, thePatois - the jargon or informal speech used by a particular social group.

Apartheid - was a system of racial segregation in South Africa enforced through legislation by the National Party governments, the ruling party from 1948 to 1994, under which the rights, associations, and movements of the majority black inhabitants were curtailed and Afrikaner minority rule was maintainedAssimilation - process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society. The process of assimilating involves taking on the traits of the dominant culture to such a degree that the assimilating group becomes socially indistinguishable from other members of the society.

As such, assimilation is the most extreme form of acculturation. Although assimilation may be compelled through force or undertaken voluntarily, it is rare for a minority group to replace its previous cultural practices completely; religion, food preferences, the physical distance between people in a given social situation, and aesthetics are among the characteristics that tend to be most resistant to change.

Migration - is the movement by people from one place to another with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location.

Nomadic movements are normally not regarded as migrations as there is no intention to settle in the new place and because the movement is generally seasonal.Migration has continued under the form of both voluntary migration within one's region, country, or beyond and involuntary migration (which includes the slave trade, trafficking in human beings and ethnic cleansing). People who migrate into a territory are called immigrants, while at the departure point they are called emigrants.

Labor - the people of a country or other geographic entity actively employed or seeking employment and/or physical work done by people

Creoles - creole peoples are fully or partially descended from white European colonial settlers. Their language, culture and/or racial origin represent the creolization resulting from the interaction and adaptation of colonial-era emigrants from Europe with non-European peoples, climates, cuisines, etc.

Mestizos - person of combined European and Native American descent, or someone who would have been deemed a Castizo (one European parent and one Mestizo parent).

The term was used as a racial category in the casta system that was in use during the Spanish Empire's control of their American colonies. The term mestizaje, taking as its root mestizo or "mixed", is the Spanish word for the general process of mixing races.

Indios - indigenous peoples… "First peoples"Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines as "a body of persons that are united by a common culture, tradition, or sense of kinship, which typically have common language, institutions, and beliefs, and often constitute a politically organized group".

Peninsulares - In the colonial caste system of Spanish America and Spanish Philippines, a peninsular was a Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies. The word peninsular makes reference to the Iberian Peninsula in Europe, where Spain is located.monsoon winds - a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in

precipitation… Summer is wet (winds are coming from the ocean) Winter is dry (winds are coming from the mountains)

San Andreas Fault - continental transform fault that extends roughly 810 miles (1,300 km) through California in the United States. It forms the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, and its motion is right-lateral strike-slip (horizontal).

The fault divides into three segments, each with different characteristics, and a different degree of earthquake risk. Although the most significant (Southern) segment only dates back about 5 million years, the oldest sections were formed by the subduction of a spreading ridge about 30 million years ago.

East Eritrean - is a country in the Horn of Africa. With its capital at Asmara, it is bordered

by Sudan to the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast

Eurasian – combined continental landmass of Europe and Asia, with the term being a portmanteau of its two constituents.

North Anatolian Fault - an active right-lateral strike-slip fault in northern Anatolia which

runs along the transform boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Anatolian Plate.The fault extends westward from a junction with the East Anatolian Fault at the Karliova Triple Junction in eastern Turkey, across northern Turkey and into the Aegean Sea. It runs about 20 km south of Istanbul. The North Anatolian Fault is similar in many ways to the San Andreas Fault in California. Both are continental transforms with similar lengths and slip rates. The Sea of Marmara near Istanbul is an extensional basin similar to the Salton Trough in California, where a releasing bend in the strike-slip system creates a pull apart basin.

global warming - the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of Earth's climate system. Since 1971, 90% of the increased energy has been stored in the oceans, mostly in the 0 to 700m region. Despite the oceans' dominant role in energy storage, the term "global warming" is also used to refer to increases in average temperature of the air and sea at Earth's surface.

the Coriolis effect - deflection of moving objects when the motion is described relative to a rotating reference frame. In a reference frame with clockwise rotation, the deflection is to the left of the motion of the object; in one with counter-clockwise rotation, the deflection is to the right.

greenhouse effect - is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions.

brain drain - the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country.

Doldrums - a state or period of inactivity, stagnation at an equatorial region of the Atlantic Ocean with calms, sudden storms, and light unpredictable winds.

trade winds - are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics, within the lower portion of the Earth's atmosphere, in the lower section of the troposphere near the Earth's equator.

Mediterranean climate - characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters and

located between about 30° and 45° latitude north and south of the Equator and on the western sides of the continents.

rain shadow effect - a dry area on the lee side of a mountainous area (away from the wind). The mountains block the passage of rain-producing weather systems and cast a "shadow" of dryness behind them.

rift valley - linear-shaped lowland between several highlands or mountain ranges created by the action of a geologic rift or fault. A rift valley is formed on a divergent plate boundary, a crustal extension, a spreading apart of the surface, which is subsequently further deepened by the forces of erosion

river plain - *where we live* an area of land adjacent to a stream or river that

stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls and experiences flooding during periods of high discharge.

It includes the floodway, which consists of the stream channel and adjacent areas that actively carry flood flows downstream, and the flood fringe, which are areas inundated by the flood, but which do not experience a strong current. In other words, a floodplain is an area near a river or a stream which floods when the water level reaches flood stage.

Steppe - a large area of flat unforested grassland in southeastern Europe or Siberia.

Delta - a landform that forms at the mouth of a river, where the river flows into an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, or reservoir. Deltas form from deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth.

push and pull factors - force which acts to drive people away from a place and the pull factor is what draws them to a new location.Example: Several push factors contributed to me wanting to leave my village and move to Cairo but, by far, the pull factor of the that amazing city was what made me decide to move.

Desertification - a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region

becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife. It is caused by a variety of factors, such as climate change and human activities.

Ring of Fire - an area where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean. In a 40,000 km (25,000 mi) horseshoe shape, it is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches, volcanic arcs, and volcanic belts and/or plate movements. It has 452 volcanoes and is home to over 75% of the world's active and dormant volcanoes.

Great Plains - the broad expanse of flat land, much of it covered in prairie, steppe and grassland,

that lies west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. This area covers parts of the U.S. states of Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming, and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan.

Appalachian Mountains - formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period and once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before they were eroded. The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel as it forms a series of alternating ridgelines and valleys oriented in opposition to any road running east-west.

Rocky Mountains - formed from 80 million to 55 million years ago during the Laramide orogeny, in which a number of plates began to slide underneath the North American plate. The angle of subduction was shallow, resulting in a broad belt of mountains running down western North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch more than 3,000 miles

Canadian Shield - also called the Laurentian Plateau, or Bouclier Canadien, is a large

shield of exposed Precambrian igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks (geological shield) that forms the ancient geological core of the North American continent (North American or Laurentia craton), covered by a thin layer of soil. Human population is sparse, and industrial development is minimal, while mining is very prevalent.

Pangaea - was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. It formed approximately 300 million years ago and then began to break apart after about 100 million years. Unlike the present Earth, much of the land mass was in the Southern Hemisphere. Pangaea was the first reconstructed supercontinent and it was surrounded by a super ocean, known as Panthalassa. <Plate Tectonics>

Northern European Plain - consists of the low plains between the Hercynian Europe

(Central European Highlands) to the south and coastlines of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea to the north. These two seas are separated by the Jutland peninsula (Denmark).Central Uplands - one of the three major natural regions of Germany and covers most of the land area of the country. To the north lies the North German Plain or Northern Lowland; to the south, the Alps and the Alpine Foreland.

Sahel - the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition in Africa between the Sahara Desert to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south. Having a semi-arid climate, it stretches across the southernmost extent of Northern Africa between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea. The Arabic word sā il literally means "shore, coast",ḥ

Ganges River valley - is the most sacred river to Hindus. It is also a lifeline to millions of Indians who live along its course and depend on it for their daily needs. Is a trans-boundary river of Asia which flows through India and Bangladesh. The 1,569 mile river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India into Bangladesh, where it empties into the Bay of Bengal. It is the third largest river by discharge.

What provides the energy that drives the water cycle? SUN

Southeast Asia’s population - what are the demographics?

A sub-region of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia. Even prior to the penetration of European interests, Southeast Asia was a critical part of the world trading system.

The region lies near the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic and volcanic activity. Southeast Asia consists of two geographic regions:

Maritime Southeast Asia: Philippines, East Malaysia, East Timor, Indonesia, Brunei, and Singapore

Mainland Southeast Asia: Indochina, comprising Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, West Malaysia and Vietnam;

The major religions are Islam, and Buddhism, followed by Christianity. However, a wide variety of religions are found throughout the region, including Hinduism and many animist-influenced practices.

East and West Pakistan separated into Pakistan and Bangladesh based primarily on their different…

Was the partition of the British Indian Empire that led to the creation of the sovereign states of the Dominion of Pakistan (it later split into the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of Bangladesh) and the Union of India (later Republic of India) on 15 August 1947. "Partition" here refers to the division of the Bengal province of British India into East Pakistan and West Bengal (India), and the similar partition of the Punjab province into Punjab (West Pakistan) and Punjab, India.

In the riots which preceded the partition in the Punjab region, between 200,000 to 500,000 people were killed in the retributive genocide. UNHCR estimates 14 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims were displaced during the partition; it was the largest mass migration in human history.

Equatorial Africa - what makes it unusual?

tropical Africa, or the region of Sub-Saharan Africa traversed by the equator. The environment of the Congo (the present-day countries of the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo) and Uganda ranges from rain forest to savanna. Kenya's boundaries encompass mixed forest and grassland in the west and steppe and desert in the east and along the coastline. Adaptations to these environments have resulted in two predominant subsistence methods in Equatorial Africa - agriculturalism and pastoralism.

What language is spoken by the majority of people in Central Asia?

Territory and region data

Country Areakm²

Population(2012)

Population densityper km2

Nominal GDP

millions of USD

(2012)

GDP per capitain USD (IMF

2012[KG, TJ, TM], 2013[UZ],

2014[KZ])[27]

Capital Official languages

 Kazakhstan 2,724,900 17,948,816[28] 6.3 196,419 12,456AstanaKazakh, Russian

 Kyrgyzstan 199,900 5,604,212[29] 27.8 6,473 1,152BishkekKyrgyz, Russian

 Tajikistan 143,100 8,052,512[30] 55.9 7,592 903DushanbeTajik, Russian

 Turkmenistan 488,100 5,171,943[31] 10.5 33,679 5,330Ashgabat Turkmen Uzbekistan 447,400 30,185,000[32] 67.5 51,168 1,867Tashkent Uzbek

What are Romance languages based on?

occasionally called the Latin languages, Romanic or Neo-Latin languages—are a group of languages descended from Vulgar Latin. They form a branch of the Italic languages within the Indo-European language family. The five most widely spoken Romance languages by number of native speakers are Spanish (410 million), Portuguese (216 million), French (75 million), Italian (60 million), and Romanian (25 million).

What commodities are important parts of China’s economy and culture?

Agriculture is by far the leading occupation, involving almost 50% of the population, although extensive rough, high terrain and large arid areas.

China is the world's largest producer of rice and wheat and a major producer of potatoes, corn, peanuts, millet, barley, apples, sweet potatoes, sorghum, and soybeans. In terms of cash crops, China ranks first in cotton and tobacco and is an important producer of tea, oilseeds, silk, ramie, jute, hemp, sugarcane, and sugar beets.

World's major mineral-producing countries. Coal is the most abundant mineral (China ranks first in coal production). High-quality, easily mined coal is found throughout the country, but especially in the north and northeast. There are also extensive iron-ore deposits; the largest mines are at Anshan and Benxi, in Liaoning province. Oil fields discovered in the 1960s and after made China a net exporter, and by the early 1990s, China was the world's fifth-ranked oil producer.

In both villages and cities, wealthy people and Hindus of the higher jatis tend to live where?

The jatis perform the many specialized jobs that are considered essential to society—farming, metalworking, pottery making, carpentry, weaving, laundering, marketing, and many others.Forty-two percent of the nation lives below the international poverty line. The almost 500 million people who live in poverty in India outnumber the entire U.S. population.

Describe Oceania as a region –

Oceania is one of eight terrestrial ecozones, which constitute the major ecological regions of the planet. The Oceania ecozone includes all of Micronesia, Fiji, and all of Polynesia except New Zealand. New Zealand, New Guinea, Melanesia apart from Fiji, and Australia.

Most of Oceania is divided into two climate zones. The first of these is temperate and the second is tropical. Most of Australia and all of New Zealand are within the temperate zone and most of the island areas in the Pacific are considered tropical. Oceania's temperate regions feature high levels of precipitation, cold winters and warm to hot summers. The tropical regions in Oceania are hot and wet year round.

Because most of Oceania is tropical or temperate there is an abundant amount of rainfall which produces tropical and temperate rainforests throughout the region. Tropical rainforests are common in some of the island countries located near the tropics, while temperate rainforests are common in New Zealand. In both of these types of forests there is a plethora of plant and animal species, making Oceania one of the world's most biodiverse regions.

Where in Central Asia is Russian an official language?

Territory and region data

Country Areakm²

Population(2012)

Population densityper km2

Nominal GDP

millions of USD

(2012)

GDP per capitain USD (IMF

2012[KG, TJ, TM], 2013[UZ],

2014[KZ])[27]

Capital Official languages

 Kazakhstan 2,724,900 17,948,816[28] 6.3 196,419 12,456AstanaKazakh, Russian

 Kyrgyzstan 199,900 5,604,212[29] 27.8 6,473 1,152BishkekKyrgyz, Russian

 Tajikistan 143,100 8,052,512[30] 55.9 7,592 903DushanbeTajik, Russian

 Turkmenistan 488,100 5,171,943[31] 10.5 33,679 5,330Ashgabat Turkmen Uzbekistan 447,400 30,185,000[32] 67.5 51,168 1,867Tashkent Uzbek

In which Central Asian countries is weaving an important cultural tradition?

What do they weave?

Kazakhstan - Carpet weaving and decoration in Kazakhstan is unique. Besides the traditional loomed rugs, Kazakh artisans are also known for their remarkable felt work.

Turkmenistan - Carpet weaving is an ancient art, and each tribe developed its own distinctive pattern. Turkmen carpets have been traditionally woven out of wool, cotton, and silk by women, using horizontal looms.

Ukrainian - Artisan textile arts play an important role in Ukrainian culture, especially in Ukrainian wedding traditions. Ukrainian embroidery, weaving, and lace-making are used in traditional folk dress and in traditional celebrations

What values are shared by North Korea and South Korea?

What impact does religion have in Northwestern Europe today?

The ethnic and religious composition of the Eastern Mediterranean region, with the exception of Israel, is primarily –

Which religion established the concept of monotheism?

The major source of conflict between the two branches of Islam is disagreement over what?

What places and things do Hindus consider sacred?

What beliefs do followers of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam share?

Generalize the social status trends of women in the Arab nations of the Eastern Mediterranean.

Describe the Kurds

What ethnic group is the dominant political group in Afghanistan?

Why is the United States one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world?

Why is French spoken in some countries of North Africa?

Why did many indigenous communities in South America develop as isolated groups?

Explain how nontraditional agricultural practices can help underdeveloped nations regain drought-ravaged land

Why is the lingua franca of many parts of East Africa not an indigenous language?

Why and how do different places on Earth receive different amounts of direct sunlight at the same time?

Describe the savannas of West Africa

Where do the most dramatic variations in the amount of sunlight occur?

How do monsoons affect China and India differently?

What causes Patagonia to be dry, barren, and windy?

What causes solar radiation to warm Earth?

What three areas of Earth work together so life in the biosphere thrives?

How does the sun activate the water cycle?

Why are average temperatures cooler in places like Quito and Tibet?

What factors impact India’s climate?

Scientists theorize that Earth’s largest physical features are created by what?

According to scientists, in what climate do more than half of all plant and animal species exist?

What religious groups influence life in nations bordering India?

Why does most of the agriculture of Southern Europe occur along the coastal plain region?

What are the two most densely populated continents today?