viet nam phat giao su luoc - ht mat the

8/3/2019 Viet Nam Phat Giao Su Luoc - HT Mat The

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HT.MT TH

VIT NAM PHT GIO S LCNh Xut Bn Tn Gio

Ngunhttp://thuvienhoasen.org

Chuyn sang ebook 8-8-2009Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin [email protected] Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org

Mc LcTaVi nt v Thin s Thch Mt ThLi ni uPHM LTIU DNChng mt - I. NGUN GC PHT GIOChng hai - II. PHT GIO TRUNG QUC

Chng ba - III. A TH NC VIT NAM NGUN GCV TINH THN NGI VIT NAMChng t - IV. TN PHI TRUYN VO VIT NAMLCH S

Chng mt - THI I PHT GIO DU NHP PHT GIO I BC THUC(43 - 544)Chng hai - PHT GIO I HU L NAM (571 - 602)V I BC THUC TH BA (603 - 939)Chng ba - PHT GIO I NH INH (968 - 980)V I TIN L (980 - l09)Chng t - PHT GIO I NH L (l010 - 1225)

1. L Thi T (l010 - l088)2. L Thi Tn (l028 - l054)3. L Thnh Tn (l054 - l072)4. L Nhn Tn (1072 - 1127)5. L Thn Tn (1128 - 1138)6. L Anh Tn (1138 -1175)7. L Cao Tn (1176 - 1210)8. L Hu Tn (1211 - 1225)
http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thuyet%20Phap/Phat%20Su/http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thuyet%20Phap/Phat%20Su/


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Chng nm - PHT GIO I NH TRN (1225 - 1400)1. Trn Thi Tn (1225 - 1258)2. Trn Thnh Tn (1258 - 1278)3. Trn Nhn Tn4. Trn Anh Tn (1293 - 1314)

Chng su - PHT GIO I NH H (1400 - 1407)N I THUC MINH (1414 - 1427)Chng by - PHT GIO I HU L (1428 - 1527)Chng tm - PHT GIO THI I NAM BC PHN TRANH(1528 - 1802)Chng chn - PHT GIO TRONG THI K CN I (TRIU NGUYN)Chng mi - PHT GIO HIN IPh lc - NHNG GING K CA CC PHI

A. T Nguyn ThiuB. T Liu Qun

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Li khen cun Vit Nam Pht gio S lc1

Thng Trng Xun nm Qu Mi, Php s Mt Th du hnh cc tnh phaNam mang theo bn co Quc ng cun Vit Nam Pht gio s, v tha viti l tp sch do Php s tri bao nm thng su tm bin son mthnh, thnh cu ti chng gim. Ti nhn ly bn co v c k. Mi khim tnh n cao, ngi bn cun sch, ngh n S tng c nm theo hc

ni ti, ti bit c ch hng v nguyn vng ca S. Ngoi vic tu hc,S cha tng lu tm n vic phin dch trc thut nhm cho s nghiphong php.

Xa kia Pht gio t ng sang, truyn nhp vo nc Nam ta hnngn nm. Ch v o T Thnh Tng tng tc pht xut cng c, chiusng lch s, h u tng mai mt. Ngy hm nay y c c cun schny, chng nhng c cng vi Pht gio m cn c cng vi Pht hc vy.Do ti vui mng v lng v bin, vi c my li tn thn.

Pht ging th 2506, thng ba ma Xun,

Cha Thp Thp, Bnh nh

Ha thng Phc Hu.

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Ta

Pht gio khi thy n , truyn i khp cc x ln cn. Trc ht sangcc nc Trung T ri th sang Ty Tng, Trung Hoa, Cao Ly, NhtBn v cc nc min Nam Chu . Vit Nam ta cng trong phm vi nhhng y. Mi khi Pht gio vo x no th ty theo tnh tnh, phong tc,quc , thi c x y m phng tin truyn th. Pht gio mi x c mttinh thn v mt tnh cch khc nhau cng nh lch s cc x y Nn munkho v Pht gio mt x no cn phi chia ra lm hai phn : Phn Lch sv phn gio l cng trit l. Lch s c kho cu c r rng th gio l,trit l suy nghin mi c v vc.

Hi n Lch s Pht gio Vit Nam nh th ai cng bo: C t inh, Ltri qua L, Trn, L ri n bn triu, ta hi nh mt vn gin d qu.

Tht vy, cc quan s phn nhiu ch thy c ni n Pht gio i inh mthi. Bit u bt u t inh, Vit Nam ta nhn Pht gio lm Qucgio, t Tng quan trong triu, th chc hn Pht gio hi ti mttrnh thnh t lm ri. Bi th trong vn Pht gio truyn vo t baogi? Truyn vo cch no? ng no? T pha Bc hay t pha Nam? y,chnh nhng cu hi y, khin ta phi tm nghin cu.

Nhng sch ni v vn Lch s Pht gio Vit Nam tuy khng phi khngc, nhng cng khng ly u c nhiu, m cng khng ph cp mingi. Bt qu ch vn vn c vi ba b nh : Thin uyn tp anh, Thng

yu k ng lc, o gio nguyn lu v...v v mt vi b Ng lc cng nmba thin truyn k cc v Cao Tng. V nhng ni eo hp kh khn y, nnmy ai c ci hng th v ng trc thut, m c mt t - rt t - cngdu trong cha ring, sao i chp li, chc cha c bn no l hon thin mai cng c xem. Tuy vy c cn hn khng : nh c nhng sch y catin nhn ta li m ta bit c cht t v Lch s Pht gio nc nh. Hkhng phi l nhng ti liu qu ha cho mn s hc ny hay sao?

Khn ni nhng sch y vit ton bng ch Hn c i vi phi xut giakhng k, cn quc dn ta, t khi Hn hc khng c nhn dy cctrng cng, hc gii ta ly Quc vn v Php vn thay vo. Cc bc tntin ngy nay i vi kho sch ch Hn xa gn nh chim chch vo rng.

Nu khng dch ra ch Quc ng th cc ti liu qu ha y cng chng bch cho hc gii c bao nhiu.


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Vy ngy nay trong Thin gia hc gii c ngi dng cng su tp c tiliu Hn vn, Quc vn cng Php vn, em dch thut, sa son ph dinlm thnh mt quyn sch khin c gi c th bit qua c Lch s Qucgio Vit Nam trong my nghn nm, h chng c ch lm ru ! Khng nhngth, nhng ti liu su tp li l ti liu qu gi cho s hc gii sau ny,th d trong khng khi c iu sai lm khim khuyt, song

v mn ti liu th sch ny vn l c cng to.

Chnh v cc l y, nn xin gii thiu cng cc hc gi v cc Pht t VitNam sch Vit Nam Pht gio s lc ca Thng ta Mt Th, gio sTrng Sn Mn Pht hc Hu. Mong rng Thng ta bn ch sa tp, cgng lm thm cun VIT NAM PHT GIO GIO L th tht b ch chotng lai Pht gio Vit Nam nh ta lm vy.

Ring phn chng ti ly lm mong mi v cng.

Nay knh Thc Ngc : TRN VN GIPVit ti Th vin cha Qun sTr s Trung ng Hi Pht gio Bc k - H Ningy nhp ng thng mi nm Nhm Ng (1942).

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(1913 - 1961)2

Thin s tn tht l Nguyn Hu K, sanh nm 1912 lng Nguyt Biu,huyn Hng Thy, tnh Tha Thin, thnh ph Hu.

Chnh qun huyn Tng Sn, Gia miu ngoi trang, tnh Thanh Ha, dng

Thch L ca c Nguyn Hu B.Lc nh theo hc Nho gio v Quc ng chng trnh Php Vit. Thin s Primaire. Ngi thng minh, lanh li.

Gia nh u qui hng theo Pht. C thn sinh v ngi anh rut cng uxut gia lm t chn Thin lm.


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Ln 12 tui, Thin s c thn sanh em v cha Diu H (Hu) cho tuhc. Hng ngy cn mn hc tp. Bn cht thng minh nn ch my chctip thu mt cch mau chng Kinh Lut cn bn ca Pht gio.

Ln 16 tui Thin s nhp chng cha T Quang vi Ha thng GicBn. Nhn thy Thin s l ngi xut sc, m ang, nn cho vo tu hc cha Trc Lm vi Ha thng Gic Tin. Khi vo y nh c gp nc,rng gp my, Thin s li c gn Thy gn bn, hc hi chuyn cn nntr hu mau chng pht trin.

Nm ln 18 tui, Thin s c Ha thng Gic Tin th v cho th Sa-di gii vi Php danh Tm Nht, Php t l Mt Th.

Nm 1932, Ho thng Gic Tin thnh i lo Ha thng Phc Hu cha

Thp Thp tnh Bnh nh ra khai ging Pht hc ng cha Trc Lmv Ty Thin, Thin s c c cch cho theo hc lp ny.

Nm 1935, Ha thng Bn s vin tch. Nm 1937 Ha thng Thp Thpv tui gi khng th dy tip nn tr v T nh Thp Thp Bnh nh anngh. Thin s xin vi S huynh sang Trung Quc nghin cu v Pht hc Vin Pht hc Tiu Sn do Ha thng Tinh Nghim lm Tr tr.

Cuc chin tranh Hoa-nht bng n, nm 1938 Thin s tr v Vit Namlm Ging s cho Sn mn Pht hc v An Nam Pht hc Hi. Trong thi

gian ny Thin s trc tc quyn Vit Nam Pht gio S lc. Ngoi racn dch tip quyn Pht gio Khi lun, Pht hc d gii v kinh i thav lng ngha.

Nm 1941, Thin s nhn lm gio th cho Pht hc ng Lng Xuynti Tr Vinh c mt nm ri tr ra Hu.

n nm 1944, Thin s th C tc gii Gii n ti cha Thuyn Tn doHo thng Gic Nhin lm n u.

Trong Gii n ny Thin s ng u cc gii t v c cng nhn l ThSa-di.

Nm 1945, Thin s c Sn mn c gi chc Tr tr cha Ph Quang c Hu. Nhng vn nhn ngh s tn tui thi by gi nh c Trn VnGip, Phm Qunh, Khi Hng . . . u n n cha Ph Quang m ovi Thin s.


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Nm 1946, Thin s tham gia Phong tro Pht gio cu quc khi Chnh phLm thi t chc Tng tuyn c, Thin s c c ra ng c n vTha Thin v c c i biu Quc Hi kha I nc Vit Nam Dn chCng ha. Cng nm 1946 ny, Thin s c mi lm Ch tch y banPht gio Cu quc tnh Tha Thin. Trong nhng nm s tn, Thin s v Ngh An v vin tch ti y.

Thin s tr th 49 nm, th tch nm 1961 ti Ngh An. Nhng tc phmca Thin s xut bn t nm 1941-1957 gm c :

- Pht gio yu lc.

- Pht gio khi lun.

- Ci t sn mn.

- Xun o l.

- i tha V lng ngha.

- Vit Nam Pht gio s lc.

Trong thi gian Ngh An, Thin s phin dch v trc tc Kinh LutLun rt nhiu, nhng hin nay tht lc v chin tranh. Thp ca Thin shin c ci tng cha Trc Lm - Hu.

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Li ni u

ng v phng din tuyt i m ni, chn l vn khng c thi gian vkhng gian. Thi gian v khng gian khng, th, trn ci i ny c ci gng gi l lch s v ai l ngui chp lch s ? Xa c Pht t qua 49 nmthuyt php gio ha, khi gn nhp Nit-bn, Ngi mun khai th cho chng

bit o l "bt nh php mn", Ngi dy: Ta xa nay cha tng ni mtch3

Huyn diu thay ! Cu ni tuy rt vn tt, n s m bao hm bit bao ngha. V sao ? Vi chn l tuyt i bn th "php gii thanh tnh tm " thvn t hay ng ngn u l tha c.


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nh vy, nhng cuc i ny l tng i. Trm ngn hin tng ph dintrc mt, ngi ta khng th cng nhau bo l khng c. Ton th nhnloi chng sinh m lm, nhn vn hu trong v tr cho l tht c, nn manh tm tranh dnh kin thit, mu cu s tin ha hnh phc. Nhngtri li, ch cng nhau quay cung hp ln trong bin kh ! Ni nguy hi calch s biu din ra rnh rnh, sao ngi ta khng chu xa nha n i, mi ngi c sng trong cnh gii ha ng, khng cn phn chia vnha, chng tc ca mi a gii ? Ni vy, khng phi ti bi quan, ph nhns tin ha hin thi ca nhn loi. Nhng tin ha bng cch no ch ? Nutin ha m buc nhn loi mi rc ly s chm git ln nhau, th khc hi

bit chng no ?

Mc ch v tinh thn Pht gio vn dt dn mi ngi t n chn l tuyti. V, chng ti bao gi cng th theo tm V tng ca ch Pht, chn

l tuyt i ca php gii m tu tr; ngoi ra khng dm manh tm tranhdnh mt a v hay mt thin lch s g cho Pht gio hay cho c nhn trong x hi nhn loi ny. Chng qua vi gia hon cnh ngi ngi uxem trong lch s, suy tm lch s, m Pht gio li l nn gio l vn sn

phng tin ty duyn khai ha, c php ny php kia cho ht thy mingi bit m tu hc.

Vy Pht gio l mt hin tng trn th gii, ni hp l mt tn gio truyn vo nc Vit Nam ny, l no li khng c mt lch s truyn b ?

*

K Pht gio t khi truyn vo t Vit Nam ta n nay gm c ci lchs gn 2.000 nm. Qua cc triu i inh, L, L, Trn, L khng phi lkhng thnh v, Pht gio khng b ch cho th o nhn tm. Cc v T s,cc bc Cao Tng xa nh ngi Php Hin Thin s, Khung Vit thi s,Vn Hnh Thin s, Cm Thnh Thin s v Trc Lm tam t v.v... tngem ch tu hc hong php ca mnh m m mang nn o c vn ha chonc nh khng phi l t.

Th m tr mt t ti liu chp ri rc trong cc sch s v mt i quynNg lc gia ph cc cha, th khng cn c mt quyn sch no c thng gi l mt quyn lch s c t chc lm gng soi chung cho ngisau, noi theo bit c iu hay cn bt chc, iu d phi trnh xa,ng gip v s xt on trn bc ng tu hc hong php. (Ni th chti u dm ch trch g c nhn. Khng, ti bit lm ! - 1. Ngi xa tnh


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tnh thun phc, v li nn kinh t k ngh 4 cha c pht trin my, nnngi hc o (Pht hay Nho cng vy) ct tu tm dng tnh, ch u

phi chuyn v mt vn ha trc thut. V vy, khng nhng ring vPht gio

thiu quan nim lch s m cho en th gian cc bc tin bi ta cng thiuhn quan nim y. Hung na Pht gio l mt tn gio cha y t tngv tng. Ngi hnh o d c lm vic g to ln n u cng khngcn ai bit v chng lu tm bin chp iu li lm g. 2. Nc Vit

Nam ta l mt nc nh gn mt nc ln - Trung Hoa, ngt 1000 nmni thuc, ht thy vn ha, gio dc u phi hc i theo nhng sch vm h ch qua cho ta c cn khng ht, c th gi u m ngh n victrc tc. V d c ngh n vic trc tc th, vit ch Hn chi bng csch h l hn, m nu vit bng ting nc nh th ch Nm ta thi y cn

cho l nm na, khng c gi tr, chi bng thi l xong. Nhng khuyt imy ta phi nhn l mt cng l ca thi i trc. M tht ra ngi ngthi cng khng ly th cho l khuyt im).

Ngy nay nhn phong tro hc thut tin b, t tng ngi ta quan nimnhiu v lch s. Ring v Pht gio phn ng ngi hc Pht cng mun

bit n tung tch nn Pht gio ca nc nh mnh th no ... Vn bit hco ch tm thy con ng v l c cn g phi hi n T tng 5 . Nhngthit ngh, nu bit c T tng th li c hi g ? V li bc u nukhng bit T tng th nng vo u m tm thy c con ng v.

V thin kin, mun thch ng vi nhu cu ca thi i, b khuyt vo chkhuyt hm trn nn Lch s Pht gio nc nh, quyn Vit Nam Pht gios lc ny ra i. Ni li ln na, bn chng ti khng v xua a theodanh li, hay ph trng ci hay ci gii trong Pht gio, m ch mt lng vvn

ha hc thut, i vi mc ch hong php li sanh, ch mong c lm - dcng vic g, nhim v ca mt Pht t trong mt thi i.

Nhng ti liu chng ti dng vit sch ny, v phng din Pht hc phnnhiu cn c vo quyn Vit Nam Thuyn uyn tp anh, Thng yu k nglc, Vit Nam Thuyn tn th h v quyn Le Bouddhisme An-nam desorigines au XIII sicle ca Trn Vn Gip tin sanh. Cn v sch ngoi thc b Quc Triu tin bin. Chnh bin, lch s nhn vt ch, Khm nhVit s thng gim cng mc, i Vit k, i Nam nht thng ch, Vit


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Nam s lc v.v Tm li nhng sch v hoc bo ch g dng lm tiliu k cu trong khi vit sch ny, chng ti u c k vo mc schtham kho r rng tin c gi khi mun xt li iu g. Tic v khnggian quyn sch ny c hn v mi phin tp trong s bin tp nn chng tikhng th nh du ht s xut ca mi ch c. iu , tng c gicng xt bit m lng th cho.

Ni dung sch ny chia lm hai phn : T lun v Lch s. Phn T lunchia lm bn chng. Trc ht thut qua lc s c Thy t Pht gio vtnh hnh duyn cch Pht gio n , ri n Pht gio Trung Hoa; ath nc Vit Nam, ngun gc v tinh thn ngi Vit Nam v.v... V phnLch s chia lm mi chng. Bt u kho xt Pht gio t khi mi dunhp, ln lt qua cc triu i cho n hin i.

Trong khong thi gian gn 2000 nm, s b gio ca lit v T s ra thno, tnh cnh thnh suy ca Pht gio qua cc triu i ra th no, chng tiu tham hip vi tnh hnh chnh tr, kinh t ca mi thi i trong nc mghi chp r rng k lng. Sau mi tn phi li c mt bn k v th hcho c gi tin b tham kho. Chng ti khng dm t ngh l hon tontrong cng cuc kho xt, nhng vi ti liu xa, chng ti c tm v cchn ly nhng iu xt tht ng tin. Chng ti khng c xa vng g hn lmong sch ny n ch l mt cun i quan v mt thin lch s, phn s can l m ng cho nhng cun Vit Nam Pht gio s sau ny.

*

Chng ti vn nhn thy kho xt lch s l mt cng vic rt ln lao, khngphi ring phn c nhn m m ng ni. Ring v Pht gio, Thng Chitin sanh cng tng than : Su tm ti liu vit quyn Vit Nam Phtgio s l mt vic rt kh 6. Nhng chng ti em ht nhit tm, nhnly mt trch nhim, trong ba, bn nm nay vi s yu au, vi nhng khimt nhc, chng ti vn c gng quyt eo ui mt mc ch : Phng sPht gio.

Trong s bin tp cng nh c nhiu thin hu tri thc gip cho ti, hocv ti liu, hoc bin chp hay cho nhng on Php vn c quan h nLch s Pht gio. Tic rng khng th ghi ht c, vy xin cc bn hoanh nhn ly y, lng thnh tht cm n ca ti.

V chng ti rt trng mong cc bc i c trong cc Sn mn cng cchc gi, c s trong nc, sau khi quyn sch ny ra i nu c may mn


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nm trn tay qu ngi, nh cn ch no sai lm khuyt im, xin qu ngi vuilng ch gio li cho. Chng ti rt chn thnh cm t.

IU NG T MT THVit Trc Lm - HuGia ma Xun nm Qu T(Pht lch : 2506 - Ty lch : 1943)

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PHM L

1. Phn T lun trong sch ny, v tho lun cc vn c hi di sau nghmun b i, nhng li tic ci cng trnh tho ra n. Vy c gi munhiu ngay tnh hnh ca mt thin lch s, xin hy gi ngay phn lch s ctrc, khi ri rnh s tham kho phn T lun sau, cng khng ngi g.

2. Nhng bn trong sch ny, tr bn A, bn H, v bn I ra, cn cc bnkhc u theo s sp t ca Trn tin sanh trong sch Le Bouddhisme enAn-nam ... Chng qua on di bn G, tc gi c sa li my tn chong hip vi th t v nhng ch trong ging k.

3. K ra Pht gio Trung k gn y, ngoi phi Nguyn Thiu v Liu

Qun, cn c cc phi nh khc, gc hai phi trn m lp ra, t ring mtging k khc. Nhng s truyn thng khng c pht t lm, nn ikhi khng th chp thnh bn c

4. Bt c mt tn gio ny, truyn vo nc no, v s thnh suy u c linquan bi cc vn chnh tr, kinh t, x hi ca cc thi i trong nc y.Sch ny v mun khi hng cho c gi, nn tc gi da theo tnh hnh cacc thi i trong nc, lc thut mt cch r rng, c gi khi c rt cnhiu th v.

5. Sch ny vit xong va gp thi cuc chin tranh ngy thm rc ri, ivi vn n lot tht trm phn kh khn, nn nh phi nm trong tmt thi gian, nay mi em in c. Vy cc gio hu xa gn, hu tmmong i xin vui lng lng th.

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TIU DN

Theo tc truyn, nc Vit Nam ta khai quc bt u t di Hng Bng(2879 trc TL..?) ly quc hiu l Xch Qu.

By gi dn ta cn mng mui lm, ngoi s tn ngng thn tri (ng Sm,m St), thn cy, thn v. v nh cc dn mi r hin gi, th cngkhng c mt tn ngng g thuc v mt tn gio no na.

iu khng c g l l; bi khng lun dn tc no, h cn vo ci thik d man, tr thc cha c ny n, th v phn tn ngng, i khi uging nhau. V ngi ta cn dng bao nhiu cu thn thoi gii thchnhng hin tng m ngi ng thi cho l b mt kh hiu trong vtr. Nh chuyn Sn tinh, Thy tinh trong I.ch s nc ta chng hn v.v..

Nn ta c th ni s tn ngng y l mt Thn o rt ph bin ca nhnloi bui s khai.

n i Tn Thy Hong sai Th em qun sang nh Bch Vit(Qung ng, Qung Ty v Bc k by gi), (214 trc TL), cho n khiTriu ni ln lm b ch c qun Nam Hi v u Lc (tn c nc tangy xa) (207 trc TL) th dn ta mi bt u tip xc vi vn ha TrungQuc. Tuy vy cng cha c hp th g my.

Mi n u th k, sau khi L Bc c dit xong h Triu, cc vua Trung

Quc mi ngh n vic truyn b vn chng, l ngha sang lnh th mi.Nhng tht ra, thi y h cng ch dy cho mt s t ngi hiu s v l giov lm thng ngn m thi.

n i S Nhip, ngha l bt u vo khong nm 178, h S c lnhchc Thi Th t ny, by gi s gio dc mi c t chc, cc hc thuytKhng, Mnh mi bt u truyn b mt cch r rt. Trong khi h S ngem Nho hc khai ha cho dn ta, ng thi Pht gio cng n vTrung Quc truyn vo; sau Pht gio li c Lo gio, cng truyn vo lcny.

Th l dn nc ta n y c c ba tn gio. Tu trung Pht giotrc tin c nhn lm Quc gio v c nhn dn sng tn hn c. Nhtinh thn sng sut ca th o, vi cng nghip b gio ca cc T s, Phtgio rt c cng to trn lch s vn ha nc nh.


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M Pht gio l gc n truyn qua Trung Quc sang ta; v s linquan y, nn trc khi mun r Lch s Pht gio Vit Nam, ta cn phi bitqua ngun gc Pht gio n v Pht gio Trung quc. iu tngcng khng phi l v ch.

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Chng mt - I. NGUN GC PHT GIO

Gn ba mi lm th k v trc, dn tc A-ly-an (Aryen) thu phc ncn v chia dn chng ra lm bn bc :

1. Chng tc B-la-mn (Brahmana), tc l cc o s hc hnh uyn bc,gii hnh oan nghim; vn ha hc thut ca dn tc u trong tay cc

bc ny c.

2. Chng tc St l (Ksatrya), tc l ging gii vua cha.

3. Chng tc Ph x (Vaisya), tc l hng bun bn bnh dn.

4. Chng tc Th la (Soudra), gm nhng dn tc ti t lao ng.

Ngoi ra li cn mt chng tc l Ba-ly-a (Pariahs), tc l nhng dn tcmi r.

Theo lut B-la-mn th ch c ba chng tc trn l c quyn c kinh hco m thi, cn hai chng tc di khng c quyn g v phi lm n lcho ba phi trn.

By gi ton ci n chia lm rt nhiu nc nh, thng khi ha chinvi nhau nh i Chin quc bn Trung Quc, tuy i th vn thu v ncMa-kit- (Magadha) (nh cc nc ch hu vi i Chu Mc vy).

Nc ny ln nht pha Nam sng Hng h (Gange), lm trung tm im

cho ton x n .Trong nhng nc c danh ting nht thi y, c nc Ca-t-la-v(Kapilavastu) 7, vua tn l Tnh Phn (Sudhodana) Hong hu l Ma-ha Ma-da (Maha-maya) con vua A-nu Thch-ca (Anu-sakya) nc Cu-ly (Koly) 8.Khi y vua Tnh Phn 50 tui v Hong hu 45 tui mi th thai ln u.Theo tc n , n b phi v nh cha m m sanh con, v con sanh ra u


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ly h m, nn Hong hu v nc Cu-ly, n sanh c Hong t lytn l Tt-t-a (Siddharta) v h l Thch-ca (Sakya).

Hong t Tt-t-a sau ny l Pht Thch-ca, hiu l Mu-ni (Mouni),ngha l vng lng, nhn c hon ton.

Ni sinh Ngi l vn Lm-t-ni (Lumbini). Nm 1897 bc s A Fuhrer co c ni y mt tr ca vua A Dc (Asoka) (sau khi Pht tch ditchng 270 nm) nh du ch ca c Pht ging sinh.

Cn v nin i ging sinh ca Ngi hin c nhiu thuyt khc nhau 9 . Theothuyt ph thng th Ngi sanh ngy mng 8 thng t m lch i ChiuVng nh Chu (trc Ty lch 1027 nm). Nhng theo php s Php Chu,ngi Trung Quc tng du hc Tch Lan (Ceylan), dy cng nghin

cu v lch s Pht, c dn chng bng my chc b sch va vn TrungQuc v vn Pali, th Ngi sanh vo khong nm 563 trc Thin chaging sanh.

Ngi t bm thng minh t thu nh. By tui Ngi theo hc cc o s phiB-la-mn, nh ng T-xa-mt-a-la (Visvamitra) v ng tng v S n---b (Ksautidiva). Dn dn Ngi thng hiu cc khoa, nht l ngh lun,trit l. Chnh trong khi bt u hiu bit y, cng l khi Ngi bt u cmthy chn nn cuc i vinh hoa ph qu v bun au cho cuc th ca nhnsinh.

Nhng v c g mt v thiu nin Hong t sng mt cuc i p , khngbao gi trc tip vi i m li c tm l y ? Ri sau y ti sao Ngi biti kh m xt thng n phi x thn tm phng gii thot ? Chng tacn nn tm su vo nguyn l y.

C suy my bc thnh trit Trung Hoa ai cng bit, bi sng gia thi iqu suy i, ln hip b, mnh hip yu, th ngi L am mi to ra ctrit l v vi ca o Lo; i Xun thu phong ha i bi (cha khng racha, con khng ra con, vua khng ra vua, ti khng ra ti), th Ngi Khng

Khu mi sng ra php tu thn ca o Nho. Nh vy r, hon cnh gipnn thnh trit, m ngi tr nn thnh trit ch l ngi mun ci thin thith. Nu i chin quc khng phi l thi phong kin, v l i sng thanh

bnh nh thi Nghiu, Thun th c Khng t hay Lo t, nc TrungQuc cng khng thm c mn trit l no.


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Vy ni n Pht Thch-ca, tt cng phi xt n nguyn nhn chnh ng.Nguyn nhn chnh ng y chnh l lng t bi ca Ngi, ngha l suy nhon cnh Ngi.

Nh trn ni, dn tc n by gi chia ra lm nm phi r rt Ngi lging qu tc. Nhng xt ra ging qu tc ch c quyn m khng c th, v

bao nhiu hc thut, lut php u trong tay phi B-la-mn c. MtHong t thiu nin c ti nh c Thch-ca, thy vy tt phi sinh lng

bt mn cho ci ch y. Ri Ngi li thy ci kh ca nhng k n l gnNgi. Ngi sinh ra bt bnh vi ci tp qun bt cng ca dn tc. S bunru ca Ngi khi im t y. Li hng ngy Ngi thng nghe v thy baonhiu chuyn au kh ca nhn loi, v, d ngi c sanh vo ni quynqu, ni m ngi i cho l sung sng, cng khng trnh khi bn cich sanh, lo, bnh, t. Th l Ngi bt u ng vc mi trit l truc s

sng au kh ca loi ngi.

Ngi li cng bun ru khi thy ch c mnh Ngi cm bit ni au kh y,cn bit bao nhiu ngi vn sng m man.. ... tranh ua, p ch, cp gitln nhau, gy thm cho nhau bao nhiu l cnh kh no thng tm, mngi i vn trin min sng trong vng ti li ti tm, trong cnh khkhng b bn m khng h t bit ? Nhn Ngi mi nhm trong tm mtl tng : Phi tm ly chn l cu vt chng sinh ra ngoi b kh. T Ngi c tm trong kinh in, trong o l mong tm thy mt chn lm gii lun cuc nhn sanh.

Nm 16 tui, Ngi vng li vua cha ci 3 v phu nhn La-gia (Gapika),Gia-du--la (Yasodhara), Lc-gi (Urganika). B Gia-du--la sanh cmt con trai ly tn l La-hu-la. Nhng cng ngy Ngi cng chn nn isng tm thng d v p con yu y.

Nm 19 tui, khi s chn nn ln n cc , Ngi quyt b v con, b cuci vinh hoa ph qu, vo hang ni chu i rt, tu kh hnh mong tmngh c mt phng php g cu loi ngi ra khi vng kh i, v bycnh cc lc trn th gian. Trong my nm y, Ngi i tm hi my v o sc danh ting, nhng Ngi thy trit l ca v no cng khng c siuthot lm. Ngi lin vo n trong dy Tuyt Sn (tc l ni Gi-x-gayatrong sch Pht ngy sau gi l Kh hnh lm) tu tp thin nh. Trong 6nm tri tu kh hnh, nhng Ngi khng thy chng c o qu g. Ngimi i n ni Tng u (Gajasirsa) bn sng Ni-lin-thuyn (Nai-Rdjjna)10 tm ra xong, Ngi th bt sa ca my nng mc n cng, ri


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Ngi mt mnh tnh ta suy xt. Ngi th : "Ta ngi y nu khngchng c o qu, th d c tan nt thn ny, ta quyt khng bao gi ngdy.Di gc cy Tt-bt-la (Pippala), Ngi ngi nh tm, va nh tm48 ngy th, mt hm, khi sao mai va mc, Ngi bng thy trong tm sngsut, r thy chn l ca v tr v ngun gc sanh t ca chng sinh: Ngi thnh Pht. By gi Ngi va 31 tui 11, ngy y nhm ngy mng 8thng chp lch Trung Hoa (Ngy nay Nam thnh Patna chng 110 cy sc thnh Gi gia (Gaya) v cch thnh ny 13 cy s c linh a gi l Pht- Gi-gia (Bouddha Gaya), tc l ch Ngi thnh Pht vy. Cn cy Tt-

bt-la l ch Ngi ngi nhp nh, sau gi l cy B-, du tch nay vncn.

Khi y Ngi yn lng, hon ton sng trong s sng sut nhim mu cachn l m Ngi chng ng, ri Ngi tr li vi loi ngi em o l ra

m thuyt php gio ha.

T Ngi chu du khp cc lu vc sng Hng h, gio ha c v schng sinh ng m mui, tr nn gic tnh, u qui y Pht php tuhnh dit kh, chng o Nit-bn.

Ngi th 80 tui v tch dit vo ngy rm thng hai, trong mt vn cygn thnh Cu-thi-la (Kusinagara).

*

Sau khi Pht Nit-bn, ngi Ma-ha Ca-dip (Maha-ksyapa) thay Pht thngsut Tng chng, hp c thy 500 v t Pht, thnh Vng-x(Rajagrika) ging tng li o l ca Pht dy. ng thi ch khccng c ngi Ba-s-ca (Cspa) chiu tp hng vn Tng chng kit tp Phptng. Nhn trong Pht gio bt u chia lm hai phi Thng ta v ichng.

Ri ln hi n k kit tp th hai (sau Pht Nit-bn hn 100 nm), k kittp th ba (sau Pht Nit-bn hn 200 nm), v k kit tp th t (sau Pht

Nit-bn chng 600 nm); qua cc k kit tp y ln lt li chia thnh 20b phi; tuy c chia ra nhiu b phi nh vy, m vn tn th mt gio ch:Pht Thch-ca, v gio l u nng vo li Ngi dy t trc lm thnhin.

Trong bn k kit tp k trn, hai k u ch nhm chng li ri cc vThng ta ln n ging tng li nhng li Pht dy cho nh thi, mi n


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hai k kit tp sau mi c bin chp thnh kinh in. Kt qu thnh hai livn : vn Phn v vn Pali. Pht gio nh truyn b hu khp ton ci n, cho n ngy nay thnh th gii ha.

Gn y cc hc gi u Chu nghin cu Pht gio, ly nc n lmtrung tm, em Pht gio chia lm Nam phng Pht gio v Bc phngPht gio. Nh hin nay Pht gio truyn Tch Lan (Ceylan), Min in,Xim La, Lo, Cao Mn, v.v. . . gi l Nam phng Pht gio Pht giotruyn Npal, Ty Tng, Trung Quc, Nht Bn, v.v. . . v c n Vit

Nam ta gi l Bc phng Pht gio. S d gi Nam phng v Bc phngch l s phn chia v a l, ch khng phi ni v i tha, Tiu tha;chng qua c th ni Bc truyn Pht gio phn nhiu thuc v pht trinPht gio ; Nam truyn Pht gio so li gn vi nguyn th Pht gio.

Nam phng Pht gio theo kinh in vn Pali ; Bc phng Pht gio theokinh in vn Phn.

*

K t khi Pht gio chia thnh b phi ri th mi bn chp mi kin giikhc nhau, tranh nhau ngh lun tht ro rit, khin trn lch s Pht gion , v khong trc th k th nht, th hai i tha Pht gio c hkhng cn lu hnh na. Mi n u th k, Bc n c ngi M Minhra i, lm lun i tha khi tn, cng nh sc ng h ca vua Ca-n-sc-

ca (Kaniska), ngi ht sc tuyn b phc hng gio l i tha, t itha ln thnh.

Sau 100 nm, li c ngi Long Th ni tip ra i, lm lun Trung qun,lun Thp nh, lun Tr v.v lm Khai t v i tha Khng tn v cChn ngn tn na. i tha Pht gio nhn cng c pht dng lnmi.

Ni nghip ngi Long Th, c hai v t l Long Tr v B, c hai ngicng lm lun ging o ph dp ngoi o, Tiu tha, hong dng i

tha (Pht gio truyn vo ta lc ny).

ng thi Bc n , Tiu tha gio vn cn thnh hnh; c ngi Ha-l-bt-ma (Hari-mamlan) chit trung hc l ca cc b phi, lm ra lun Thnhtht, pht huy o l v Nhn khng, Php khng, rt c tng hp c itha v Tiu tha trong . Tiu tha Pht gio n n y c th bol chung kt.


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n sau khi Pht Nit-bn hn 900 nm, c ngi V Trc sanh Bc n, sau n Trung n, xng gio ngha i tha Duy thc. C em lngi Th Thn nguyn trc vn ngi theo hc Tiu tha, c lm lun Cu-x, sau theo anh hc i tha, ri c hai ngi u cc lc pht dng giongha i tha Duy thc.

Vo khong 1000 nm sau khi Pht Nit-bn l thi k Pht gio n pht trin n ch rc r, c nhiu bc i c, nhiu v lun s ra i,tuyn truyn gio l.

Nhng n sau khi Pht Nit-bn khong 2000 nm, o B-la-mn c cphc hng, h ht sc bi xch Pht gio. Li c Hi gio Th-nh-k(Turquie) xm nhp n , dng th on khc lit, gia hi Pht gio, pthp ph cha, hy dit chnh php. V th Pht gio phi b suy dit, hu

n tuyt tch! Cc nh vit s Pht gio n chm du ngay t .Nhng n th k 19, nc Anh xm lng n ng thi vi vn hanc y, ngi u chu h rt tm nghin cu, ngy thy tin ti. Nnvi gi tr ph bin ca Pht gio, h nhn thc mt cch c bit v xnxao khen ngi. Khi , ngi n cng bt u kinh ngc, nhn ci vnha nc mnh, mi ln ting ku go : Phc hng Pht gio.

Rayendrachilala tin sanh l mt hc gi Pht gio u tin, xut hin giaphong tro nghin cu vn ha n ca ngi u Ty. Ngi cn c vo

144 loi kinh v Phn bn Npal, lm ra quyn Npal Pht gio Phnbn (Thelitasanskrit Buddhist Lilterature of Npal). Nm 1888 li c choxut bn quyn Tiu phm Bt-nh. i vi s nghin cu Pht giongi rt l c cng.

Nm 1893 c Sarat Chandrodas tin sanh li xng ln hi Nghin cuthnh in Pht gio n v nhn loi hc thut. Khi y li cng kchthch ngi n i vi c vn nghin cu Pht gio.

i B- hi l mt on th rt c th lc trong cng cuc vn ng phc

hng Pht gio n hin thi. Sng lp vo nm 1891, chi b u c t cc ch nh l Nu-c, Lun n v.v. . . S b gio hu khp u M.Ri n ton Tch Lan Pht gio i hi (1918), ton n Pht gio ihi (1928), trc sau thnh lp, u xy dng trn mt mc ch Chnhng Pht gio.


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n nh hin nay nhn dn n tng k c l 301.894 vn ngi, tutrung Pht gio chim c s 1157 vn.

Nh vy ta thy quang cnh thnh t n dng no!

---o0o---

Chng hai - II. PHT GIO TRUNG QUC

Nc ta lc u nh hng Pht gio tuy c trc tip vi n , song struyn b khng c ph cp ht dn tc, nn sau Pht gio c thnh l nhkinh in ca Trung Quc dch li vn Phn. Bi th, ta cn bit qualch s Pht gio Trung Quc.

Trong sch Lit T c dn li c Khng T rng : Khu ny nghe phngTy c bc Thnh, khng tr m khng lon, khng ni m t tin.

Li sch Ngy th thch Lo chi c chp : Vua V nh Ty Hn saitng Hot Kh nh nh nc Hung N, bt c hnh ngi bng vngdi hn mt trng, em v dng vua, vua lin em vo th trong cungCam Tuyn, thng ngy thp hng l bi.

Cng trong sch y chp : i Ty Hn c tng Trng Khin phngmnh vua V i s Ty vc v tu rng : Bn nc Thn c (mt nc

trong x Ty vc by gi) c o Ph (tc Pht gio).Sch Lit tin truyn ca Lu Hng i Ty Hn Thnh c chp : Ti Hong n nay, c o c hn 700 ngi, nhng trong s y tu theoo Tin ch c 146 ngi, cn bao nhiu u theo o Pht.

Xem bit dn Trung Quc bit c Pht gio lu lm, trong dn gianri rc c ngi theo v trong nc c d lun v o Pht vy.

Mi n i nh ng Hn, nin hiu Vnh Bnh nm th 10 (TL.67) vua

Minh sai cc ng Thi Hm, Vng Tun, c thy 18 ngi, qua nci Nhc Chi rc Pht v th v c mi c hai v s l Ca Dip Mang v Trc Php Lan qua Trung Quc. Vua Hn Minh lin sc dngcha Bch M th Pht v cho hai ngi dch kinh, truyn o Haingi dch c kinh T thp nh chng v 16 quyn khc. Trung Quc,Pht gio c triu nh tha nhn, c lm cha v dch kinh l bt u t. Dn dn o Pht cng ngy cng bnh trng khin o Lo gn mt


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ht th lc. Bi th, nhng nh truyn o t Ty vc lc tc ko sangTrung Quc, nh ngi An Th Cao, Chi Lu Ca Sm, Chi Diu, Trc PhtSc l nhng bc ni ting nht. n y, kinh ch Phn dch ra ch Hn n s 300 b.

Nh ng Hn mt; Ngy, Thc, Ng ni ln, tc l i Tam Quc, c ngiKhng Tng Hi tTy Vc qua truyn o, thuyt php, vua Ng TnQuyn chu qui y. Nm th hai nin hiu Gia Bnh vua Ngy Minh (TL.250), ngi m-ma-ca-la t Trung n qua thi hnh php Thp NhnTh 12 v T Phn lut. Trung Quc thi hnh gii lut l bt u t lc y.My nm sau (TL. 258), Chu T Hng Lc Dng khai n ging kinhBt-nh. Trung Quc cng khai ging kinh Pht cho nhn dn nghe cng btu t lc y. Nhng thi by gi kinh in dch ra cha hon b, ngha cnm qu, nn Chu T Hng quyt ch qua Ty vc hc ch Phn v tm

nguyn bn kinh ch Phn dch li.

Nm th t nin hiu Vnh Gia nh Ty Tn (TL. 310), ngi Sa-mn x TyVc Pht Trng sang thuyt php, nhn dn m theo rt ng, c hngvn ngi, trong y nh Ngi o An, Php Ha, Trc Php Hi v.v...lnhng mn ni ting nht. Pht gio cm ha nhn gian v hng thnhhn t . Ngi o An, Hu Vin sau pht dng mi manh tn ch caPht gio ra, n ngi Cu-ma-la-thp mi l thnh t. l thi k Phtgio Trung Quc bin i ln th nht. i ny bt u c Tam lun tn,Thnh tht tn.

n i Nam Bc triu (TL. 420-588) Pht gio cng c th, c Tng s HuLm c tham d triu chnh. i y c ngi B- t-ma Thin Trcsang truyn php Thuyn Tn, ngi Tam Tng Nhn dch lun i thaKhi tn. Lc Trung Quc mi xng php mn Chn nh duynkhi. y l thi k Pht gio Trung Quc bin i ln th hai. .Li c Nam

Nhc i s lp Thin thai tn, ngi m V Sm dch truyn Nit-bn tn.

Nhng n nin hiu Thi Bnh Chn Qun th 7 (TL. 446), vua Hu NgyThi V li chm git ht cc Tng l v ph hy ht Kinh, Tng,Cha, Thp trong nc. Lch s Pht gio c ch gi rng: Tam V, nhtTn chi ch 13,y l V ch ln th nht. Bn nm sau V thng h,Vn Thnh vng ni ngi, li sc phc hng Pht gio. Dn dn cc ivua sau cng chn hng, nn o Pht c trng quang. C ngi Lc-na-ma- dch truyn a lun tn. n i vua Tuyn V (TL. 508), Pht gio


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li cc thnh, cc Sa-mn Ty Vc tm n c ba ngn, cha chin trongnc dng hn mt vn, Tng l gn hai triu.

Song n i V Bc Chu (TL. 574), Pht gio li b ch vn ln thhai : Vua bi b Pht gio, dng cha chin lm ph cho cc vng hu;cn Tng s phi v lm dn hoc tuyn lm qun lnh.

Sau V , Tuyn ni ngi, li sc chiu phc hng Pht gio, chuyndch kinh lun. Tip n i Ty, Pht gio cng ngy cng thnh, vua quanu qui y Pht php, cc Tng trc thut nhiu kinh lun.

Nh Ty suy, n nh ng ni ln, vua Cao T cng sng tn Pht gio,nhng c quan Thi S Lnh l Ph Dch by ln dng s bi bc o Pht,vua Cao T li phi cht vn li cc Tng s, nn c hai v Tng l Hu Tha

lm Bin chnh lun v Minh Khi lm Quyt i lun. Nhng vua Cao Tcng hn ch vic lm cha v truyn o. Thi y Lo gio cng b hnch.

Sau Cao T c L Th Dn l con ni ngi, hiul Dng Thi Tn. iny nhn dn an c lc nghip, ng giao thng vi ngoi quc m rng,nn khng nhng Pht gio hng thnh m cc gio khc ca ngoi quccng bt u truyn vo, nh Tin gio, Ma Ni gio, Hi gio v Cnh gio.Chnh ngi Huyn Trang sang Thin Trc cu kinh cng vo lc ny.

Nguyn kinh in Pht gio by gi phn th cc i trc dch sai lm,

phn th my ln b cc vua cha thiu hy, khi chp li c sai nhiu; ngiHuyn Trang thy th lin quyt sang tn thnh Vng-x Trung n , thgio vi ngi Gii Hin lun s, ri li du lch cc nc trong ci n tm nguyn bn kinh in em v dch. Nin hiu Trinh Qun th 19 (TL645), ngi mi v nc. ng Thi Tn rt tn knh, ban ngi cha it n v cha Hong Phc dch kinh, truyn o. Ngi ht sc truyn b,nn Pht gio c lng ly ph cp khp nhn gian. Vi kinh in ca ngidch ra, ngi sau gi l Tn dch, i vi nhng ln dch trc c phnsai khc. l thi k bin i ln th ba Pht gio Trung Quc. Cc t ca ngi v sau cng trc tc kinh lun rt nhiu quyn c gi tr.

Sau vua Cao T, n b V Tc Thin Hong , cng sai s qua nc Vuin (tc l Khotan v Kustana by gi) cu kinh Hoa Nghim thm cckinh in ch Phn, v mi mt hc gi ch Phn l Tht-xoa-nan- vdch kinh cng ngi B- Lu Chi Tam tng, dch kinh Hoa Nghim c80 quyn gi l Bt thp Hoa nghim, b V Tc Thin lm bi ta. Li


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c ngi Ngha Tnh Tam tng cng qua n du lch cc nc v cu kinhv dch c 60 b, cng 230 quyn, Pht gio tht n hi cc thnh vy.

T ht i vua ny n i vua khc, vua no cng ng h Pht gio,Tng s c rt nhiu ngi hoc Ty du, hoc dch Kinh, hoc lm Lun, nnPht gio cng ngy cng rng.

Nhng n i vua V Tn, Pht gio li i ch, tc l V ch th ba :Nin hiu Hi Xng th 5 (TL. 845), nguyn V Tn sng tn Lo gio,nn nghe cc o s h sc hy 44.600 cha Pht, bt 265.000 Tng s hontc, nhng chung khnh bng ng tch thu c tin. Thi y cc giokhc cng b gii tn.

Cch hai nm sau, vua Tuyn Tn ln ngi mi li h sc tu b cha chin,

chn hng Pht gio. Nhng i y quc th nh ng n thi suy,nn Pht gio d ht sc chn hng cng km b thnh t.

i ng c thm cc tn : Tnh , Php tng, Cu-x, Lut Hoa nghim,Chn ngn.

Xt ra, Trung Quc n y v t y v sau, ch c i ng, t ngCao Tn (TL. 645) n u i ng V Tn (TL. 845) l Pht gio hngthnh lng ly nht. Cn t nay v sau, Pht gio t ch bo th n thi suyi, khng i no c hng thnh hn na; y cng bi thi th ri ren,

thay i lun lun. Nh sau i ng n i Ng i (Hu Lng, Hung, Hu Tn, Hu Hn, Hu Chu), chin tranh thng ni dy. Khngnhng th, vua Th Tn nh Hu Chu li khng a Pht gio, sc ch phhy cha chin n 30.336 ci, v em tng ng, chung, khnh c tin( l nht Tn chi ch vy), nhng kinh in v chng lun ca cc bcCao Tng tn lc ht, Pht gio tng n tuyt tch!

Ht i Ng i, nh Tng ni ln chn hng Pht gio, nhng khng thrc r ngay c na. Tuy vy, nhng cha chin, thp tng b ph hy,dn dn cng c dng li, kinh in c tm ra khc li. V cng c s

sang Cao Ly tm kinh in, nn Pht gio cng iu tn. Ln lt cc ivua sau ht sc chn hng, sai s i cu Kinh, cu Php s Ty Vc v, vsc dch kinh in, nn Pht gio li c hi phc, tuy c km trc.

Ri dn dn nh Tng cng suy yu, nh Kim (Mn Chu) sang xm ln,Pht gio v vy cng suy. Sau Mng C li dit Kim, Ht Tt Lit dit NamTng thng nht thin h, lp ra nc Nguyn; tuy cc i vua cng sng tn


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Pht gio, nhng khng c vic g c sc. Nhn li c Lt Ma gio TyTng truyn vo, c vua cha triu nh sng thng hn, nn o Phtc hu Trung Quc cng suy km.

Nh Nguyn suy, Chu Nguyn Chng ni ln thay thin h, lp ra nhMinh. Minh Thi T lc nh tng lm Sa-di, nn ht sc ng h Phtgio. Ngi li qui nh php tc cho Tng l, t nhng Ty Tng Cng, Tngchnh, Tng hi chng l cc Tng l. Trong phi Tng c chc hiut . ng thi cng c nhiu Tng s phin dch v trc thut kinh lun,nn Pht gio li c trng hng. n y c th ni l thi k v vang saucng vy.

Nh Minh tn, nh Thanh (Mn Chu) ni ln thng nht thin h. ThanhThi T, Thanh Cao Tn tuy cng ng h Pht gio, nhng cng ch l bo

th thi n i Thnh T, Th Tn th Pht gio cng suy n, vn c chachin, Tng s, nhng tht t ngi thu hiu o l ca Pht.

Cui i nh Thanh, sng vn minh u Ty truyn vo, thuyt bi tr m tnsi ni ton quc, Pht gio cng suy, cc cha chin phn nhiu b i ralm trung hc hoc cc vic cng ch khc. Bi v s tht, Pht gio by gich cn h danh, ni n Pht hc l ngi ta ch ngh cng cp m tn thi,nn Pht gio cng b ngi ta lm cho l mt mn t o y s li dng,m tn. Sau cc nh vn s, hc gi mi ni ln, u nghin cu trit l nhPht. H nghin cu theo khoa hc v ng tn dng trn sch bo nn

Pht gio nh li c quc dn tng nim n.

n thi Tn Vn ni ln cch mnh, xng thuyt Tam Dn ch ngha ridit nh Thanh m lp nn Dn quc (1912), dn chng cng nh hng vnminh, th Pht hc li cng tng v i vo ng nghin cu. Nh vy Phtgio bng ny ra nhng tia sng mi l.

Nm Dn quc mi thnh lp, ngi Knh Sn cng cc ngi ng ch Sa-mn, c s, sng lp Trung Quc Pht gio Tng hi; cc c s ThngHi cng lp Pht gio c s lm, Pht gio Tnh nghip x.

V sau ny, cc Sa-mn c s dn dn sng lp nhng chuyn mn hc hiu,nh: Ging ng cha Qun Tn Ninh Ba (Chit Giang) do NhnPhp s ch ging; V Xng (H Bc) c Pht hc vin do Thi H Phps l ngi tn hc uyn bc ch ging; Giang T c Hoa Nghim hcvin; Nam kinh c Hi hc vin do u Dng Knh V ch ging. Trongcc on th nghin cu Pht gio, phn nhiu c tp ch lm c quan hong


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dng gio ngha, nh Pht hc tng bo, Hi triu m, C s lm san. Tinhnghim nguyt san. Chi Na ni hc, Oai m, Vi diu thanh, Pht gio tnvn v.v... u lc tc xut bn.

n nay xy ra nn Trung Nht chin tranh, nn Pht gio cng b nhhng, cc c quan phn b tc n, phn chy lon, nn cng vic hongdng u phi nh n c. Nhng cc bc i c Tng gi, H php cs vn quyt ch duy tr nhng ni b chim c hoc cha b chim c,tng sau ny thi th c yn, th Pht gio chc li c c hi tnh vy 14

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Chng ba - III. A TH NC VIT NAM NGUN GC

V TINH THN NGI VIT NAM

Mun kho st lch s ca mt dn tc no, bt c v phng din g, uphi cn c vo a th t nc ca dn tc y lm ch lp nh. V honcnh sanh hot ca dn tc u nh hng hnh th kh hu v cng vcca t nc. Nht l v phng din Pht gio ca dn tc Vit Nam, ngic s li cn bit r iu kin a l. V Pht gio vn ca nc ngoitruyn vo bng cch trc tip hoc gin tip.

C theo hnh th cng vc hin thi, th nc Vit Nam ta chim ht byphn mi ci ng Dng (ngi ta thng gi gm c l n Chi Na),v a th gia nc n v Trung Hoa. n Chi Na l mt bn o

gia bin Trung Hoa v vnh Bng-gan (Bengale), cu thnh bi my dyni t Ty Tng chy v min ng Nam n bin, xe ra nh hnh giiqut. gia cc dy ni y l nhng thung lng, u th hp ri dn dn tara thnh cao nguyn v bnh nguyn. Nhng sng ln nh sng Nam(Mnam), sng Khung hay sng Cu Long v sng Nh, u pht nguyn tTy Tng chy theo cc thung lng y, ri bi thnh mt dy trung chu dc b bin t Bc n Nam. l i khi v tr ca nc Vit Nam.

Cn ni ging dn tc Vit Nam, theo tc truyn th l ni ging Tin Rng,

m cn c vo s nghin cu ca nhng nh S hc gn y, nht l nhnggio s trng Vin ng Bc C th c my thuyt :

1. C ngi cho t tin ta pht tch t Ty Tng, sau theo lu vc sng Nhm di c xung min Trung chu Bc k.

2. ng Aurousseau c dn chng c in rt r rng, ch T tin ta l nginc Vit min h lu sng Dng T, sau b nc S (i Xun Thu)nh ui phi chy xung pha Nam min Qung ng, Qung Ty, riln ln n Bc k v pha Bc Trung k (i thng c a th nc ta l t

Qung ng, Qung Ty n pha Bc Trung k).3. Theo nhiu nh Nhn chng hc khc th, i ti thng c c gingngi Anh--n-ding b ging A-ri-ng ui t n trn sang bn on Chi Na. Ging ngi Anh--n-ding ny lm tiu dit ging thdn y trc l ging M-la-n-ding, ri mt phn i thng sang NamDng qun o, cn mt phn li n Chi Na. pha Nam h thnh


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ging ngi Chim Thnh v Cao Min theo vn ha n ; pha Bc thhn hp vi ging Mng C m thnh ngi Vit Nam, sau nh hng vnha Trung Hoa.

Trong ba thuyt y, thuyt no cng c l v c chng c (cha bit chngging ngi Vit Nam l c ba ging ngi y hn hp m thnh cng nn).

K my ging ngi trong ci n Chi Na, th ging ngi Vit Nam tal thun cht nht, thng minh nhng khng li lc phi thng, giu tr nghthut hn tr khoa hc, giu trc gic hn lun l. Bi th, dn tc Vit Namd chu nh hng vn ha tinh thn ca ngi nc ngoi. Tnh kh nngni, khng bn ch, nhng chu ng c s cc kh v hay nhn nhc;thng th hay nht nht v chung ha bnh, song li bit hy sinh v nghaln, t sng to, nhng bt chc thch ng v dung hp th rt ti. V nhng

c y, nn nhng tn gio, o l nc ngoi truyn vo d c dn tcVit Nam ta hoan nghnh v sc tin tng cng rt mnh.

C xt ci tinh thn y v a th nc ta, th tht l mt iu rt li cho dntc mt ni gp g hai vn ha ca hai dn tc n v Trung Hoa, hainc u c nn vn minh tinh thn ti c chu. Vy Pht gio truynvo x ny l mt l ng nhin v dn tc Vit Nam ta n ly v thknh cng l mt iu hnh phc cho tinh thn ni ging.

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Chng t - IV. TN PHI TRUYN VO VIT NAM

Nh chng trc ni, sau khi Pht Nit-bn, Pht gio n ln ltchia thnh 20 b phi, n khi truyn qua Trung Hoa, v ch xu hng calng ngi v s pht trin ca dn tr v mi thi i c khc, nn cc ngicng ty theo m lp thnh cc tn.

Xt Pht gio Vit Nam ta sau thi i du nhp, rt chu nh hng Phtgio ca Trung Hoa, nn nhng kinh in, tn phi u do Trung Hoa

truyn sang. Nhng trong cc tn Pht gio Trung Hoa, Vit Nam ta chc truyn c mt Thin tn, tuy kinh in vn truyn . Ni vy chng chi nghim khc qu. Ngha l ti mun ni thm : ngoi ra trong cc thii cng c ngi tu v Tnh tn, Mt tn ch khng phi khng khng,nhng thit tng ch l hc thy trong kinh in ri lm theo, u ctruyn thng r rt.


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Ni v khi im ca Thin tn : Bt u Pht trong hi Linh Sn, cmHoa sen khai th cho trong chng, by gi ch c ngi Ca Dip ng cchn l ca Pht, mm ci, Pht lin bo : Ta c Chnh php, Nhn tng,

Nit-bn diu tm, php mn vi diu, tht tng v tng, nay em phchc cho Ma- ha Ca Dip15

y l ngun gc pht khi ca Thin Tn. Sau ngi Ca Dip truyn chongi A-nan, ri ln lt truyn n i T th 28 l B- t-ma tn gi.V i vua Lng V (TL. 528), ngi t-ma t Ty Trc qua TrungHoa truyn php. y l v T u tin v phi Thin Tn Trung Hoa. NgiHu Kh k tha lm T th hai, ngi Tng Xng l T th ba, ngi o Tnl T th t. ng thi vi ngi o Tn c ngi T-ni-a-lu-chi, sau quatruyn php lm T th nht v phi Thin Tn Vit Nam. Ngi T-ni-a-lu-chi truyn cho ngi Php Hin lp thnh mt phi Thin Tn.

n i thuc ng (820) li c ngi V Ngn Thng ngi Trung Hoaqua truyn php, lp thnh phi Thin Tn th hai. Ri ln hi n phiTho ng, To ng, Lm T v.v . . . truc sau nc ta ch thy c mttn phi Thin Tn.

Gn y, nhn phong tro Pht gio chn hng, v dn tr Vit Nam ngynay c chiu hng mun tham bc v cc hc thut, nn i vi cc tnPht gio Trung Hoa, Tng Pht gio Vit Nam ta c ngi lu tmnghin cu, chc rng tng lai tinh thn gio ngha ca Pht gio s c

m mang ta nhiu.

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LCH S

Chng mt - THI I PHT GIO DU NHP PHT GIO IBC THUC (43 - 544)

Pht gio n truyn b i cc nc ln cn do hai ng thy v b.

V ng thy th qua min Trung nh Mng C, Ty Tng v TrungHoa; ri t Trung Hoa qua Cao Ly v Nht Bn. V ng b th qua oTch Lan v Java truyn vo Indonsie, ng Dng v Trung Hoa. Nc ta vo gia hai con ng y. Vy Pht gio truyn n u v t i no, ta

phi kho ly my thuyt sau ny :


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1. Nhng sch ca cc nh s Vit Nam vit t th k th 13 v 14 c chp :Chnh i nh Hn (th k th 2 v th 3) c cc o s Bc nh ngMa-ha-k-vc (Mrijivaka), Khng Tng Hi (Kang-song-hoeuei) v MuBc (Meou-p), ngi th do theo ng thy, ngi th ng b m ntruyn gio nc Vit Nam ta".

2. Sch Ng Ch ca Trung Hoa chp: S Nhip l mt v Th s c oaiquyn Giao Chu, c dn bn x tn knh, khi ra i ngi ta thngnghe c ting king ln ting trng kn, bn r H i theo thp hng hai

bn xe c tng on mi ngi

Theo ng Sylvain-levi k cu, th H l mt th ting ring ca ngi TrungHoa v th k th 3 dng ch bn ngi phng Ty. Vy H y c l lngi Trung hay ngi n .

3. Truyn m Thin Php s c chp: Vua Cao T nh Ty bo Php srng : Trm ngh o T bi ca c iu Ng, khng bit bo n th nocho phi, Trm lm gi ngi dn ch, mun rng truyn o Tam bo, thu khp di hi X-l, lp c 49 ngn Bo thp trong nc lm tiu

biu cho o v lm c hn 150 ngi cha ri. By gi Trm li munlp Cha dng Thp khp Giao Chu (danh hiu nc Vit Nam t i Bcthuc) cho o c nhun khp th gii. Ci Giao Chu tuy ni thucnc ta m xa xi qu, vy Php s nn tuyn ly cc thy Sa-mn chnh, sang m hong ha cho dn y, ht thy chng sinh u bit o

B-. Php s lin tu : Ci Giao Chu c ng thng sang Thin Trcgn hn ta. Khi Pht gio cha du nhp vo t Giang ng ta 16 m ciy xy dng c hn 20 ngn Bo thp, c hn 500 Tng s, dchc 15 b kinh ri. V bn y gn nc Pht hn ta. By gi c cc vMa-ha-k-vc, Khng Tng Hi, Chi Cng Lng v Mu Bc n truyn o . . . Ngi mun b th mt cch bnh ng, phi Ch Tng sangtruyn o, nhng h c ri, ta khng cn phi sang na.

4. Sch Php v thc lc chp : Vo hi th k th ba c mt ng tn lKaudra gc ng n, ging Brahmanes qua Giao Chu mt ln vi ngMa-ha-k- vc

C theo my dn chng trn u thy hp nhau v cng thy my ngi Ma-ha-k-vc, Khng Tng Hi,Chi Cng Lng, Mu Bc l bc truyn ou tin nc ta .

1. Ma-ha-k-vc (Mrajivaka hay l Jivaka) :


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Trong sch Cao Tng truyn c chp : "ng Ma-ha- k-vc gc n , idu lch cc nc bt u t n n Founan theo ng Giao Chu vQung Chu (Bc k v Qung ng by gi); qua ni no ngi cng lm

php l. Khi n Tng Dng, mun qua , nhng ngi li thy ngiqun o rch ri khng cho xung, n khi ngang cp bn th mi ngiu ly lm l thy ngi bn ny sng ri.

Cui i Hu nh Tn (290- 306) nc Trung Hoa c lon, ngi li trv n , Ngi tch nm no khng r.

Trong sch Pht t lch i thng ti chp: ng Ma-ha-k-vc n LcDng vo nin hiu th t i Tn Hu (294 sau Ty lch). Trc khin Lc Dng, ngi c qua Giao Chu v Qung Chu.

2. Khng Tng Hi (Kang-seng-houei) Trong sch Lng Cao Tngtruyn ca Hu Hao chp : Mt ngi nc Khng tn l Tng Hi, gc Khng C (Soadiane), my i t tin ng Thin Trc. Ph thn ngi cqua bun bn Giao Chu. Ngi m ci cha m t thu ln mi. Sau thik c tang, ngi xut gia, chm lo hc tp kinh in tr nn mt o skh cao thi y. Ngi tnh tnh chn tht, ha nh v rt thng minh; khngnhng ngi thng hiu Tam tng lc kinh, m ngi cn nghin cu c tons, thin vn n vn chng v chnh tr.

By gi v i Ng Tn Quyn (229 - 252) Pht gio mi truyn vo ng

Ng, nhng cha c pht trin mnh, ngi ti lin ht sc tuyn dngPht php khp min Giang T; ngi thng cm gy tm xch i hnh hakhp pha ng. Nin hiu Xch nm th hai i nh Ng (247), ngi nthnh Kin Nghip (Nam Kinh by gi) lm mt tp lu tu tr v thittrng ging dy. Vua Ng Tn Quyn thy ngi thi nhiu php l ly lmngc nhin, em lng tn phc v xy thp dng cha ngi gi l chaKin S, ch ngi th gi l Pht-da-l. T Pht gio mi thnh hnhtrong min Giang T .

Ngi c dch nhiu kinh ch Phn ra ch Hn. Ngi tch vo khong ninhiu Thin K th t nh Ng (280 sau Thin cha).

3. Chi Cng Lng (Tche-kiang-leang) : Trong mt bi kho v bn dchThp nh du kinh ca ng Pelliot c dn li ng Ph Trng Phng trongsch Lch i tam bo k rng: i vua V nh Tn (265 - 290) c ngCng Lng Lu Ch dch kinh Chn H t Qung chu vo khongnin hiu Thi Thy (266).


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Li trong mt bn Kinh Tch ch, ng Nanjio c dn n mt ng tn l ChiCng Lng tip dch kinh t Giao Chu. Theo ng Pelliot k cu thhai ng y ch l mt ngi. Cng Lng Lu Ch ch Phn vit Kalyanaruci, theo s kho cu ca Trn Vn Gip tin sanh trng Bc C Vinng17

4. Mu Bc (Mou-p) : Theo ng Pelliot kho cu trong sch Mu T lhoc th Mu Bc hay Mu T cng l mt. Ngi ngi qun Thng Ngtc Ng Chu by gi. Sau khi vua Hn Linh mt (189) ngi theo m qua Giao Chu. By gi nc Trung Hoa ri lon, cc s phu trnh qua tGiao Chu rt ng, c nhiu ngi theo o Lo hc php tin.

Ngi thng cng o s bin lun, nhiu khi h khng tr li c nhngnghi vn ca ngi; ngi lin pht tm theo Pht gio. Theo ng Pelliot k

cu th ngi Mu Bc sanh vo khong nm 165 - 170 Ty lch.Ta thy bn ngi truyn Pht o y, mt ngi l ngi Trung Hoa (MuBc) cn l ngi n c. V so nin i th ta thy ngi Mu Bc lngi truyn Pht gio t Giao Chu sm nht : nm 189 sau Ty lch knguyn. Vy ta c th kt lun : Pht gio du nhp vo nc ta vo khongcui th k th hai.

(Ngoi ra li c thuyt ni Pht gio truyn vo Giao Chu t th k u,ngang vi khi Pht gio du nhp vo Trung Quc (67 Ty lch); 18 hoc gi

l do Giao Chu by gi vo gia con ng ca cc nh truyn o,hoc khch bun bn ca n Chi Na qua li vi nhau, c gh, nhngkhng nht nh truyn gio, nn khng cn di tch g chng ? V theong Sylvain v ng Pelliot k cu th Trung Quc v n giao ho vinhau t nm 245 trc Thin Cha ging sinh n th k th by u ly tGiao Ch, Giao Chu lm trung gian. Bn du khch qua li phi i ngangqua Bc K by gi v b Nam Hi. Nh vy ta c th on ch l nhngnh o s v nhng ngi bun bn sng o Pht mi em tn ngng nx ny v thi y, ch cha hn l truyn b gio l).

bn Trung Hoa t sau khi vua Hn Linh mt, chnh tr trong nc riren, nhng cuc ni lon bt u sa son ci lon Tam quc sau ny, th tGiao Chu c yn n di quyn chnh tr ca Thi th S Nhip (187-122).

Trong sch Mu T k chp: Sau khi Hn Linh mt, trong nc rilon, ch c t Giao Chu l tm yn, nn nhng s phu u sang trnh lon


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. Nhiu nh o s mang truyn cc ngoi o nh Thn o, Tin o,Trng sanh o. . . m Mu Bc li qui y Pht gio sau khi kho vLo gio (theo sch Mu T L hoc).

Vo khong nm 194 - 295 ng Mu T sang Giao chu t kho Pht o vtruyn o. Nhng ngi Trung Hoa khc cng bt chc 19

Xt theo my dn chng trn v tr li dn chng th hai u mc ny, ta cth bit i khi Pht gio ta v cui th k th hai v u th k th ba;hi y t Giao Chu c d lun v o Pht trong m nhn gian binhng ngi Trung Hoa v ngi n . Nhng chng qua ch l tngkhu vc thi, ch s tht v tt dn nc bit ht.

Nhng theo li m Thin (dn chng th ba chng ny) th nc ta cng

dng cha, xy thp n 20 ngn, Tng s n 500 ngi v kinh dch lc 15 b. Dch kinh th c ngi Khng Tng Hi dch ch Phn ra chHn - thi y ta c theo hc ch Hn ri - vo u th k th ba; by giGiao Chu ni thuc ng Ng.

Nm 225 - 226 cng c mt ngi nc Nhc Chi (Indoscyth) tn lKalynaruci ti Giao Chu, dch kinh Php Hoa Tam Mui.

Tuy nhin Giao chu t y n ht thi Bc thuc ln th 2 (43 - 544)sang n nh Tin L (544-548) ri n u i Bc thuc ln th ba (603-

939) Pht gio vn cn thi k phi thai, tuy c Tng s, c cha, nhng mi ch l mt iu kin tn gio tn ngng thi. V by gi ta nhhng trc tip vi n hn l vi Trung Hoa; bi vy trong mt thigian kh di y, ngoi my ngi n thng ch Hn dch kinh, cnkhng thy ai dch na v cng chng c mt ai sang Trung Hoa cu kinhch Hn, nn Pht gio trong thi y c l ch l hnh thc hn l tinh thn.Cng l bi t khi Pht gio du nhp nc ta (khong nm 194 - 195) ta cnni thuc nc Trung Hoa n nm 544, nhng nh cm quyn ca chnh

ph h, khng chnh thc nhn Pht gio cho ngi bn x th lm mttn gio c bit, nn khng chnh thc ng h.

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Chng hai - PHT GIO I HU L NAM (571 - 602)V I BC THUC TH BA (603 - 939)

Tin L Nam mt, Triu Quang Phc ni nghip xa l Triu VitVng (549-571), ri li b L Pht T nh thua v ln lm vua tc Hu L

Nam .

n nm Nhm Tut (602), vua nh Ty l Vn sai tng Lu Phngsang nh Nam Vit, d Pht T ra hng. Hu L Nam yu th bn qui

phc, nc ta li bt u ni thuc nc Trung Hoa ln th ba, t nm 603n nm 939.

Trong nm 580, nc ta c ngi T Ni a Lu Chi qua truyn Pht gio, riln ln truyn thng thnh ra mt phi Thin Tn.

Phi T Ni a Lu Chi

Sch C Chu Php Vn Pht Bn Hnh ng lc c chp: Vo khong ing Tn (317 - 419) nin hiu T Kin (569 - 582), c mt Php s tn lT Ni Da Lu Chi ngi n , nhn bit c Pht gio y (Nam Vit)lin qua tr cha Php Vn ging dy Pht php. Pht gio y thnhhnh t

Sch i Nam Thuyn Uyn Tp Anh cng c dn li ngi Thng Bin

Thin s ni : T Ni a Lu Chi l S t ca Thin Tn nc ta.Ngi tn ch Phn l Vinitaruei, ngi Nam Thin Trc, sang Ty ThinTrc kho o Pht, nhng v c duyn cha gp, nn ngi qua ci ng tin vo Trung Hoa n Trng An nm 574. Lc ny Pht gio TrungHoa ng b bi xch 20.Ngi mun qua t Nghip (thuc tnh H Nam bygi) may gp ngi Tam t Tng Xng ni T Khng, ngi lin emlng knh m v xin lm t; Tam t truyn tm n cho v khuyn ngiqua Nam phng m tip chng sinh ch khng nn y lm g Ngilin bi t ra i. n Qung Chu ngi Tr tr cha Ch Ch, dch kinh

Tng u bo nghip sai bit ch Phn ra ch Hn. n nm Canh Tnin hiu i Tng th hai nh Chu (580), ngi qua Nam Vit tr tr cha Php Vn (lng Vn Gip, huyn Thng Phc, tnh H ng by gi)li dch b kinh Tng tr. Nm Qu Su nin hiu Khai Hong th 14 nhTy (594) ngi truyn tm n cho ngi Php Hin ri tch.


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n i nh L, vua Thi Tn (l028 - l054) c lm bi k truy tn ngirng :

Sng t Nam lai quc

Vn qun cu tp thin.

ng khai ch Pht tn,

Vin hp nht tm nguyn.

Ho ho Lng-gi nguyt,

Phn phn bt-nh lin.

H thi hnh tng kin,

Tng d thoi trng huyn.

Dch:

M li qua Nam Vit,

Nghe ng chn hc Thin

Ngun tm thng mt mch,

Ci Pht rng quanh min.

Lng-gi ngi bng nguyt,

Bt-nh nc mi sen.

Bit c bao gi gp,

Cng nhau k o huyn.Ngi l S t phi Thin Tn th nht nc ta, sau ngi truyn php choPhp Hin Thin s, ri truyn thng mi n i Y Sn Thin s (1216)c 19 i, bit c danh hiu v s tch cng 31 ngi 21 .Xt ngc lnv trc th ngi l t c Tam t Tng Xng . Ngi Tng Xng l tca c Nh t Hu Kh v ngi Hu Kh l t ca c B- t-ma


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(Bodhidharma), tc l S t phi Thin tn Trung Hoa vy (Xem phnPht gio Trung Quc).

Php Hin Thin s : Nh t phi Thin Tn nc ta l Php Hin Thins. Ngi ging h , qu qun Chu Din (tnh Sn Ty by gi), khi mixut gia, th gii vi Quang Duyn i s cha Php Vn. n khi ngi T

Ni a Lu Chi Qung Chu qua nc ta ti cha Php Vn thy ngi PhpHin nhn k vo mt m ni :

- Ch h g ?

Php Hin p :

- Ha thng h g ?

Thin s li hi li :

- Ch khng c h ?

- Sao li khng c ? Nhng Ha thng bit ?

Thin s qut ln :

- Bit lm g ?

Ngi Php Hin cht hiu ngi T Ni a Lu Chi, lin sp xung ly xintheo lm t v sau c truyn tm n.

Sau ngi vo trong ni T Sn tu Thin nh, nhng loi cm th thngqun qut chung quanh, ngi i thy th cng ly lm l v knh m; ttm n hc o cng ngy cng ng, ngi mi lp tnh x ging dy.Phi Thin tn nc ta hi y l thnh nht.

Ngi Php Hin tch vo nm V c th 9 i ng (626) v truyn ocho ngi Thanh Bin Thin s.

Xt ra nc ta Pht gio truyn vo hn bn trm nm nay, m mi nthi k ny mi c ph thng. y cng l nh ngi T Ni a Lu Chiv ngi Php Hin. Nhng u cng l c duyn c bit, nn ngi T Ni aLu Chi mi vng li ngi Tam t Tng Xng m qua truyn php phng

Nam ny.


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Pht gio n hi thnh, nn by gi (vo khong nm 603 - 604) Th sGiao Chu l Lu Phng mi a s v tu dng vua Ty rng : NcVit Nam ngy nay dn chng rt tn sng Pht gio, li c nhiu v ChnTng gio ha, nn bn phng thy u qui y.... Nhn , vua Cao T nhTy mi ban cho cc v Danh Tng nc ta nm hm l vt v sc xythp cha Php Vn, cha Trng Khnh cng cc danh a khc. l lnu tin Pht gio nc ta c Chnh ph h n.

Bn Trung Hoa, nm Mu Dn (618) nh Ty mt, nh ng k nghip,nc ta li thuc nh ng v b chia ra lm 12 chu, gi gm l An-nam h ph. Trong my thi k Bc thuc, nc ta b nh ng cai tr nghithn c. Nhng v phng din Pht gio li c n; nh nm Vc (626), Vua ng Cao T c ban cho An-nam nm hm X-l (?) vsc dng cha, xy thp.

Xem th bit Pht gio ta by gi thnh. V li Nh t Thin tn lPhp Hin Thin s va mi tch v cho bao nhiu t ri. Li trongthi y Pht gio bn Trung Hoa v ngi Thin Trc thng thng mnng nc ta m qua li, cc ngi thng gh li t lu thuyt php thta cng chu nh hng c nhiu vy.

Li theo Trn Vn Gip tin sanh kho 22 trong cc sch thy c ni : Vi ng c ba on truyn gio An-nam. on th nht c ba ngiTrung Hoa, on th hai cng c ba ngi Trung Hoa v l ngi Trung ;

on th ba ng ch hn : c 6 Php s An-nam m bn ngi GiaoChu (H Ni v Nam nh by gi) v hai ngi i Chu (Thanh Ha

by gi).

I. on th nht :

1. Minh Vin Php s : Ngi huyn Thanh Thnh, ch Chu (T Xuynby gi), tn hiu ch Phn ca ngi l Chn---b. Thu nh ngi hc kinh Pht, cng ln cng chm ch nn ngi am hiu tt c nhng kinhin, ngi li kho v Trang Chu. Ngi n L Sn (H Bc by gi) tuthin nh.

Sau ngi thy o Pht c nh tr, ngi lin xung pha Nam qua tGiao Ch (Bc k) n o Java ri qua o Tch Lan n Nam Thin Trc;sau ngi tch dc ng, khng r ngi th bao nhiu tui.


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2. Hu Mnh Thin s : Ngi qun Giang Lng, Kinh Chu (H Bc) rttinh thng Pht php. Ngi mun qua Chim Thnh, nhng khi i gpging t, nn phi li Thng kinh (bin gii c Trung k) ri tr vTrung Hoa.

3. V Hnh Thin s : Ngi cng qun Giang Lng, tn hiu ch Phn lBt-nh -b (Pajn-deva). Sau khi du lch khp Trung Quc, ngi v n tutrong ni, chuyn tr kinh Php Hoa tam mui. Sau ngi li du lch cc minCu Giang v Tam Vit (Ng Vit, Nam Vit). Ngi c kt giao vi TrHong Thin s ri qua t Tht Li Pht Th (cusijaya). Ngi th c 56tui.

II. on th hai :

1. m Nhun Php s : Ngi Lc Dng, tinh thng lut in. Ngi quasng Dng T ln xung pha Nam, n t Giao Ch c tr li t lu, ccc thin nam tn n sng m rt ng. Ri ngi li xui v pha Nam nhqua Thin Trc, nhng va n t Bn (Java) th th bnh ri tch, th 30tui.

2. Tr Hong Php s : Ngi L Giang, chu ng s gi Vng HuynSch, lc nh thng hiu o Pht, ln ln i du lch khp Trung Quc,sau li mun qua ng n, gp V Hnh Thin s cng n Hp Ph (bno Qung ng) ri xung thuyn dc theo ng b, khng may gp bo

phi u li Thng Kinh, hai ngi bn i ngc ln Giao Chu li mtnm. Sau gp mt chic thuyn ln, hai ngi bn v x Tht Li Pht Th.

Ngi Trung n gn 8 nm, sau qua x Cachemira Bc n ri khngr ngi tch u.

3. Tng-gi-bt-ma (Samyhavamla) : Ngi nc Khng C, lc nh ichn qua bi sa mc n kinh . Khong nm Hin Khnh (656 - 660) csc lnh theo mt s gi qua Ty phng n B- o trng, c d yngn bn Kim Cang ta (Vajrsana). Sau tr v Trung Quc c ch d quaGiao Ch tm cc bo vt. Lc ny Giao Ch ng b nn mt ma i km,ngi bn hp sc cng quan a phng ngy no cng pht chn cho dn,nhng khng th chu cp ht c; ngi ng lng t bi thng ri l chancha. Dn bn x by gi gi ngi l v B-tt hay khc. Ngi th c 69tui.

III. on th ba :


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1. Vn K Thin s : Ngi Giao Chu, thng i du lch vi ngi mNhun, thng hiu ch Phn, c tr Tht Li Pht-x. Ngi th chng 30tui.

2. Mc-xoa -b : Ngi cng ngi Giao Chu, khng r tn tht l g, tng vt Nam hi i khp cc x Khi n B- o trng ngi cng dngX li Pht ri tch, th c 25 tui.

3. Khuy Xung Php s : Ngi cng Giao Chu, t ca ngi Minh Vin,tn ch Phn l Cht-t- la--b (Citra-deva). Cng ngi Minh Vin ing bin ti o Tch Lan ri qua Ty n gp ngi Huyn Chiu, li quaTrung n. Ngi bm tnh thng minh v bt thip, hiu ht cc kinh imch Phn. Khi n thnh Vng-x (Kucgrapuca), sau khi tham yt B--th, ngi lm bnh v tch trong vn Trc Lm, th 30 tui.

4. Hu Dim Php s : Ngi cng Giao Chu, t ca ngi V Hnh iqua Tch Lan ri tr lun , ngi tch vo nm no khng r.

5. Tr Hnh Thin s : Ngi i Chu, tn ch Phn l Bt-nh--b(Prajn-deva). Ngi qua Trung n v hnh ha khp ni. Khi n Bc-kinh-gi (Ganga), ngi ngh lun cha Tn Gi v tch , th 50 tui.

6. i Thng ng Thin s: Ngi cng i Chu, tn ch Phn l Ma-ha-gia-na Bt-a-d-ba (Mahyna - Pradipa). Lc nh ngi i theo cha m qua

x -ha la-bt- (Dvravati). Sau c i theo s gi l Din T v kinh Trung Quc, th gii vi ngi ng Huyn Trang. Ngi thng hiunhiu kinh in, quyt ch n B- o trng tham l, nn mun vt bqua Thin Trc. Ngi qua Tch Lan, qua ng n, Nam n ri ngh xam-ma- lp- (Tamralipti) mi hai nm; nhn th m ngi c thnghiu ting Phn. Ngi c thch ngha b Duyn sanh lun (Nidnacastra) vnhiu kinh khc. Ri ngi cng i vi ngi Ngha Tnh n Trung n thmcha Na Lan (Naland) ri n ving Kim Cang ta v tr v T-x-l(Vaicly), sau li qua nc Cu-chi vi ngi V Hnh. Sau ngi tch chaBt Nit-bn (Parinirvna), th 60 tui.

Xem nh vy ta thy Pht gio Vit Nam v i Bc thuc ny c th gil thnh. Trong x nhiu Php s Trung Hoa v n qua li gio ha,nn ta mi c nhiu ngi ng o v chu kh n tm tn ni Pht a tm o nh vy. Nc ta v thi y lm trung gian cho Trung Hoa v n li c ci li ny : Hi y dn Chm cn mnh li gn ta, h li dngch Phn lm vn t v thng hiu c ting Da-va (Java), nn ta cng c


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nhiu ngi giao thip vi h, cng hiu hai th ch . Bi th, nhngngi Trung Hoa qua n v ngi n qua Trung Hoa, khi ti Giaochu, thng tm ngi nc ta lm thng ngn hoc cng tc dch kinh chPhn. Nh vy ta khng nn ngc nhin khi thy nhiu kinh in v bn cudch hoc tn dch u dch ln u ti An-nam.

Tic thay hi y ta ch c nhng nh tm o, ng o dch kinh m likhng c my ai c c pht trin hoc b lun trc tc gp thm schvo kho kinh in nh Pht x mnh.

Tuy nhin, Pht gio nc ta cng ngy cng c chnh ph h biti v ch . Dn tc Trung Hoa t y bt cho ngi mnh l mt thmi r man di na; cng l nh my v Cao Tng. Xem trong sch Kinvn lc ca Qu ng tin sanh (L Qu n) c trch c my bi th

ca my i thi ho i ng, xng ha vi my v Cao Tng nc ta khicc ngi qua Trung Quc th bit. My bi ny sch Loi hm Anh ngca Trung Quc cng thy chp.

1. Nht Nam Tng : ch bit ngi ngi qun Nht Nam ch khng r tnhiu l chi. Khi ngi tr tr mt ngi cha trong hang ni Trung Hoa, thiho Trng Tch tng mt bi th :

Sn Trung tng Nht Nam Tng

c hng song phong lo,

Tng mn b lng nhai.

Phin kinh thng tiu dip,

Qui np lc ng hoa

Thu thch tn khai tnh,

Xuyn lm t chng ma.Thi phng Nam hi khch,

Man ng vn thy gia ?

Dch:


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Ni thm mt mnh n,

Ca tng i cnh gi.

L chui bin kinh c,

Bng my rng o di,

Lt khi ngi ging,

Xoi rng ta ging gai.

Khi gp khch Nam Hi

Ting Mng bit hi ai ?

2. V Ngi Thng nhn : Ngi tu cha Sn Tnh ht Cu Chu (Thanhha). By gi l thi vua V Hu nh ng (685) c thi ho Trm ThuynK qua An-nam chi, c n yt kin Thng nhn, t xng lm t, sauc lm bi th lu gin t lng khen ngi knh phc ngi :

Yt Cu Chu Sn Tnh T V Ngi Thng Nhn

i s sanh Thin Trc,

Phn thn ha Nht Nam

Nhn trung xut phin no,

Sn h tc Gi-lam.

Tiu gin hng vi st,

Nguy phong thch tc am.

Hu thuyn thanh cc nh,

Khuy ging bch vin tham.

ng i vn gian bch

Hoa th thch h m.


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Tuyn hnh u cung ho,

Lm qui dc y kham.

t ai v thc,

Y vng tch v m.

Siu nhin h kh tch,

Chch th h h lam.

Dch :

Pht xa sinh Ty Thin,

M nay xut hin min Nht Nam

Thot vng phin no ci phm,

Thnh thi di ni Gi-lam mt to.

Ngn khe chp ni ln la,

Hng l C st, l thn am.

Chim xanh chc, vn trng dm,

Sm mai ging k, chiu hm tham thin.

My tng my qun chen,

Dy leo chn vch, hoa ln mt m.

Thin nhin sn th tuyn lm,

Rng phi o git sui dm nc hng.

Phn hn hc km ng thng,

Tic v cha hiu Y vng th no.


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H kh mt ba may sao,

Du non xung cy cao mt cnh.

3. Phng nh Php s : Ngi sang Trung Quc ging kinh trong cung vua

ng, khi v c i thi ho Dng C Nguyn tng mt bi th tin bit :

Tng Phng nh Php s qui An-nam

C hng Nam Vit ngoi,

Vn l bch vn phong.

Kinh lun t thin kh,

Hng hoa nhp hi phng.

L o thanh phm trit,

Thn cc ha thnh trng.

Tm o Trng An mch,

Giao Chu hu d chung.

Dch :

Qu nh trng ci Vit,

My bc tt m xa.

Ca tri vng kinh k,

Mt b ni hng hoa.

Sng gn c im bng,Thnh xy ht my ta.

Trng An lng qun qut,

Giao Chu chung m t...


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4. Duy Gim Php s : Ngi cng sang Trung Quc ging kinh trong cungvua ng, ngi lu nm, gi mi v c hng. Thi ho C o c bi thtin bit :

Tng An-nam Duy Gim Php s :

Ging kinh xun in l,

Hoa nhiu ng sng phi.

Nam hi k hi qu,

Cu sn lm lo qui.

Xc phong hng tn n,

L v khnh sanh y.

Khng thy k nh b,

Vng lai tiu tc hy.

Dch :

in xun ging kinh lun,

Ging ng vng mi hoa.

B nam quen li c,

Non Vit ving tun gi.

n mn khi gi tp,

o lm lc ma sa.

Ka ka tri ln nc,

Tin tc bit bao xa.

Xem , ta li bit thm i khi Pht gio nc ta v thi thuc ngTng gi An-nam m c sang ging kinh trong cung vua cng l mt s


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him c, m by gi bn Trung Quc i ng Pht gio ng hi thnh,hn khng thiu g Cao Tng, m Tng-gi ta d vo vic ging kinh, kcng l mt iu chng nhn v vang cho lch s Pht gio Vit Nam vy.

y l trong thi k thuc nh ng, nc ta b sng di ci chnh th caynghit qu, nn trong nc thng c nhng cuc khi ngha hoc nh ncngoi quy nhiu, nh nm Khai Nguyn th 10 (722) c Mai Hc khingha Hoan Chu (Ngh An), nm inh V nin hiu i lch th 2 ing i Tn (767), qun Cn Ln v qun B ngoi o vo cp

ph; nm Tn V (791) c B Ci i vng khi ngha qun ng Lm(Sn Ty) ri li gic Nam Chiu quy nhiu hng mi nm tri, dn tnhrt l ri lon kh s.

Trong khong my trm nm tri, dn ta sng iu ng di chnh ph

h, ch h khc m Pht gio s c nhng giai on y, tht cng vvang! V ng thi Nho gio v Lo gio cng c m mang nhiu.

Li trong i thuc ng y, ngi V Ngn Thng qua truyn o tam lp thnh phi Thin tn th hai.

Phi V Ngn Thng

i vua c Tn nh ng (780 - 836) quan T tng l Quyn c Dc bi ta trong cun Truyn php lc, c vit mt on : "Sau khi t To

kh23

tch ri, Thin tn thnh hnh, u cng c tn phi truyn thng. Giao Chu th c V Ngn Thng o s em tn ch ca Bch TrngThin s m khai ng cho dn chng.

Ni n V Ngn Thng tc l ni n S t ca phi Thin tn th hai ta.Ngi h Trnh, qu Qung Chu, lc nh m o khng thit g n giasn, ri xut gia tu hc cha Song Lm t V Chu (Chit Giang bygi). Tnh ngi im m t ni, nhng s l g cng thng hiu, nn ngita mi t danh hiu cho ngi l V Ngn Thng.

Mt hm ngi ang l Pht th gp mt v Thin s n im ha cho ngi,ri a ngi i tm M T m tham hc. Nhng mi ti Giang Ty nghetin M T 24 tch ri, hai ngi lin a nhau n bi yt Bch Trng Thins ( t ca M T) xin hc.

By gi c mt v Tng trong lp hc, hi Bch Trng Thin s rng :


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Th no l php mn n ng ca phi i tha?

Bch Trng Thin s dy rng :

Tm a nhc thng, hu nht t chiu

(Nu tm a c thng th mt tri tr hu t nhin chiu sng).

Nghe c cu y, ngi V Ngn Thng t nhin ng o. Ri ngi vQung Chu Tr tr cha An Ha. Nm Canh T nin hiu Nguyn Hath 15 i nh ng (829), ngi qua An-nam tr cha Kin S lng Phng (Bc Ninh), trn ngy ngi xy mt vo vch m thin nh. Nh th my nm m khng ai bit; duy c mt v s cha l Cm ThnhThin s, bit ngi l bc Cao Tng c o trong phi Thin tn th emlng knh trng v th lm thy.

Mt hm khng bnh tt g, ngi i tm ra ri tch. By gi l nin hiuBo Lch i nh ng

Truc khi tch ngi gi Cm Thnh Thin s n bo rng : "Ngy xa Ts l ngi Nam Nhc, khi sp tch c dn li my li rng :

Nht thit ch php, giai tng tm sanh.

Tm v s sanh, php v s tr.

Nhc t tm a, s tr v ngi.

Phi ng thng cn, thn vt khinh ha.

(Ngha l : Ht thy cc php, u t tm sanh; tm nu khng sanh phpkhng ch tr; nu hiu c tm a y, th lm vic g cng khng trngi. Ci tm php y, nu khng gp c bc thng cn, th ch nntruyn by). Nay ta cng dn li ngi cu y.

Ni xong, ngi chp tay li m tch. Cm Thnh Thin s rc ngi ln han, ri thu hi ct ngi m xy Thp th ni Tin Du.

Th l t i S T T Ni a Lu Chi sang truyn thng Thin Tn GiaoChu (580) n thi ny (820) cch hn 200 nm, ta li c mt S T truyn

phi Thin Tn th hai na.


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Ging V Ngn Thng xung c 15 i, bit c danh hiu v s tchcng l 40 ngi. n i c s ng Thun l cui cng (1221) .

Cm Thnh Thin s : t ca ngi V Ngn Thng; c ngi truyntm n v cho php hiu l Cm Thnh. Thin s qu huyn Tin Du (Bc

Ninh), khng r h l g, ch bit lc xut gia ly o hiu l Lp c.Nguyn trc ngi c Tr tr mt ngi cha trn ni Tin Du, sau c ngiho ph h Nguyn lng Ph ng mn phc o c ngi, tnh nguynem gia trch cng lm ngi cha, rc ngi v , tc l cha Kin S lng Ph ng by gi .

Ngi cha c bao lu th V Ngn Thng Thin s vn du qua ,thy ngi c t cch truyn o thng th li. Ngi bit Thin s l bcc o, nn rt thnh knh th lm thy, mai hu ti chc, khng h bing

tr, nn Thin s V Ngn Thng t o hiu li cho ngi l Cm Thnh.Mt hm Thin s gi ngi n bo rng :

Xa c Th Tn v mt nhn duyn ln m xut hin i, khi phpduyn vin mn, sp vo ci Nit-bn, ngi em chnh php nhn tng vy bt truyn li cho c Ma-ha Ca-dip l t ca ngi, thnh ra c Ca-dip l T th nht ca chnh thng Thin Tn. T T Ca-dip truyn nngi t-ma l i th 28 Ty Thin; ngi t-ma vt b qua ng ,tri qua nguy him mi truyn tm php cho ngi Tng Xng 25 ln lntruyn xung n Lc t Hu Nng. T S t t-ma n Lc t Hu Nng,

trao truyn chnh php u ly y bt lm minh chng. V lc u phi c thngi ta mi bit m tin. V sau Pht php truyn b rng, m y bt lmt hin tng d sanh ra tranh oan, nn ngi Lc T khng truyn y btna m ch truyn tm php m thi.

Lnh c tm truyn ca Lc T l Nam Nhc Thin s; Nam Nhc Thins truyn cho M T Thin s; M T Thin s truyn cho Bch TrngThin s. By gi Bc phng Pht php thnh hnh lu, nhiu ngi hiu gio php i tha, nn ta mi qua Nam phng tm ngi mtruyn chnh php. May gp ngi y cng l bi nhn duyn nh sn.

Vy ngi hy nghe ly bi k ny :

Ch phng hao hao,

Vng t huyn truyn;


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V ng thy t,

Thn t Ty Thin

Truyn Php Nhn tng,

Mc v chi thuyn.

Nht hoa Ng dip,

Chng t min min.

Tim ph mt ng,

Thin vn hu duyn.

Hm v tm tn,

Thanh tnh bn nhin.

Ty Thin th ,

Th Ty Thin.

C kim nht nguyt,

C kim sn xuyn.

Xc thnh tr,

Pht t thnh oan.

Si chi ho ly,

Tht ch bch thin.

Nh thin quan st,

Mc khim nhi tn.

Trc nhiu vn ng,


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Ng bn v ngn.

Dch :

Cc ni n thi,

Quy ph huyn truyn;

Rng Pht T ta,

Gc Ty Thin

Truyn Php Nhn tng,

Gi l o Thin.

Mt hoa Nm l;

Ht ging lin min.

Mt li mu nhim,

Duyn phc mun nghn,

y l lm tn,

Yn lng thn nhin.

Ty Phng l y,

y l Ty Phng.

Mt tri mt trng,

Ni sng xa nay,

Chm ng l tr,

Gp T thnh oan.

Sai i mt my,


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Li n trm ngn.

Ngi kho xem xt,

Ch phn nn.

Ta khng ni na,

ng cn hi han.

Cm Thnh Thin s nghe li thy dy trong bi k th hiu thu, cho l munhim m ng o ngay.

Sau c mt v Tng hi ngi rng:

- Th no l Pht ?

- Ch no cng l Pht c.

- Th no l tm ca Pht ?

- Khng h che y ch no.

y - ci li truyn th tm php ca phi Thin tn ch gin c c th mbao hm ngha v cng.

n nm Canh Thn, nin hiu Hm Thng nguyn nin (860), Cm ThnhThin s khng bnh m tch, truyn tm php cho Thin Hi Thin s.

Trong thi k Cm Thnh Thin s truyn gio, th Pht gio bn TrungHoa b tam v ch 26

Ta xa tuy khng b ch vn y nhng nc ta vn thuc nc Trung Hoa,nn Pht gio thi y cng b nh hng m nh tr li, khng dm truyn

b mnh.

Tuy nhin, b trong s truyn b vn ngm ngm. V trong thi y hn phic nhiu Cao Tng n hoc Trung Hoa trn sang ci t tuy nh m thi

bnh ny ni tip vic truyn o.

Thin Hi Thin s : Ngi qu huyn Siu Loi (Bc Ninh by gi). Lcnh ngi hc cha nh Thin trong lng, ln ln mi xut gia, th gii, t


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hiu l T Phong, ri i vn du khp mi ni tm thy tham hc. Khi ncha Kin s c gp Cm Thnh Thin s bn xin li hc.

Ngi th Thin s hn 10 nm m khng chn. Mt hm vo phng hi thyrng :

- Trong kinh Pht c ni : c Thch-ca Nh Lai tng tu hnh tri v skip mi thnh Pht, th m nay thy dy rng : Tm tc l Pht, Pht tcl tm l ngha lm sao ? Tht t khng hiu, xin thy dy r cho.

Cm Thnh Thin s ni :

- Ngi bo trong kinh Pht ni th l ai ni ?

- Vy li y khng phi l Pht thuyt ?

- Li y u phi l Pht thuyt. Kinh Vn Th Pht c dy : Ta tr thgian dy chng sinh 49 nm, cha tng t ra mt cu bng vn t nivi ai bao gi. V theo chnh o, nu ly vn t lm bng chng cuo, y l m; ly s kh hnh cu Pht, y l m; la tm ra m cu Pht,y l ngoi o, m c chp ci tm y l Pht cng li l ma vy.

- Nu bo tm y tc l Pht, th trong tm y ci g l Pht, ci g l khngphi Pht ?

- Ngy xa c ngi hi M T rng : Nu bo tm y l Pht, th trongtm y ci g l Pht ? M T tr li rng: Th ng ng tm y ci gkhng phi l Pht, ng ch vo y cho ti xem. Ngi y khng ni g.M T li tip : t c th khp mi ni ch no cng l Pht, m khngt c th c sai lm i mi mi. Th l ch v mt li ni n che i mthnh ra sai lm thi. Ngi hiu cha ?

- Nu vy, t hiu ri.

Ngi hiu th no ?- t hiu rng khp ht mi ni ch no cng l tm Pht c.

Ni th ri ngi sp xung ly. Cm Thnh Thin s ni :

- Th l ngi hiu ti ni ri .


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Cm Thnh Thin s mi t tn cho ngi l Thin Hi, ngha l kho hiu.Ngi ng o ri li v Tr tr cha nh Thuyn. Sau ngi tch cha yvo nm Canh Thn, nin hiu Quang Ha nh ng (900), v truyn tm

php cho t l Vn Phong ngi huyn T Lim, tc l i th ba gingV Ngn Thng vy.

*

Lc ny ni tnh nc Trung Hoa tht l ri lon. Nh ng t vua Tn,Hy Tn n Chiu Tn, chnh tr suy i, nn cc triu quan honh hnh qui. Ri Chu Ton Trung git vua m t lp. Trong khong hn 50 nm triui thay i lun lun. Cc th ni ln thay nhau lm vua l Hu Lng,Hu ng, Hu Tn, Hu Hn, Hu Chu gi l i Ng i hay Ng Qu.

Nc ta v vy chnh tr cng c chiu thay i. Nm 906 c Khc Tha Dsang lm Tit s Giao Chu m Qung Chu (Qung ng, QungTy by gi) th Lu n c nh Hu Lng phong c cho lm Nam BnhVng ra trn kim chc Tit s, c ly li Giao Chu cho nhLng. Nm sau Tha D cht, giao quyn cho con l Khc Ho. Khc Holn lm Tit s Giao Chu, c con l Khc Tha M sang s QungChu, ting l kt hiu, nhng ct do thm.

Lu n Qung Chu, ng ph tr Phin Nhung, c bn nm th mt,em l Lu Cung ln thay. Nhn c vic bt bnh vi Hu Lng, Lu Cung

t xng ly Quc hiu i Vit, sau i l Nam Hn.

Nm 917 Khc Tha M ln thay cha, khng chu thn phc nh Nam Hn.Lu n lin sai tng sang nh, bt c Tha M, ri sai L Tin sanglm Th S cng L Khc Chnh cng gi Giao Chu. Nm Tn Mo (931)tng c ca Khc Ho l Dng Din Ngh ni ln, m qun nh ui

bn L Tin, ri t xng lm Tit s. c su nm, Dng Din Nghli b gia tng l Kiu Cng Tin git i m cp quyn.

Khi y c tng ca Dng Din Ngh l Ng Quyn, ngi Phong Chu

(Sn Ty), ni ln nh Kiu Cng Tin. Kiu thua v cu cu qun NamHn. Qun Nam Hn sang cng b thua v t , qun Trung Hoa khngdm sang Giao Chu quy nhiu na.

Ng Quyn xng vng, gii c ci ch vn hn nghn nm nc ta b nl v m ng t lp cho nhng nh inh, L, L, Trn, Hu L v sauny.


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V Pht gio nc ta lc y c nhin l phi nh tr, tuy s truyn thngca hai ging T Ni a Lu Chi v V Ngn Thng vn lu hnh.

Trong thi Tin Ng Vng (939 - 944) ta, bn Trung Hoa vo nin hiuHin c nh Hu Chu (955), Pht gio li b i ch, l Nht tn chich27 vy.

Pht gio Trung Hoa tng n tuyt ch, nhng khng c nh hng gn Pht gio nc ta.

Khi Trung Hoa bc sang nh Tng th nc ta cng dn dn bc sang nhinh.

---o0o---

Chng ba - PHT GIO I NH INH (968 - 980)V I TIN L (980 - l09)

Ng Vng lm vua c 6 nm th mt vo nm Gip Thn (944), c ythc con l Ng Xng Ngp cho Dng Tam Kha, em ca Dng Hu,Tam Kha cp quyn chu, t xng lm Bnh Vng. Sau em Xng Ngpl Xng Vn cp ngi li v cng lm vua, tc Hu Ng Vng. c 4nm Xng Ngp mt, Xng Vn lm vua c 15 nm cng b cht trnv vua thng phi thn chinh i dp lon. By gi l nm t Su (965).

Trong thi Hu Ng Vng, nc ta c ci lon Thp nh x qun, dn tnhrt l kh s.

Sau c Vn Thng Vng inh B Lnh ni ln phc c tt c cc squn v ln ngi Hong , tc l Tin Hong nh inh, ly nin hiu lThi Bnh nguyn nin (970).

Vua sai s sang thng hiu vi Tng triu bn Trung Hoa v sa sang vicnc, tr dit ht nhng s tham nhng, nh li vic triu chnh.

Nc ta t lu c Nho gio, Lo gio Trung Hoa truyn sang, nhngtht ra hai gio y cha c ph cp ht dn chng bng Pht gio, nn thiy c th gi l thi i Pht gio c tn. Vn ha trong lc hnh nh huht trong cc Tng s c. Nn

khi Tin Hong nh giai cp vn v, th ngi triu tt c Tng s li lcvo hng Thi miu v dnh phm trt cho cc Tng-gi. Ngi tng chc


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Khung Vit Thi s cho Php s Ng Chn Lu, Php s Trng Ma Nilm Tng lc o s v Php s ng Huyn Quang lm Sng Chn uy nghi.

Pht gio nc ta c triu nh cng nhn t v Tng s c nh giaiphm khi y cng l ln u tin. Pht gio s li thm c giai on vvang. V c xem mt v Tng Thng c phong n chc Thi s th on c tnh hnh Pht gio v i nh inh li bt u thnh hn trcvy.

Nh inh mt, nh Tin L (L i Hnh) ln thay chng vi qun nhTng (980). Triu ny cc Tng s cng c bit i. i Hnh thngtriu cc v Tng Thng vo triu hi vic nc v Pht gio.

Nin hiu ng Thin th 14 (l008), sau khi nc ta ha vi Tng ri, vua

i Hnh sc ng Minh Xng v ng Hong Thnh Nh sang s ncTrung Hoa, cng hin th sn v xin vua Tng ban cho b Cu kinh vi Tng kinh. Vua Tng trao cho nhng b y v cho s gi a v. l ln u tin nc ta cho ngi sang cu kinh bn Trung Hoa vy.

Khung Vit Thi S : Ngi h Ng, php hiu l Chn Lu, qu lng CtL (?), Tr tr cha Pht . Thu nh ngi theo Nho hc; ln ln th giivi Vn Phong Thin s cha Khai Quc. T ngi c khp kinh innh Pht, hiu c mi l ct yu ca Thin Tn, ting tm lng ly trongnc. Nm ngi 40 tui, vua inh Tin Hong mi vo hi o, ngi ng

i tinh tng. Vua rt ly lm mn phc, bn phong lm chc Tng Thng.Nm sau, nin hiu Thi Bnh th 2 (971), vua li phong l Khung VitThi s (Khung Vit ngha l gip sa sang nc Vit).

n i vua L i Hnh, ngi li cng c knh trng lm. Bao nhiu vicqun vic nc vua thng triu ngi n hi.

Nm Thin Phc th 7 nh Tin L (986), nh Tng sai s Trung Hoa l LGic sang nc ta, vua i Hnh lin sc Khung Vit Thi s ra n tipv ng i. Khi L Gic v Trung Hoa c li mt bi th rng :

Hnh ng minh thi tn thnh du,

Nht thu lng s Giao Chu

ng ti bit tm vu luyn,


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Nam Vit thin trng vng v hu,

M p yn vn xuyn lng thch,

Xa t thanh chng phim trng lu

Thin ngoi hu thin ng vin chiu,

Kh m ba tnh kin thim thu.

Dch :

May gp minh qun gip vic lm,

Mt mnh hai lt s min Nam.

My phen qua li lng thm nh,

Mun dm non sng mt cha nhm.

Nga p my bay qua sui ,

xe vng ni chy ti ging lam,

Ngoi tri li c tri soi rng,

Vng nguyt trong in ngn sng m.

Vua i Hnh a bi th y cho ngi, hi xem c g khng ? Ngi tu :

- Cu th by s Trung Hoa c tn B h cng nh Vua ca h vy.

Vua i Hnh bn nh ngi lm mt bi tin L Gic. Ngi vng mnh lmmt bi t theo iu Tng vng lang qui :

Tng quang phong ho cm phm trng,Thn tin phc hng.

Thin l vn l thip thng lng, (c : lng)

Cu thin qui l trng


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Nhn tnh thm thit i ly trng.

Phan luyn s tinh lang.

Nguyn tng thm v nam cng,

Phn minh tu ng hong.

Dch :

Gi ha php phi chic bum hoa,

Thn tin tr li nh.

ng mun nghn dm tri phong ba,

Ca tri nhm ng xa.

Mt chn quan h d thit tha,

Thng nh bit bao l.

Ni nim xin nh ci Nam H,

By t vi vua ta.

Ngi triu c t lu th ly c gi yu xin co v, dng mt ngi cha ni Du h. ngi m trng ging hc, hc tr n hc rt ng; c aBo Thin s l t thn tn ca ngi, sau c truyn tm php.

Ngy 15 thng 2, nin hiu Thun Thin th hai i nh L, ngi gi aBo Thin s n c bi k rng :

Mc trung nguyn hu ha,

Nguyn ha phc hon sanh.

Nhc v mc v ha,

Ton toi h do manh ?

Dch :


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Trong cy vn c la,

Tia la mi sng la,

Nu bo cy khng la,

C xt sao li ra ?

a Bo Thin s hiu thm ca S ph, lin sp xung ly. Khung VitThi s chp tay li m tch. Ngi th 81 tui 28 Ngi tc l i php truynthng th t ca phi V Ngn Thng Thin s vy:

Php Thun Thin s : Ngi ging h , khng r qu qun u, ngixut gia thu nh, th gio vi Long Th Ph Tr Thin s. Khi nh Tin Lmi thnh nghip, ngi thng c mi vo triu lun bn vic chnh trv ngoi giao. Vua i Hnh thng gi l Php S ch khng dm gichnh tn. Nm Thin Phc th 7 (986), nh Tng sai s l L Gic sangnc ta, vua sc ngi ci trang lm phu cho cho s gi. Tnh c lc yc hai con ngng i mt nc, L Gic lin ngm rng :

Nga nga lng nga nga,

Ngng din hng thin nha.

Dch :

Song song ngng mt i,

Nga mt ng ven tri.

Php s ang cm cho lin c tip :

Bch mao ph lc thy,

Hng tro bi thanh ba.

Dch :

Lng trng phi ging bic,

Sng xanh chn hng bi.


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L Gic thn phc lm.

Vua i Hnh thng hi ngi v ngi nc di ngn th no ? Ngi linc bi k rng:

Quc t nh ng lc,

Nam thin l thi bnh,

V vi c in cc,

X x tc ao binh.

Dch :

Ngi nc nh dy qun,

Tri Nam m thi bnh,

Trn in khng sanh s,

u dt ao binh.

Nin hiu Hng Thng nh Tin L nm th hai (990), ngi khng bnh mtch, th 76 tui. Ngi c lm quyn B-tt hiu sm hi vn, cn truyn

li.

Ngi l i php truyn thng th mi ca phi T Ni a Lu Chi vy.

c hai ngi trn y, ta r v thi y, trong nc ch c nhng v TngThng mi l bc bc hc.

Ngy xa mi khi tip s Trung Hoa, vua ta thng phi chn nhng ngili lc uyn bc ra tip, m khi v Thin s cng c c vo vic y,

bit vn ha trong nc hu ht do cc Tng s c. Nhng Php s y li

m trng gio ha Tng chng, nn ta c th on thi y Pht gio tadn chng hiu bit lm vy. V thi y c th gi l thi i lut gio thnhnht. Vua tin theo, triu nh ng h, li c s i cu kinh, tt nhn dn ai aicng phi bit.

Nhng n cui i Tin L, Pht gio c l mt th lc v ng vua bcnhc v khi hi : L Long nh (Nga Triu : 1005 l009).


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Long dng cha Hng Thin Ng, gn in Thi Thanh dng cha VnTu, ngoi thnh li dng nhng cha Thng Nghim, Thin Vng, CmY, Long Hng, Thnh Th, Thin Quang v Thin c. Triu nh li sc ikhp cc lng h cha no nt th phi tu b li.

Sang nm th 9 (l019) Thi T sai s l Phm Ho v Nguyn o Thanhsang Trung Hoa thnh kinh. Khi c vua Tng ban cho, ngi li sc mt vThin s l Phi Tr i sang tn Qung Ty n v v vo kho sch iHng. l ln th hai nc ta c s i cu kinh.

Nm sau (l020), ngi sc lp o ng v phi Tng s i din ging Phto khp trong nc. Li sc c my qu chung treo cc cha HngThin, i Gio, Thng Nghim.

Nm Thun Thin th 15 (l024) thng chn, ngi lp cha Chn Gio trongthnh v sc cc Tng s, Php s n tng kinh v ging o ngithng n nghe.

V i L Thi T, trong nc cng thnh, cc nc ngoi nh ChimThnh, Chn Lp u chu triu cng, bn Trung Hoa nh Tng cng giaohiu khng sanh s, dn tnh c an lc, vua v triu nh li ht tm ngh, nn Pht gio nc ta hi y c th gi l hi thnh nht t trc nsau. By gi Hn hc tuy ph thng khp dn chng, nhng Nho giohnh nh ch l phn ph t ai n, v cha c khoa c, nn Pht gio

vn ng a v c tn. Bi th, vn ha v hc thut trong nc vn l trong phi Pht hc c.

Nhng v Thin s c danh ting thi by gi nh Vn Hnh Thin s, aBo Thin s, Sng Phm Thin s u hai phi T Ni v V Ngn m rac

Vn Hnh Thin s : Ngi lng C Php (nay l lng nh Bn, ph TSn, Bc Ninh) h Nguyn, khng r tn tc l g. Nh ngi i i thPht, t thu nh ngi thng minh khc chng, hc khp tam gio v

kho cu nhiu kinh lun nh Pht. Nm 20 tui, ngi xut gia cng vinh Hu Thin s, theo hc vi ngi Thin ng o-gia, tc l i phpth hai ca phi T Ni a Lu Chi. Sau Thin ng tch ri, ngi chuyn tp

php Tng tr Tam-ma-a, mi khi ni cu g l thng, ngi i ucho ng l cu sm. Thi vua L i Hnh cn ti th, thng mi ngi nhi v vic qun.


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Nin hiu Thin Phc nm th nht (980), nc Trung Hoa sai Hu NhnBu em qun qua nh nc ta, khi ng ni Cng Gip Lng (?), vuai Hnh mi Thin s n hi qun ta thng bi th no ? Ngi tu: Chtrong ba, by ngy th gic tt lui. Sau qu nhin nh vy. Ngi rt gii vsm ng v n s, vua i Hnh rt em lng tn knh thn phc.

Nm Thun Thin th 9 (l018), ngi khng au m g m tch. Vua L ThiT v cc t rc ngi ln ha n ri thu hi ct xy thp th.

Ngi c bi k trc khi tch rng :

Thn nh in nh hu hon v,

Vn mc xun vinh thu hu kh,

Nhm vn thnh suy v b y,

Thnh suy nh l tho u ph.

Dch :

Thn nh bng chp chiu t,

C xun ti tt, thu qua rng ri.

S chi suy thnh vic i,

Thnh suy nh ht sng ri u cnh.

Sau vua L Nhn Tn (l072 - 1 127) cng c bi truy tn ngi rng:

Vn Hnh dung tam t,

Nhn ph c sm c (ky).

Hng quan danh C Php

Tr tch trn vng k .

Dch :

Thin s hc rng bao la,


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Gi mnh hp php sm ra ngoi li.

Qu hng C Php danh ngi,

Thp bia ng vng mun i .

a Bo Thin s : Khng r ngi qu qun u, Tr tr cha Kin S lng Ph ng. Ngi l t ca Khung Vit Thi s (phi V NgnThng). L Thi T nghe danh thng mi ngi vo triu hi o v bnlun vic nc v vic ngoi giao Thi T c sc trng tu cha Kin S chongi sau khng r ngi tch u v bao gi, v ngi thng thng vndu i khp x thuyt php truyn o.

t c truyn tm php ca ngi l nh Hng Trng lo.

---o0o---

2. L Thi Tn (l028 - l054)

Thi t Pht M ni ngi Thi T, tc l L Thi Tn, ly nin hiu ThinThnh. Ngi cng l ngi sng o Pht, thng thng hp cc b lo,Tng s cc cha bn lun v o Pht.

Nm Thin Thnh th t (l031) thng tm, sau khi dp gic Chim HoanChu (Ngh An by gi) v, Thi Tn sc lp 95 ngi cha. Khi cha l inxong, triu nh m quc hi khnh thnh v min thu cho nhn dn mtnm.

Nm 1034, Thi Tn i nin hiu l Thng Thy. Thng 8 nm y nhTng ban i Tng kinh v sai s rc sang cho ta, Thi Tn sai triu quani n rt long trng.

Trong nm y c 2 v Thin s l Nghim Bo Tnh v Phm Minh Tmng o t thiu mnh, Thi Tn cho rc tro y vo th cha Trng

Thnh.n nm Thng Thy th ba (l036), Thi Tn sc sn thp li cc tngPht cc cha. Khi hon thnh triu nh m quc hi khnh thnh vmin thu cho dn mt nm.


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Li vo khong nin hiu Thng Thy (l034-1038), vua thng n hi oni ngi Thuyn Lo Thin s v xng lm t. Sau vua c ngi truyntm php, tc l ngi th by trong i, truyn thng th by ca phi V

Ngn Thng vy30

Triu i L, ngi tht l mt ng vua sng o bc nht. Ngoi nhng lclo vic chnh tr, ngi li lo hc php Thin nh ca phi Thin Tn. Ngi tuti gia, th gio vi ngi Thuyn Lo; ngi li thng m o vi cc Thins ni ting by gi nh Cu Ch Thin s, Bo Tnh Thin s, Minh TmThin s, v.v... Cc Thin s ny cng l nhng bc i c ca phi V

Ngn, mi ngi u c t rt ng.

Qua nin hiu Sng Hng i Bo nm u (1049), Thi Tn sc dng chaDin Hu. Nguyn nm trc ngi nm m thy c Pht Quan m dn

ngi vo Lin Hoa in. Tnh dy, ngi ban hi nh thn th mt v TngThng xin lp cha. Vua nghe li, sc dng mt cc , trn xy in LinHoa (hnh hoa sen ni trn mt nc) th Pht Quan m v hi cc Tng sli tng kinh cu trng th (cha y hin cn gn H Ni, ngi tathng gi l Cha Mt Ct).

Nhng Thin s c danh hi y nh Hu Sinh Thin s, nh HngTrng lo Thin s (phi T Ni), Cu Ch Thin s v.v . . .

Hu Sinh Thin s : H Lm, tn tc l Khu, qu ng Ph Lit nguyn l

con chu Lm Ph Tr Sn (huyn Thanh Tr, H ng by gi). Thunh tng mo khi ng, ni nng rt lu lot, ni ting vn hay ch tt.

Nhng khi hc Nho cn tha th gi ngi li nghin cu kinh Pht. Mi khini n ch ct yu ca Pht php, ngi thng than th v ri nc mt.Gn 70 tui, ngi theo nh Hu Thin s, t o hc cng ngy cngtin. Khi c s ph truyn tm php cho, ngi mi i hnh ha khp chntng lm, ri ln ni B-. Mi ln ngi ngi nhp nh tu php t nhtcng phi nm by ngy. Ngi i by gi thng gi ngi l ng Phtxc tht.

Vua L Thi Tn nghe ting ngi c sai s n mi. Ngi bo s gi rng:ng khng thy con sanh trong l t ? Khi cha t th ngi ta cho n nc thm, mc o gm, n khi git vo Thi miu th n ch mun cu chtsng st, cn ni n vic g ? Ni ri ngi t chi khng chu i. Sau v nhvua c p, bt c d ngi phi ti ca khuyt.


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Sau khi m o v Pht php, vua rt ly lm knh phc, mi phong chongi lm chc Ni Cung Phng Tng v sc truyn cha Vn Tu gnthnh

Thng Long. Mt hm trong i hi c thit tic chay i cc Tng s, vuaban :

i vi tm nguyn ca Pht, cc hc gi thng ci ln nhau, Trm muncc bc thng c y, by t ch s c, Trm xem hc vn ca ccngi n bc no.

Ngi lin ng khu c bi k rng :

Php bn nh v php,

Phi hu duyt phi khng.

Nhc nhn tri th php,

Chng sinh d Pht ng.

Tch tch Lng gi nguyt,

Khng khng hi chu.

Tri khng khng gic hu,

Tam-mui nhm thng chu.

Dch :

Php vn nh khng php,

Chng c cng chng khng.

Nu hiu c php y,

Chng sinh, Pht vn ng.

Trng Lng-gi phng lng,

Thuyn Bt-nh chn khng.


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Bit khng ri bit c,

Tam-mui mc dung thng.

Vua rt ly lm mn phc.

Thi y cc Vng cng trong triu v cc s th nhiu ngi n hi o lv u knh ngi l bc thy. Sang i Thnh Tn, ngi li c phong lmT Nhai Tng Thng. n nm Gia Khnh th 5 (l063) ngi mt. Ngic son ra my cun Php s trai nghi, o trng khnh tn vn, nhng utht truyn.

nh Hng Trng Lo : H L qu Chu Minh, t ca ngi a BoThin s (phi V Ngn), th gii vi s ph hn 24 nm.

Mn ca a Bo Thin s c hn vi trm ngi, ngi cng Bo HaThin s ng vo bc nht.

Mt hm ngi hi a Bo Thin s rng :

- Th no l tm thy chn tm ca mnh ?

- Th ngi c tm i.

Ngi nghe thy ni th, trong lng bng khung, mt hi lu ni :

- Ht thy mi ngi cng u th c, phi g mt t ny.

- Th ngi hiu cha ?

- Khi t hiu ri th li cng nh khi cha hiu.

- Ngi nn gi gn ly ci tm y.

Nghe thy dy th, ngi lin chp tay v xy mnh li a Bo lin qut to ln

rng :

- i i !

Ngi vi sp xung ly. a Bo Thin s dy :

- T nay ngi tip ngi nn coi mnh nh ngi mt m tai ic vy.


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Thi y Kinh c quan Thnh Hong s l Nguyn Tun, rt knh mno c ca ngi mi ngi v tr cha Cm ng, hc tr n hc rt ng,ngi gio ha c nhiu ngi c o. Nin hiu Sng Hng Di Bo th

ba (l051) ngi tch.

Thuyn Lo Thin s : Tr tr cha Trng Minh huyn Tin Du, t caa Bo Thin s. Khi hc c o ri mi v ngi cha vng T Sn,danh ting ly lng, hc tr k hn nghn ngi. Ch ca Thin s thnhra mt ni tng lm hi.

Trong khong nin hiu Thng Thy (l034 - l038), vua L Thi Tn nhnmt hm n thm v hi rng :

- Ha thng tr cha ny bao lu ?

Thin s lin c hai cu th rng :

n tri kim nht nguyt,

Thy thc cu xun thu.

Dch :

Sng ngy nay bit ngy nay,

Cn xun thu trc ai hay lm g.

- Ngy thng Ha t

viet nam phat giao su luoc - ht mat the

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