2009 Missouri Open: Stems from the declining CoconutsPacket by Chris Borglum and Chris Kennedy

Tossups

1. One ruler of this name was suspected of murdering his predecessor Gallienus and his two year reign was followed by the 177 day reign of his brother Quintillus. That ruler won a great victory over the Goths at the Battle of Naissus in 269 AD after which he took on the title Gothicus. This was also the name of a gens which included the man who paired with Pelopidas by Plutarch. That man served as consul five times and won the spolia opima for killing the Gallic king Viridomarus in hand to hand combat. Another man belonging to the gens of this name was notorious in the Late Republic for desecrating the festival of the Bona Dea by dressing up as a woman. The most famous man by this name, however, was the subject of the Seneca satire Apocolocyntosis, which describes his pumpkinification. FTP, give this name which most often refers to the Roman emperor responsible for the conquest of Britain, the successor of Caligula.

ANSWER: Claudius

2. This author that presented the image of “faiths that were snapped by wires,” described a narrator of that wonders “why should a man wax tears, when his wooden world fails?” In another poem, he writes “I'm the Revolution. I am the darker, the older America." That poem begins by describing the “shards of an ancient pastoral in those shires of the island where the cattle drank.” In addition to “A City’s Death by Fire” and “The Star Apple Kingdom,” this author wrote a work in which Seven Seas describes a massacre to Catherine Weldon. The fifth book of that work takes the author to four places: the Aegean islands, Dublin – where James Joyce once lived, Portugal, then London. In another poem, this author calls the worm the “colonel of carrion.” In that poem, he describes “brutish necessity [that] wipes its hands / upon the napkin of a dirty cause,” before describing “flies, / Batten upon the bloodstreams of the veldt.” That poem by this author asks “How can I turn from Africa and live?” For ten points, name this author of Omeros, a St. Lucian. ANSWER: Derek Walcott

3. In yeast, Pot1 has been found to be critical to their stability, and the malfunction of these structures can result in ataxia telangiectasia. SIR2, SIR3 and SIR4At the end of each one of these is a complex including TIN1, TIN2, and POT1 known as the shelterin complex and includes the T-loop, and when they are compromised, their namesake dysfunction-induced foci are created. In yeast, they are regulated by the Rap1 protein, while in humans, they are regulated by TRF1. The number of times a cell may divide before these become critical is the Hayflick limit, and they are distinguished from double-strand breaks by protecting against non-homologous end joining in the "capping" process. For 10 points, name these sequences, which in vertebrates are repetitions of TTAGGG, that protect the ends of chromosomes from destruction during replication.

ANSWER: telomeres

4. Two straight, vertical red lines appear to bow inward on a background of an array of angled darker lines in this man’s namesake optical illusion, which he described in his Lectures on Human and Animal Psychology. An anti-mechanist, this thinker

argued that psychological qualities cannot exist in the physical world; hence, perception of colors and flavors comes from what he termed “creative synthesis.” In a massive ten-volume work he examined the “totality of the spiritual life,” conceding that the study of sensation alone could not explain psychological development in a long discussion of cultural symbols and folk tales entitled Elements of Folk Psychology, a work which greatly influenced his students’ concept of Ganzheit psychology. Author of Characteristics of Physiological Psychology, for 10 points, name this German who established the first experimental psychological laboratory.

ANSWER: Wilhelm Wundt

5. This novel contains the booby traps of "concealed emotion," triumphs in plot while suffering in character, and is "highly organized" according to Aspects of the Novel by E.M. Forster. One character in this novel is fond of pointing out that "he has a leg" and that she's "not a witch," and refers to one character as "Phoebus Apollo turned fasting friar" and another as "Racing Cutter." This novel features the conversations between Ladies Gosstre, Busshe, and Culmer and describes the "hereditary aptitude" of the use of the knife in its first chapter and contains the joking Irishman Colonel McCraye, and a kinsman of the protagonist, Crossjay, accompanies another character to the train station. That character is the daughter of a doctor who prefers the intellectual capability of Vernon Whitford, and is pursued after the protagonist's failed romance with Constantia. Laetitia Dale eventually marries, for 10 points, the protagonist of what novel featuring Clara Middleton and Willoughby Patterne by George Meredith?ANSWER: The Egoist

6. Jean-Pierre Gorin and this director provide voice-over discussion over photos of Jane Fonda’s meeting with Viet Cong soldiers in his film Letter to Jane: Investigation of a Still. The Bizet opera provides a narrative overlay for his film about a woman who stages an armed robbery to raise money for a film shoot in his First Name Carmen. Intertitles like “Nana Wonders If She Is Happy” separate scenes in his story of middle-class prostitution My Life to Live, which starred his then-wife Anna Karina. The protagonist of his best-known film uses the name of cinematographer Laszlo Kovacs and mimics the lip-rubbing gestures of Humphrey Bogart after shooting a police officer in a movie that introduced the jump cut. Director of films like Le Petit Soldat and Bande a Part, for 10 points, name this New Wave director best known for A Bout de Souffle, or Breathless.

ANSWER: Jean Luc Godard

7. One thinker during this dynasty studied "meta philosophy" in his Asfar, and it saw Iskander Beg Monshi write a biography of one of its most famous rulers, who astonished Pietro della Valle with his knowledge of Christianity. That man also mocked the Kurds after his victory at the Battle of DimDim.  Two rulers of this dynasty worked with the incorruptible vizier Saru Taqi, and another ruler of this dynasty was nicknamed "Very well!" and had to face rebellions by Mir Veis and the Ghilzai Afghans. Another ruler signed the Peace of Amasya, which lasted until the time

of Mohammaed Kondabanda. This dynasty was succeeded by Nader Shah and the Afsharids, and was aided by the brothers Anthony and Robert Shirley. Various rulers of this dynasty were troubled by the rise of Qizilbashi factions, whose intertribal issues came to light after this dynasty's loss at the Battle of Chaldiran. For 10 points, name this Twelver Shia dynasty of Persia, noted for rulers such as Ismail, Tahmasp, and Abbas.

ANSWER: Safavid dynasty

8. In topological insulators, one version of this effect gives rise to a defect-resistant current induced by spin-orbit coupling. In graphene, this effect is shifted by one half, giving rise to an anomalous minimum of the relevant quantity, which can allow for ballistic transport. A more complex version of it was discovered in gallium arsenide and can be explained by Laughlin quasiparticles; this is referred to as the fractional version. This effect can be understood in terms of partial filling of Landau levels and has characteristic “plateaus”, and it yields numbers called filling factors. Discovered by Klaus von Klitzing when studying a two-dimensional electron gas, for 10 points, identify this effect in which conductivity in a strong magnetic field is quantized.

ANSWER: quantum Hall effect

9. In one comedy by this author, Gianmatteo agrees to hide the title character in return for that character’s promise to instruct Gianmatteo how to make a fortune; Gianmatteo eventually frightens the title character back to hell by telling him his wife is looking for him. Besides Belfagor, the Devil Who Took a Wife, this author wrote of the competition of Nicomaco and Cleander, a father and son, to sleep with the title girl, Clizia. His best-known play shows Father Timoteo to be happy to help trick Nicia into allowing Callimaco to sleep with Nicia’s wife by pretending that a potion made from the titular plant will impregnate Lucrezia but soon kill the first man who sleeps with her. Author of Mandragola, or The Mandrake Root, for 10 points, name this Florentine who also wrote Discourses on Livy and some shit about how to be a ruler in Florence.

ANSWER: Niccolo Machiavelli

10. In one work in this cycle, the singer claims that he once saw three suns in the sky, but the best two are gone, and another song in this cycle talks of how "A fire burns under the soles of my feet." Besides Die Nebensonnen and Rückblick, the narrator tells of how he will sing loudly in the face of the wind and of how a wayside inn rejects him in two songs addressed to his trusty walking staff, and earlier sang of how his heart swells like a torrent under the frozen river on which he carved the name of his beloved. This cycle opens with the lines "A stranger came I hither, a stranger hence I go" because his beloved's interest has waned. It ends speaking of a man who staggers back and forth on the ice and plays with numb fingers, whom the narrator asks "Will you play your hurdy-gurdy to my songs?" Another song speaks of the branches rustling and calling to the singer before the wind blows his hat off, as well as of the the title object "by the fountain, near the gate" in which he carved "so many loving words." Featuring Der Lindenbaum and composed four years after its composer's Die

schöne Müllerin, for 10 points, name this song cycle based on Wilhelm Müller poems, a work of Franz Schubert.ANSWER: Die Winterreise or The Winter Journey

11. Its third section presents the story of a bird whose poop turns to gold upon hitting the ground and the story of a sage who turned a mouse into a girl to protect her from a bird of prey, but who turns her back into a mouse to marry the king of mice at the urging of the God of the Mountains. Those two stories come from the section titled “Of Crows and Owls,” while other tales like “The Crafty Crane and Craftier Crab” and “Suchimukha and the Monkey” come from its first section, or strategy, “The Loss of Friends.” Its fifth strategy, “Imprudence,” features the tale of “The Brahmin and the Mongoose,” which provides the basis for Kipling’s Rikki Tikki Tavi. Ascribed to the Sanskrit scholar Vishnu Sarma, for 10 points, what is this collection of Pali and Hindu animal fables?

ANSWER: Panchatantra

12. The so-called “Bloodless Revolution” of 1935 in this state saw Democratic Governor Theodore Francis Green completely replace this state’s supreme court and restructure the government into departments rather than commissions. The first deed giving land to European settlers in what’s now this state was signed by sachems named Canonicus and Miantonomi. Nicholas Easton, John Clarke and six others, including the state’s first governor, William Coddington, founded a colony on Aquidneck Island that is now a major resort here, and Warwick’s Charter incorporated that colony and two others as independent, though it was not recognized by Plymouth or Massachusetts. African-Americans in this state helped the militia of Governor Samuel Ward King stave off a rebellion led by a man who had been elected as a shadow governor by the People’s Convention, leading to the creation of a constitution for this state. For 10 points, what is this US state which saw Dorr’s Rebellion and which was founded by Roger Williams?

ANSWER: Rhode Island

13. In order to enter this site a visitor must eat three grapes and put vineleaves in his shoe. The chapel itself is a symmetrical circular building of transparent stone with a heptagonal font in which the title item is half-immersed. To hear its wisdom one performs three Bacchic dances and then sits between two stools to sing an Athenian drinking song, after which Bacbuc makes the water boil and an answer is given to the visitor’s inquiry. Fronted by a gate bearing the inscription “in vino veritas, FTP what is this site visited by Panurge, who, when he inquired whether he should marry, was simply answered “drink,” in Gargantua and Pantagruel?ANSWER: Oracle of the Bottle (accept the adjectives “holy” or “divine” before “Bottle”)

14. Scientists in Germany recently showed that a reaction of this type involving ethylbenzene on zeolite proceeds through a partial bond bridging two benzene rings across the ethyl group, and in polymers, this type of reaction tends to terminate methacrylates but not styrenes, which combine by addition. The first reaction of this type to be analyzed was called "söndring" and was carried out with tartrates by Johan Gadolin. A modification of a reaction of this type that produces an ester using an alkoxide catalyst is called the Tishchenko reaction, while the most common organic variety involves

benzaldehyde being converted to benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid and is called the Cannizzaro reaction. Also applying to the termination of ethyl radical to ethane and ethene, for 10 points, name this type of reaction in which the same molecule is both reduced and oxidized.

ANSWER: disproportionation [prompt on “redox”, accept intermediate answers like “Canizzarro”, etc.

15. This work talks of the transition "From purposive activity" to the title concept in a section which also considers the authority and linguistification of the sacred, as well as a normative background of the title concept. This work discusses the pathologies of modernization, such as that of "juridification." Besides the section on "The paradigm shift in Mead and Durkheim," this work considers "the critique of instrumental reason" in the section "From Lukacs to Adorno", which considers "rationalization as reification." The end of this work considers one man's "thesis of colonization" and a backward glance on another's theory of modernity in the section "Concluding Reflections: From Parsons via Weber to Marx." This work presents aesthetic, therapeutic, and explicative forms of discourse, as well as presenting assertion, justification, and authority as the levels of consensus. For 10 points, name this philosophical tract, which features two volumes, the second of which focuses on Lifeworld and System, a work of Jurgen Habermas.ANSWER: The Theory of Communicative Action

16. A small Christ holding a cross surmounts one of this man's paintings, which shows St. Leonard holding prison fetters on top of a book which rests on the arm of Tobias. He depicted himself as an apostle in a pale rose mantle putting his weight on a piece of wood in the front of his Panciatichi Assumption. His love for x-shaped composition manifested itself in his Pieta with Saints for the convent of Luco in the Mugello. St. Elizabeth leads a child Baptist towards a town in the background of one painting, which shows a young Child reaching out to an angel on a lower step. Besides the Madonna della Scala, this painter of the Barberini Holy Family depicted the Rest during the Flight into Egypt in a work for the Chiostro dei Morti of the SS Annunziata, the Madonna del Sacco. In another work, he showed the virgin wearing a rose colored robe and carrying the infant Child as she stands on a polygonal pedestal decorated with the title monsters. For 10 points, name this painter known for being "perfect" or "without error", the creator of Madonna of the Harpies. ANSWER: Andrea del Sarto

17. A quantity associated with one theory of these substances can be obtained by applying a three point finite difference to the second derivative of a chemical system's total energy with respect to changes in the quantity of electrons and was derived by Robert Parr. That theory can be applied to derive Kornblum's Rule for ambident nucleophiles, and is modified in the Drago-Wayland two parameter equation. One geochemical theory of these substances was developed by Lux and Flood and another theory of these substances is sometimes named for Pearson and is associated with the quantity of hardness. Another definition is based on having an empty

LUMO or a lone pair in the HOMO while the Hammet equation for one of these substances is used for their 'super' variety because the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation no longer describes them well. Buffers generally consist of conjugate examples of these substances, and donating or accepting hydrogen ions characterizes one theory of these substances. For 10 points, name these substances described by the Arrhenius, Lewis, and Bronsted-Lowry definitions.ANSWER: Acids and Bases (take either because if you can identify one of them you know what's going on)

18. A precedent for the overriding of this legislation’s protections was provided when the Supreme Court allowed a discrimination suit to go forward in the 1985 decision Atascedero State Hospital v. Scanlon. 1974’s Edelman v. Jordan decision stated that only injunctive, not monetary, relief could be awarded to individuals suing under the legal fiction known as the “stripping doctrine” exception to this amendment’s provisions, as created by 1908’s Ex Parte Young. This amendment was enacted in response to a suit brought by the executor of the South Carolina estate of Robert Farquhar, who won damages from a neighboring state for goods purchased in the Revolutionary War. For 10 points, what is this amendment developed in response to the Chisolm v. Georgia decision, which grants states sovereign immunity from suits brought by non-citizens?

ANSWER: 11 th Amendment

19. A Taoist tale from the Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio depicts the hungry student Yu Jung turned into one of these creatures by their guardian spirit, Wu Wang. In a myth of the Murinbata, after Crab tried to teach the people how to die, one of these creatures responded that he had a quicker way and simply rolled his eyes and fell over dead.  In Celtic myth, the sister of Morrigan and Macha took this form and signaled the final moments of Cuchulainn when she came to him while he was tied to a tree. Besides the form of Badb [baeve], another deity who took this form had his followers cut off his head and bury it on the White Hill, now considered to be the site of the Tower of London, to ward off invasion. Besides that association with Bran, one pair fly out over Midgard each morning and bear names meaning "thought" and "memory." For 10 points, name these birds, exemplified by Odin's buddies Hugin and Munin.

ANSWER: crow or [raven]

20. This author concluded that “Gods do not answer letters” after watching the title player refuse to leave the dugout to doff his cap in the essay “Hub Fans Bid Kid Adieu.” That the “earth is just a silly ball” is something he called “crass” in his poem about neutrinos, “Cosmic Gall.” In one of his novels, the title character takes in a runaway named Jill and the heroin-dealing Skeeter, who tries to re-educate the protagonist about politics and black history, and in another, FedEx facilitates communication in a world where China and America have exchanged nukes. Author of

collections like A Month of Sundays and novels like Toward the End of Time and two Eastwick novels, he wrote about the artist Peter and his father George Caldwell and the novel Couples. For 10 points, name this author of The Centaur and creator of Henry Bech and Harry Angstrom.

ANSWER: John Updike

Tiebreakers:

In hopes of having sons, women tie strips of cloth to the 450-year-old Jubi Tree at the northwest corner of this complex, which features four doors for people on any faith to sit in on services and meditators. This complex was built around a sarovar and features three bers corresponding to important saints. Its ambulatory, or Pardakshna, leads to the Har ki Paure, or “steps of God,” leading down into the main building, the second floor of which features the shish mahal, or room of mirrors. Added over a century after the main building was completed, the Baba Atal stands nine stories over the main building, where in the pre-dawn hours the palkhi, a ceremonial gold-plated bier, is carried to receive a spiritual leader. The Ramgarhia Bunga's two watchtowers, or Minar, still stand at this complex, though both were damaged during 1984’s Operation Blue Star. For 10 points, name this complex located in Amritsar, a sacred place of the Sikhs.

ANSWER: Golden Temple [or Harmandir Sahib]

Hulk Hogan is on record stating that this man routinely drank a case of 16-ounce beers on bus trips during their shared tour of Japan in the early 1980s. Edouard Carpentier managed this wrestler when he competed as Jean Ferre in Canada, but his contract was bought by Vince McMahon, Senior, for the World Wide Wrestling Federation, for whom he defeated Buddy Wolfe in his first match. He notably feuded with Killer Khan, whom he crushed in a Mongolian Stretcher Match in 1981, and with Big John Studd, who cut off this wrestler’s hair after a tag team match in 1984, and he stands as the shortest holder of the WWF title. Recently his visage was rendered cartoonishly by street artist Shepard Fairey who appended tags like “Obey” and “has a posse” to his epithet. For 10 points, who was this French-born wrestler whose acromegaly explained his epithet, known as the “Eighth Wonder of the World,” famous for playing Fezzik in The Princess Bride?

ANSWER: Andre the Giant or Andre Roussimoff

Bonuses

1. He famously posed the question, “What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?” For 10 points each:

[10] Who was this early Roman Christian who wrote “Ad Nationes”?

ANSWER: Tertullian

[10] Tertullian was a follower of this movement characterized by ascetism, whose namesake figure declared Pepuza the New Jerusalem and originated in Hierapolis in Phyrgia.

ANSWER: Montanism or Cataphyrgian

[10] Tertullian use of the word “repraesentat” in descriptions of this sacrament make it unclear whether he supported the notion of “real presence” in it.

ANSWER: eucharist

2. This man dedicated his Symphonic Variations to Louis Diémer, who premiered his Les Djinns, for 10 points each:[10] Name this composer of The Accursed Huntsman and Symphony in D Minor.ANSWER: Cesar Franck [10] This man claimed that Franck's Symphony in D Minor was "incompetence pushed to dogmatic lengths." His own works include Little Symphony for Winds as well as the music for operas such as Faust and Romeo et Juliette.ANSWER: Charles-François Gounod[10] This man wrote a biography of Franck, his mentor. His own works include Jean Hundaye, the opera Fervaal, and his Symphony on a French Mountain Air.ANSWER: Paul Marie Theodore Vincent d'Indy

3. Some of the leaders of successful efforts to synthesize it included Nicolaou, Holton, and Danishefsky. For 10 points each:

[10] Name this molecule with a tetracyclic core called baccatin III, which originally was produced by extraction from the Pacific yew.

ANSWER: Taxol [or Paclitaxel]

[10] Taxol works by inhibiting the breakdown of these structures, which are instead kept stiff to harden a cell’s cytoskeleton. They are large protein complexes composed of tubulin.

ANSWER: microtubule

[10] Many of the Taxol syntheses use this versatile electrophilic reduicing agent, which contains bridging hydride ligands and can convert esters and nitriles to aldehydes.

ANSWER: DIBAH or DIBAL or diisobutylaluminum hydride

4. It is the result of a merger of two similarly named parties formed by Maulana Khan Bhashani and Peer Manki Shareef in 1950. For 10 points each:

[10] What is this political party which was denied its opportunity to form a majority government without coalition partners in Pakistan in 1970?

ANSWER: Awami League

[10] The Awami League’s stolen victory led to war between Pakistan, India, and Bengali militias culminating in the creation of this nation, still dominated politically by the Awami League.

ANSWER: Bangladesh

[10] Prior to the Awami League’s involvement in the creation of Bangladesh, it had put forward this set of demands, which included limiting the federal government’s power to foreign affairs and defense, the creation of a separate currency for East Pakistan, and elimination of federal taxation.

ANSWER: Six Point(s) Program or Movement

5. Identify these works by William Blake. For 10 points each:

[10] This unfinished, allegorical epic describes the divisions between Los and Urizen and Tharmas and Orc, all divisions of the primal man, Albion.

ANSWER: Vala, or The Four Zoas [accept either]

[10] The child speaker of this poem tells of Tom Dacre who wept when his head was shaved and later has a dream in which all the boys of the title profession are freed from coffins to play in heaven.

ANSWER: “The Chimney Sweeper”

[10] Blake’s “And Did Those Feet in Ancient Times” appears in the preface to this longer poem in which the title figure returns from heaven and fuses his consciousness with Blake’s.

ANSWER: Milton: A Poem

6. King Aleus ordered him exposed as a baby, resulting in him almost marrying his mother Auge, for 10 points each:[10] Name this father of Eurypylus and husband of Astyoche or Laodice, a son of Heracles who begged Achilles to heal his wound.ANSWER: Telephus[10] As a child of Heracles, Telephus was this woman's grandson. Her husband Amphitryon killed her father Electryon, and Zeus fathered Heracles on her.ANSWER: Alcmene[10] This man cleansed Amphitryon for his accidental murder of Electryon. This king of Thebes fathered Megara and Haimon on Eurydice.ANSWER: Creon

7. The most difficult cases to prove for this theorem were g = 59, 83, 158, and 257. For 10 points each:

[10] What is this 1890 formula that provides the maximum number of colors necessary to color a map on any unbounded orientable surface and all but one unbounded non-orientable surface?

ANSWER: Heawood Conjecture

[10] This is the technical term for the smallest number of colors y(G) needed to color the vertices of G such that no two adjacent vertices will share the same color.

ANSWER: chromatic number

[10] The exception to the Heawood Conjecture for non-orientable surfaces is this compact closed surface of Euler characteristic zero which is able to pass through itself without a hole.

ANSWER: Klein Bottle

8. Its author went by the pseudonym Xiao Xiao Sheng, or the “Laughing, Laughing Scholar.” For 10 points each:

[10] Name this sometimes "fifth great Chinese classical novel" which contains Jishu Yu's impeachment of Commander Yang, Cai Jing, Deng Ton, and the Moon Lady, which develops on a key episode in the earlier Water Margin. 

ANSWER: The Plum in the Golden Vase [or The Golden Lotus; or Jīn Píng Méi]

[10] In that aforementioned episode, the protagonist Ximen Qing seduces this adulteress who enlists the aid of Grandma Wang in the murder of Wu Dalang and is killed by Wu Song after her confession of the crime.

ANSWER: Pan Jinlian

[10] The Plum in the Golden Vase is a seminal work of literature dating from this dynasty, which also saw the Peony Pavilion by playwright Tang Xianzu and a flourishing of literature due to the advent of movable type.

ANSWER: Ming Dynasty

9. This low-point of the papacy is generally considered to have ended with the death of Pope John XII in 964 CE. For 10 points each:

[10] Provide one of the names attributed to this sixty-year period during which twelve popes reigned, though the Theophylacti, or Counts of Tusculum, wielded much behind-the-scenes influence.

ANSWER: “Rule (or Reign) of the Harlots” or Pornocracy (Pornokratie) or Saeculum Obscurum

[10] The woman most often considered the eminence grise during the pornocracy was this daughter of Roman Consul Theophylact, who was the mother of John XI and likely mistress of Sergius III.

ANSWER: Morozia

[10] The pornocracy began to end when John XII crowned this man as the first Holy Roman Emperor but then turned on him, after which this German ruler deposed John and installed Leo VIII.

ANSWER: Otto I or Otto the Great

10. Answer these things about a measure of stellar stability versus convection effects, for 10 points each:

[10] According to this criterion, instability in the fluid layer of a stellar medium begins if the rate of change of pressure with density exceeds the adiabatic derivative.

ANSWER: Schwarzschild criterion

[10] This criterion named for its Belgian formulator is a generalized form of the Schwarzschild criterion taking into account spatial perturbations in the chemical composition of a mass element moving with an unvarying chemical composition and especially holds for stars in which semi-convection is assumed.

ANSWER: Ledoux criterion

[10] Much of Ledoux’s work was performed at the Yerkes Observatory at Princeton in studies of stars in this constellation that contains the Winter Triangle and whose alpha star is the brightest in our night sky.

ANSWER: Canis Major

11. He painted Landscape Looking Towards Sellers Hall from Mill Bank while under the tutelage of John Hesselius, for 10 points each:[10] Name this artist of the trompe l'oeil Staircase Group as well as a Portrait of William Pitt, the founder of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. He liked to paint George Washington.ANSWER: Charles Wilson Peale [10] This Peale painting has a water wheel in the center, and to its side there are two men holding a scroll with pictures of bones, surveying a pit full of water, workers, and scaffolding.ANSWER: The Exhuming the first American Mastodon [or The Exhumation of the Mastodon][10] This man depicted Washington in the prow of a boat with one knee set forth as a man behind him holds an American flag in a painting about crossing the Delaware.ANSWER: Emmanuel Leutze

12. This measure of efficiency is more widely applicable than the Pareto efficiency. For 10 points each:

[10] What is this doubly eponymous test of that judges a change in production or distribution to be more efficient if the possibility exists of compensation to those harmed by the change from those who benefit?

ANSWER: Kaldor-Hicks Efficiency or Test

[10] The Kaldor-Hicks Test is associated with this general theory combining ethics, voting, and game theory first officially enunciated by Kenneth Arrow in a book examining it “and Individual Values.”

ANSWER: social choice theory

[10] An earlier idea which influenced Arrow’s thinking is the voting paradox associated

with this 18th-century Frenchman, which showed that in ranking three candidates majority will can be thwarted by different majorities made up of different or overlapping individuals.

ANSWER: Nicolas de Condorcet

13. Its causes included onerous public debts left over from the Louisiana Purchase and War of 1812, as well as deflationary policies by the national bank. For 10 points each:

[10] Name this economic crisis that occurred in the presidency of James Monroe.

ANSWER: Panic of 1819

[10] Deflationary efforts of the Second Bank increased under this Bank President who succeeded William Jones in 1819; this man had previously led the re-chartering of the Bank as Speaker of the House.

ANSWER: Langdon Cheves

[10] Prosperity returned to the US after the passage of the Land Act and Relief Act in time for the this man to succeed Cheves as President of the Second Bank; he held the post through his battles with Andrew Jackson and was President when the Bank lost its charter in 1836.

ANSWER: Nicholas Biddle

14. Identify these Piazza Tales, for 10 points each:

[10] This novella collected within the tales is laid out in ten "sketches" and tells of Oberlus, Juana Maria the lone woman, Rock Redondo, and Norfolk and Barrington Islands during the Wars of 1812 and Peruvian Independence. 

ANSWER: The Encantadas or Enchanted Isles

[10] In this story, the "hive of subtlety" is used to describe a figure who led a mutiny that overthrew Alexandro Aranda, Babo, who is impaled on a spike at the end of the day thanks to Amaso Delano's "assistance" of the title captain.

ANSWER: "Benito Cereno"

[10] This fantastic story features a sudden visit by Jupiter Tonans, a dealer in the title copper objects, to the narrator's house and a subsequent argument where Tonans warns the protagonist not to stand next to the hearth.

ANSWER: "The Lightning-Rod Man"

15. Identify these American greats in the marathon. For 10 points each:

[10] Many credit this winner of the 1972 marathon gold in Munich with launching the American running boom; he won silver at Montreal in 1976.

ANSWER: Frank Shorter

[10] This man won the New York and Boston Marathons four times each between 1975 and

1981 but finished 40th in the 1976 Olympics and missed his best shot to medal in 1980 due to the American boycott.

ANSWER: Bill Rodgers

[10] This man won the 1977 NCAA cross country title while at Oregon and won the New York marathon three consecutive years from 1980-82. Favored to win the 1984 Olympic

marathon, he finished 15th. Now he works for Nike and coaches American stars Galen Rupp and Kara Goucher.

ANSWER: Alberto Salazar

16. Identify the instruments, none of which is trumpet, sax, or piano, primarily played by these jazz giants. For 10 points each:

[10] Downbeat Magazine declared Bebop great J.J. Johnson the greatest all-time player of this instrument, also played by bandleaders Tommy Dorsey and Glenn Miller.

ANSWER: trombone

[10] Wes Montgomery’s classic tune “Bumpin’” shows his virtuosity on this instrument also played by Django Reinhardt and Bill Frisell.

ANSWER: guitar

[10] Paul Chambers’ brief introduction on this instrument opens “So What,” the first track on Kind of Blue. Charlie Mingus is often considered its greatest jazz player.

ANSWER: bass

17. The occurence of this in Thallium (1) salts and lead oxide as opposed to lead sulfide is quite baffling. For 10 points each:[10] Name this phenomenon which Drago attempted to explain using M-X bond enthalpies in 1958, in which oxidation states of elements in a group are the most stable when two below the group's valence.ANSWER: inert pair effect[10] In Bismuth (III) iodide and Bismuth (III) hexaiodide anion, the inert pair effect renders the compounds octahedrally shaped without distortion in conflict with this model that describes carbon dioxide as linear and water as bent.ANSWER: VSEPR theory [or valence shell electron pair repulsion theory][10] When analyzing the inert pair effect in terms of group enthalpies, one notes that d-block elements such as this one possess high second and third ionization potentials. This element is extracted from AlOH during the Bayer process and is a decent semiconductor.ANSWER: gallium

18. Answer the following about a 4th century Roman emperor. For 10 points each:

[10]This man put down rebellions by Maxentius, Maximian, and Licinius, ending the Tetrarchy and establishing himself as  sole emperor. He also issued the Edict of Milan, and converted to Christianity.

ANSWER: Constantine the Great or Constantine I or Saint Constantine

[10] This man was a bishop of Caesarea in Palestine and a friend of Pamphilus. He is most famous for his works of history, the Chronicon and Ecclestiasical History,but he also wrote a eulogy entitled the Life of Constantine.

ANSWER Eusebius of Caesarea or Eusebius Pamphili

[10] This Byzantine historian, who wrote his Historia Nova between 490 and 510 AD, takes a pagan perspective and blames Constantine the Great for the disintegration of the Roman Empire.

ANSWER: Zosimus

19. He was burned to death by forces led by Quizquiz, Atahualpa’s lead general. For 10 points each:

[10] Who was this Inca whose forces were crushed at the pass of Tumibamba by his brother’s men?

ANSWER: Huascar

[10] Both Huascar and Atahualpa were sons of this previous Inca.

ANSWER: Huayna Capac

[10] Atahualpa didn’t have much time to enjoy the death of his brother, as Spaniards slaughtered over 1,000 of his entourage and Atahualpa himself in this Peruvian town.

ANSWER: Cajamarca

20. This novel is given the Severin gold seal of approval in Sacher-Masoch's Venus in Furs. For 10 points each:

[10] Name this short novel that includes a tragic flight into the wilderness to find an English settlement after a duel with the Governor's nephew, and the title character's ordainment as a cleric after burying Chevalier des Grieux.

ANSWER: L'Histoire du chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut [or The History of the Cavalier Grieux and Manon Lescaut]

[10] Manon Lescaut is the best known work of this French novelist who translated Dryden's All for Love, Addison and Steele's Spectator and wrote an untranslated novel about an English philosopher and Cromwell, or something.

ANSWER: Antoine François Prévost d'Exiles [or Abbé Prévost]

[10] In this author's The Lady of the Camellias, the characters attend a production of the ballet Manon Lescaut. This man authored The Illegitimate Son and was the son of the author of The Black Tulip and Twenty Years After.

ANSWER: Alexandre Dumas, fils [or the younger; prompt on Alexandre Dumas until some indication of juniority is conveyed]

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