vic.rocky mountains - wyoming
TRANSCRIPT
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NORTH AMERICANNORTH AMERICAN
REGIONSREGIONSVI. Rocky MountainsVI. Rocky Mountains
c. Wyomingc. Wyoming
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KeyKey
RedRed--Term to define and rememberTerm to define and remember
YellowYellow--Place to locate and rememberPlace to locate and remember
Bright GreenBright Green--Agricultural productAgricultural product(crop), resource or another thing to(crop), resource or another thing tolocate and rememberlocate and remember
White andWhite and BlueBlue -- NarrationNarration toto helphelpunderstandingunderstanding
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TheThe Black HillsBlack Hills
The dark pines make theThe dark pines make theMountains look blackMountains look black
from a distance.from a distance.
granitegranite
(are in South Dakota,(are in South Dakota,but are connected tobut are connected to
the Rockies)the Rockies)
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There are some animals here.There are some animals here.
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RockyRockyMountain GoatMountain Goat
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Another Mountain Top ExperienceAnother Mountain Top Experience
Check out these weird shapes!Check out these weird shapes!
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They are called the . . .They are called the . . . NeedlesNeedles
GraniteGranite can weather to these fantastic shapes.can weather to these fantastic shapes.
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Humanscan adjust theirHumanscan adjust their
environment, even mountains!environment, even mountains!
Mount RushmoreMount Rushmore, South Dakota, South Dakota
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Today an evenToday an even
largerlargermonument ismonument isbeing carved inbeing carved inthethe Black HillsBlack Hills..
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Crazy Horse, Chief of the SiouxCrazy Horse, Chief of the Sioux
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What happened here?What happened here?
FireFire is a natural phenomenon inis a natural phenomenon inthe Rocky Mountains.the Rocky Mountains.
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Lead, South DakotaLead, South Dakota
Whats this?Whats this?
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An open pit mineAn open pit mine
What is being mined?What is being mined?
GOLDGOLD
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GoldGold is the reason weis the reason wetook thetook the Black HillsBlack Hills
which the Siouxwhich the Siouxregarded as sacredregarded as sacred ..
This lead to the LittleThis lead to the LittleBighorn (Custers LastBighorn (Custers Last
Stand) . . .Stand) . . .And Wounded Knee.And Wounded Knee.
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GoldGold is alsois alsominedmined
undergroundunderground(Hard Rock(Hard Rock
Mining).Mining).
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WyomingWyoming
Whats this?Whats this?Devils TowerDevils Tower
What movie was filmed here?What movie was filmed here?
Close Encounters of the Third KindClose Encounters of the Third Kind
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Depending on yourDepending on yourpoint of viewpoint of view DevilsDevils
TowerTower is either:is either:
TheThe basaltbasalt throatthroatof an ancientof an ancient
eroded volcano oreroded volcano or An ancient treeAn ancient treestump clawed by astump clawed by agiant bear trying togiant bear trying to
get to two Indianget to two Indiangirls.girls. As lava cools it can formAs lava cools it can form
these hexagonal columns ofthese hexagonal columns ofbasaltbasalt..
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TheBighorn MountainsTheBighorn Mountains
In northern Wyoming the first range of theIn northern Wyoming the first range of theRockies are . . .Rockies are . . .
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The highest point inThe highest point inthe Bighorns is Cloudthe Bighorns is Cloud
Peak (13,167)Peak (13,167)
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Melting snowMelting snowcreatescreates veryvery coldcold
streams.streams.
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To which animalscome to drinkTo which animalscome to drink
What is this?What is this?
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MuleMule or Blacktailor Blacktail DeerDeer
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FIREFIRE
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Notice the grass.Notice the grass.
Now the sunlight gets to the soil,Now the sunlight gets to the soil,
enabling more plants to grow.enabling more plants to grow.
This area burned 7 or 8 years beforeThis area burned 7 or 8 years beforethis picture was taken.this picture was taken.
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This isThis is BighornBighorn National ForestNational Forest..
AA National ForestNational Forest is owned by theis owned by the
Federal Government for theFederal Government for the useuse ofofothers.others.
ThereforeTherefore forestryforestry, mining, road, mining, road
building, hunting andbuilding, hunting and fishingfishing is legalis legalwith permission.with permission.
To preserve the resource, people willTo preserve the resource, people willattempt to extinguish forest fires.attempt to extinguish forest fires.
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This is aThis is a National ParkNational Park..
Grand TetonGrand Teton National ParkNational Park
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Jackson HoleJackson Hole
These are the most photogenic mountains in the US.These are the most photogenic mountains in the US.
You have seen them before on TV.You have seen them before on TV.
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Grand TetonGrand Teton (13,770)(13,770)
PronghornPronghornAntelopeAntelope
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Notice the dead trees.Notice the dead trees.FIREFIRE
This isThis is Grand TetonGrand Teton National ParkNational Park..
AA National ParkNational Park is owned by the Federal Governmentis owned by the Federal Governmentfor thefor the preservationpreservation of nature.of nature.
Therefore private forestry, mining, road building, andTherefore private forestry, mining, road building, andhunting is illegal.hunting is illegal.
If the fire is natural it will be allowed to burn.If the fire is natural it will be allowed to burn.
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Where are we?Where are we?
Yellowstone National ParkYellowstone National Park
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Old FaithfulOld FaithfulGeyserGeyser
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OldOld FaithfulFaithful
http://www.unmuseum.org/geysers.htmhttp://www.unmuseum.org/geysers.htm
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The opposite sideThe opposite sideofOld FaithfulofOld Faithful
Note the decaying elk carcass.Note the decaying elk carcass.
Since the death was natural, itSince the death was natural, itis not removed by park rangers.is not removed by park rangers.
Old Faithful Inn.Old Faithful Inn.
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Obviously Old FaithfulObviously Old Faithful
Inn was erected beforeInn was erected beforethe current rules aboutthe current rules aboutinterfering with natureinterfering with nature
were instituted.were instituted.
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AnotherAnother geysergeyser
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ThisThis precipitateprecipitate is the minerals leftis the minerals left
after the geysers water hasafter the geysers water hasevaporated. It is calledevaporated. It is called geyserite.geyserite.
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These mineral deposits are alsoThese mineral deposits are alsocalledcalled travertinetravertine..
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MammothMammothHot SpringHot Spring
From IanFrom Ian EbrechtEbrecht
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YellowstoneYellowstone LakeLake
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Even underEven under YellowstoneYellowstone Lake.Lake.SomeSome peoplepeople
come tocome toYellowstoneYellowstonejustjust
to fish.to fish.
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Cutthroat TroutCutthroat Troutabound.abound.
YellowstoneYellowstone Lake fills up a huge craterLake fills up a huge craterwhich is a collapsed volcano. Thiswhich is a collapsed volcano. This
feature is called afeature is called a calderacaldera ((calderacaldera).).
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Causes ofCauses ofYellowstoneYellowstone
YellowstoneYellowstone is located above ais located above a hothotspotspot..
AA hot spothot spot is a thin spot in theis a thin spot in theEarths crust where magma is closeEarths crust where magma is closeto the surface.to the surface.
This heats the ground water formingThis heats the ground water forming
geysersgeysers,, hot springshot springs, and mud pots., and mud pots.
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Hot SpringHot Spring
Dissolved mineralsDissolved mineralsprecipitate out as the hotprecipitate out as the hot
water evaporates.water evaporates.
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Hot SpringHot Spring
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Hot SpringHot Spring
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Hot SpringHot Spring
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YellowstoneYellowstone LakeLake
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The various colors areThe various colors arethermophilic bacteriathermophilic bacteriawhich only live in hotwhich only live in hot
water.water.
As the hot water flowsAs the hot water flowsaway it cools.away it cools.
Different species ofDifferent species ofbacteria live in differentbacteria live in differenttemperature water.temperature water.
BioengineeringBioengineeringcompanies harvestcompanies harvestthese bacteria for usethese bacteria for usein genetically alteringin genetically alteringplants.plants.
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Palette byBacteriaPalette byBacteria
The hot water andThe hot water and
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The hot water andThe hot water andmineral deposits havemineral deposits have
killed the trees.killed the trees.
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These trees haveThese trees havebeen killed by hotbeen killed by hot
ground water.ground water.
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MudPotMudPot
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H th f tiH th f ti
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Here the process ofcreationHere the process ofcreation
continues.continues.
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Onesense that these picturesOnesense that these pictures
cannot stimulate is...cannot stimulate is...
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Whydo theycall itWhydo theycall it
YellowstoneYellowstoneNationalPark?NationalPark?
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LowerLower YellowstoneYellowstone
Falls (308)Falls (308)
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UpperUpper YellowstoneYellowstone FallsFalls(109) on the(109) on the YellowstoneYellowstone
RiverRiver
PeoplePeople
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YellowstoneYellowstoneCanyonCanyon
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Or we could haveOr we could havecalled itcalled it pinkpinkstone.stone.
Both theBoth the yellowyellow andandthethe pinkpink stone arestone are
types of rhyolite, antypes of rhyolite, anigneousigneous rock.rock.
The RockyThe RockyMountains areMountains are
composed ofcomposed ofigneousigneous,,
sedimentarysedimentary andandmetamorphicmetamorphic rock.rock.
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Other igneousexamplesOther igneousexamples
Volcanic ashVolcanic ash
Old lava flowsOld lava flows
What kind of rock is this old lava?What kind of rock is this old lava? BasaltBasalt
Volcanic AshVolcanic Ash
Volcanic AshVolcanic Ash
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Naturally, when you are surrounded by soNaturally, when you are surrounded by somany mountains, what must the intrepidmany mountains, what must the intrepid
geographer do?geographer do?
Cli b O !Cli b O !
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Climb One!Climb One!
Specimen RidgeSpecimen Ridge
Th R t f A tTh R t f A t L t hL t h
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The Route of AscentThe Route of Ascent
Looks easy, doesnt it?Looks easy, doesnt it?
Lets go here . . .Lets go here . . .
. . .and look back. . .and look back
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We started here.We started here.
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The specimen onThe specimen on
specimen ridge is . . .specimen ridge is . . .
AA petrifiedpetrified treetree
Its aIts a petrifiedpetrified
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It s aIt s a petrifiedpetrifiedredwood which,redwood which,geologists say,geologists say,
Was covered withWas covered withvolcanic ash,volcanic ash,
Cells were slowlyCells were slowly
replaced byreplaced byminerals,minerals,
Uplifted by theUplifted by the
fault block Rockies,fault block Rockies,And is weatheringAnd is weatheringout of the ridge.out of the ridge.
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PetrifiedPetrified TreeTreeRingsRings
This occurs asThis occurs asminerals slowlyminerals slowlyreplace organicreplace organic
matter.matter.
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Its hard to tell the . . .Its hard to tell the . . .
Petrified treePetrified tree
from the . . .from the . . .
forest.forest.
When you get to the top youWhen you get to the top you
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When you get to the top you . . .When you get to the top you . . .. . . Look around!. . . Look around!
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BitterrootBitterroot
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And return to theAnd return to the
plain.plain.
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Hayden ValleyHayden Valley
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What happened here?What happened here?
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TheTheYellowstoneYellowstoneFires of 1988Fires of 1988
The summer of 1988 was theThe summer of 1988 was the driestdriest in the Park's recordedin the Park's recordedhistory.history.
More than 793,000 acres (36% of the park) were affectedMore than 793,000 acres (36% of the park) were affectedby fire.by fire.
Fires begun outside of the park burned more than half theFires begun outside of the park burned more than half thetotal acreage.total acreage.
Humans caused 9 fires; lightning caused 42 fires.Humans caused 9 fires; lightning caused 42 fires. About 300 (out of 50,000) large mammals, primarily elk,About 300 (out of 50,000) large mammals, primarily elk,
perished.perished. $120 million was spent and 25,000 people participated in$120 million was spent and 25,000 people participated in
this firefighting effort, the largest in U.S. history.this firefighting effort, the largest in U.S. history. This huge effort saved human life and property, but hadThis huge effort saved human life and property, but had
little impact on the fires themselveslittle impact on the fires themselves.. Rain and snow finally stopped the advance of the fires inRain and snow finally stopped the advance of the fires in
September.September.
www.yellowstonewww.yellowstone--natlnatl--park.com/fire.htm#firepark.com/fire.htm#fire
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Aftermath of the 1988 FiresAftermath of the 1988 Fires
The 1988 fires created a mosaic of burns, partial burns, and unburned areas thatThe 1988 fires created a mosaic of burns, partial burns, and unburned areas thatprovided new habitats for plants and animals and new realms for research. Whatprovided new habitats for plants and animals and new realms for research. Whatscientists have learned:scientists have learned:
Fertile soil with goodFertile soil with good--water holding capacity and dense, diverse vegetation before thewater holding capacity and dense, diverse vegetation before thefire recovered quickly.fire recovered quickly.
Grasslands returned to preGrasslands returned to pre--fire appearance within a few years.fire appearance within a few years. Many of the burned forests were matureMany of the burned forests were mature lodgepole pinelodgepole pine; this species is recolonizing; this species is recolonizing
most of the burned areas.most of the burned areas.
The first seedlings of Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, DouglasThe first seedlings of Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, Douglas--fir, and whitebarkfir, and whitebarkpine have emerged.pine have emerged. Aspen reproduction has increased because fire stimulated the growth of suckers fromAspen reproduction has increased because fire stimulated the growth of suckers from
the aspen's underground root system and left behind bare mineral soil that providesthe aspen's underground root system and left behind bare mineral soil that providesgood conditions for aspen seedlings.good conditions for aspen seedlings.
Some of theSome of the grasses that elk eat were more nutritious after the firegrasses that elk eat were more nutritious after the fire.. Bears graze more frequently at burned than unburned sites.Bears graze more frequently at burned than unburned sites. The fires have had no observable impact on the number of grizzly bears in greaterThe fires have had no observable impact on the number of grizzly bears in greater
Yellowstone.Yellowstone. CavityCavity--nesting birds, such as bluebirds, had more dead trees for their nests; birdsnesting birds, such as bluebirds, had more dead trees for their nests; birds
dependent on mature forests, such as boreal owls, lost habitat.dependent on mature forests, such as boreal owls, lost habitat. No fireNo fire--related effects have been observed in the fish populations or the anglingrelated effects have been observed in the fish populations or the angling
experience in the six rivers that have been monitored regularly since 1988.experience in the six rivers that have been monitored regularly since 1988. Vegetation growth has slowed erosion in watersheds that had erosion and mudslidesVegetation growth has slowed erosion in watersheds that had erosion and mudslides
after the fires, such as the Gibbon River.after the fires, such as the Gibbon River.
www.yellowstonewww.yellowstone--natlnatl--park.com/fire.htm#firepark.com/fire.htm#fire
Y ll tY ll t i 1989i 1989
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YellowstoneYellowstone in 1989in 1989
Note the different colors.Note the different colors.
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Completely burnedCompletely burned
Trees killed but notTrees killed but notburned upburned up
Trees livingTrees living
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Area of completeArea of completedevastationdevastation
But notice the new growthBut notice the new growth
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Most of these seedlingsMost of these seedlingsare fireweed, which nextare fireweed, which next
year will look like . . .year will look like . . .
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This seedling is a lodgepole pine.This seedling is a lodgepole pine.
Most of the trees inMost of the trees in YellowstoneYellowstone areare
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lodgepole pinelodgepole pine..
Most of the cones of theMost of the cones of the lodgepole pinelodgepole pine cancanopen and release their seed ONLY when theyopen and release their seed ONLY when they
achieve a temperature that can only beachieve a temperature that can only be
reached in a fire.reached in a fire.
They are adapted to fire.They are adapted to fire.
F fi killF fi kill
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Frequent fires killFrequent fires killwoody plants (likewoody plants (like
this aspen),this aspen),keeping grasslandskeeping grasslands
open.open.
This provides betterThis provides bettergrazing for . . .grazing for . . .
ElkElk
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ElkElk
Note the burnedNote the burnedtrees.trees.
Note the damage to trees,Note the damage to trees,
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bisonbison
caused by the bisoncaused by the bisonsharpening their horns.sharpening their horns.
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moosemoose
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moosemoose
cowcow
calfcalf
Yellowstone National ParkYellowstone National Park
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Yellowstone RiverYellowstone River
YellowstoneYellowstone LakeLake
YellowstoneYellowstone CanyonCanyon
The areasThe areasaffected by theaffected by thefires of 1988fires of 1988
are light green.are light green.
www.lpi.usra.edu/education/EPO/yellowstone2002www.lpi.usra.edu/education/EPO/yellowstone2002
20072007
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From IanFrom Ian EbrechtEbrecht
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BlackBlackHillsHills
MountMountRushmoreRushmore
Devils TowerDevils TowerYellowstoneYellowstoneParkPark
Grand TetonGrand Teton
Pikes PeakPikes Peak
So fires in theSo fires in the
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So fires in theSo fires in theRockies are:Rockies are:
DevastatingDevastating
NaturalNatural
ReoccurringReoccurring
RevitalizingRevitalizing
HealthyHealthy
That is why they areThat is why they areleft alone in aleft alone in aNational ParkNational Park..
E E
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EvermoreEvermore
Quothe theQuothe the raven.raven.
NORTH AMERICANNORTH AMERICAN
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NORTH AMERICANNORTH AMERICAN
REGIONSREGIONS
VI. Rocky MountainsVI. Rocky Mountains
c. Wyomingc. Wyoming
The End