’t think so• Can’t recall• Can’t remember• Not that I can think of or remember

Flag Expressions• “You may not believe anything

else I told you, but you have to believe this

• Really• To tell the truth• To the best of my knowledge• I couldn’t lie to you……….

Flags• I swear to God• Frankly---speaking• May my Mother/father drop dead• To be honest • I have no reason to lie• Use of Momma or the bible

Flags• What could happen to a person

who did something like this• I’ll tell you what you want to know

provided• I knew this was going to happen• Why would I want to do something

like this

Parrish

Qualifiers-phrases/sentences• But please understand I wouldn’t

do something like this• I don’t know anything about it

but……….• I’m not trying to evade the

question but• I’m not trying to confuse you but

Qualifiers-phrases/sentences• I know you think I’m lying but• You may not believe this but• Your going to think I’m making this

up but• You are going to find this hard to

believe but• I know this sounds strange but

Qualifiers-phrases/sentences• This is going to sound like a lie but• To the best of my knowledge• To clarify what I’m saying• To answer that completely • They would not commit a crime

like that…………..

Camouflage Expressions• By the way• IncidentallyLike buts listen to what follows

Some of the best indicators of deception• Totally ignores the question• Refuses to answer• Delays in answering

Warning Signals• Subject who fires back a question• Answers slowly and incompletely• Interrupts with yes or no• Late for the interview second time

Warning Signals• Person who agrees to pay back

what was taken• Is this mess going to end up in

court• Inappropriate crying (mucus)• Prays during interview

Statements Made• Susan McDougal answers to the

allegations of her affair with President Clinton. “I’m a small-town girl, a Southern Baptist. I would not do it.”

• While at the opening session of the United Nations in Sept. Bill Clinton responded to press inquiries regarding A.G. Reno opening a thirty day investigation of Clinton and Gore and their fund raising efforts from the White House. Clinton stated that he and Al Gore “believed at the time that what we were doing was legal.”

Mothers Statement• My children wanted me. They

needed me and now I can’t help them.

Fathers Statement• They’re okay. They’re going to be

home soon.

Suspect’s Statement• I got up at 7:00 when my alarm

went off. I took a shower and got dressed. I decided to go out to breakfast. I went to McDonald’s on the corner. Met a man who lives nearby. Talked with him for a few minutes. I finished breakfast and drove to work.

Subject’s Statement• I was sitting at my desk cleaning

my gun. I took my gun apart and cleaned each part. I put my gun back together and when I was putting my gun away, the gun went off.

Arson Statement• I left my house right after breakfast to

join my friends at the track for the day. I drove back to my house, made a few phone calls, then went out to dinner with Stan Thompson. Stan dropped me off at my house around 10:00. After I changed my clothes I left the house to spend the night at my cousin Tom’s. Around midnight we heard fire engines and got up to see what was going on.