vision brief

7/27/2019 Vision Brief

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The State of Vision, Aging,and Public Health in America

Vision impairment is a serious public health concern amongolder adults,aecting more than 2.9 million people in the UnitedStates.13 Tis issue brie summarizes the prevalence o visionloss and eye diseases reported by people aged 65 or older, and itprovides inormation about access to eye care, health status, andcomorbid conditions among older adults. Data were collectedrom 19 states that used the Vision Impairment and Access to EyeCare Module (Vision Module) o CDCs Behavioral Risk FactorSurveillance System (BRFSS) during 20062008.

Vision Impairment and theHealth of Older AdultsTe prevalence o blindness and vision impairmentincreases rapidly with age among all racial and ethnicgroups, particularly among people older than 75 years.4Cases o early age-related macular degeneration areexpected to double by 2050, rom 9.1 million to 17.8million or those aged 50 years or older.5 Cases odiabetic retinopathy among people aged 65 or older areexpected to quadruple by 2050, rom 2.5 million to9.9 million.6

National studies indicate that vision loss is associatedwith higher prevalence o chronic health conditions,7death,8 alls and injuries,9 depression, and socialisolation.10,11 When combined with chronic healthconditions such as diabetes, vision loss is associated withoverall poorer health among people aged 65 or older.7

Vision loss compromises peoples quality o lie becauseit reduces their capacity to read, drive a car, watchtelevision, or keep personal accounts. Oten, it isolates older peopleand keeps them rom riends and amily.

Direct medical expenses or older adults with vision impairmentcost the United States $8.3 billion a year.12

National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

Division of Diabetes Translation


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Vision Loss and Public HealthHealthy People 2010and Healthy People 2020call or improvingthe vision health o the U.S. population through prevention,early detection, treatment, and rehabilitation.13 Public healthresearch brings a distinct perspective to vision health and vision

loss. Ocials and researchers working in public health seek tobetter understand the magnitude and dimensions o vision loss atnational, state, and community levels.

By collecting data on vision and health, researchers can identiyspecic health disparities among dierent populations and indierent parts o the country. Tis inormation can be used totailor health promotion interventions to state and local needs.

Research has shown that recommended eye care that addresses eye

diseases and reractive error may remediate 50% o vision problems.14

However, many older adults do not seek regular eye care. Improvingaccess to eye care, especially or those most at risk or vision loss, is animportant way to improve vision health in the United Statesand itshould be a priority or the public health community.

Because smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and injury cancontribute to vision loss, public health initiatives should promotecommunity and state collaborations as a way to integrate visionhealth into community health promotion activities. For people

with severe vision loss, much can be done to promote health andquality o lie through better nutrition, increased physical activity,and positive liestyle choices.

Vision Health DataIn this issue brie, we present specic questions rom the BRFSSVision Module, as well as key ndings rom the resulting data. Allndings are or U.S. adults aged 65 years or older who all into one

o three groups: Tose reportingno difcultyrecognizing a riend across the

street or reading print (no vision loss). Tose reportinga little difcultywith distance or near tasks

(little vision loss). Tose reportingmoderate or extreme vision losswith distance

and near tasks or unable to do tasks because o eyesight.

Healthy People2020 Adult VisionObjectives

Increase the proportiono adults who have

a comprehensive eyeexamination, includingdilation, within the past2 years or by age 45.

Reduce visual impairmentscaused by Uncorrected reractive

error. Diabetic retinopathy. Glaucoma. Cataract. Age-related macular

degeneration (AMD). Reduce occupational eye

injuries. Reduce occupational

eye injuries resultingin lost work days.

Reduce occupational

eye injuries treatedin emergencydepartments.

Increase the use o personalprotective eyewear inrecreational activitiesand hazardous situationsaround the home.

Increase visionrehabilitation.

Increase the use ovision rehabilitationservices by people withvisual impairments.

Increase the use oassistive and adaptivedevices by people withvisual impairments.


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Key BRFSS Findings

Te prevalence o moderate or extreme vision loss rangedrom 5.4% in ennessee to 16% in Georgia.

By race/ethnicity, 16.2% o older non-Hispanic black adultsand 16.1% o older Hispanic adults reported moderate orextreme vision loss, compared with 11.4% o non-Hispanic

white adults.

By education level, moderate or extreme vision loss wasreported by

16.8% o older adults without a high school education. 12.5% o older adults with a high school education. 10.5% o older adults with more than a high school

education. Older adults with moderate or extreme vision loss were

More likely to report diabetes, heart disease, and strokethan those without vision loss.

Less likely to report excellent or very good health andmore likely to report air or poor health than those

without vision loss.

Across the 19 states, the prevalence o eye diseases ranged rom 25.3% to 33.7% or cataracts.

6.8% to 12.3% or glaucoma. 6.8% to 11% or macular degeneration. 1.6% to 5% or diabetic retinopathy.

See page 15 or a summary o state-level, sel-reported moderateor extreme vision loss rates by sex and race/ethnicity among U.S.adults aged 65 years or older.

BRFSS Questions

The BRFSS asks two questionsabout visual unction:

1. How much difculty, i any,do you have in recognizing ariend across the street?

2. How much difculty, i any,do you have reading printin newspapers, magazines,recipes, menus, or numberson the telephone?

Possible responses include theollowing:

No difculty.A little difculty.Moderate difculty.Extreme difculty.

5.4%11.0%

Did not implement Vision Module

11.1%12.8%

12.9%14.5%

14.6%16.0%

Percentage of U.S. adults aged 65 years orolder who reported moderate or extremevision loss, by state, BRFSS, 20062008

Visual Function


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Chronic Health Conditions

Older adults with moderate or extreme vision loss reported higherprevalence o diabetes, heart disease, and stroke than those withoutvision loss.

Health Status

Older adults with moderate or extreme vision loss were less likelyto report excellent or very good health than those without visionloss. Tey also were more likely to report air or poor health.

Chronic Health Conditions Among Older AdultsWith and Without Vision Loss, BRFSS, 20062008

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

StrokeHeart diseaseDiabetes

Moderate or Extreme

Vision Loss

Little Vision

Loss

No Vision

Loss

Self-Reported Health Status Among Older AdultsWith and Without Vision Loss, BRFSS, 20062008

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Fair or poorGoodExcellent or very good

Moderate or Extreme

Vision Loss

Little Vision

Loss

No Vision

Loss

Among older adultswithout vision loss,70.2% reportedthat they engagedin physical activity.Only 59.6% of thosewith moderate orextreme vision lossengaged in physicalactivity.


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25.3%28.4%

28.5%29.4%

29.5%31.1%

31.2%33.7%

Percentage of U.S. adults aged 65 years or olderwho reported having a cataract, by state,BRFSS, 20062008

Eye Diseases


Cataracts

A cataract is a clouding o the eyes lens. Cataracts canoccur at any age with a variety o causes, and they can

occur at birth. reatment or the removal o cataracts iswidely available.

Data rom the BRFSS Vision Module show that

Sel-reported cataracts ranged rom 25.3% inNew Mexico to 33.7% in Iowa. Te averageprevalence or all 19 states was 29.2%.

When analyzed by sex, 26.4% o men and 31.1%o women reported theynow havecataracts;

22.7% o men and 30.8% o women reportedthat they had cataracts removed. Among those aged 85 years or older, 54%

reported that they had cataractsremoved.

Data rom other sources indicatethat more than 15 million Americansaged 65 years or older have a cataractin one or both eyes. By 2020, the

estimated number o people aged 40or older with cataracts is expected torise to more than 30 million.15

BRFSS Question

Have you been told by an eyedoctor or other health care

proessional that you NOW havecataracts?

Yes.Yes, but had them removedNo.


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Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a group o diseases that can damage the eyes opticnerve and result in vision loss and blindness. Glaucoma occurs

when the normal fuid pressure inside the eyes slowly rises.However, recent ndings now show that glaucoma can occur

with normal eye pressure. With early treatment, eyes can beprotected against serious vision loss.

Tere are two categories o glaucoma: open angle and closedangle. Open angle glaucoma is a chronic condition thatprogresses slowly without the person noticing vision loss untilthe disease is very advanced. Because o this slow progression, itis called the sneak thie o sight. Closed angle glaucoma can

appear suddenly and is painul. Visual loss can progress quickly,but the pain and discomort typically lead patients to seekmedical attention beore permanent damage occurs.


Glaucoma ranged rom 6.8% in New Mexico to 12.3%in exas.

9% o men and 10% o women reported that they hadglaucoma.

6% o older adults aged 6569 years reported they hadglaucoma. Te percentage increased with age and was17% among those aged 85 years or older.

According to Prevent Blindness America and the National EyeInstitute, glaucoma is more prevalent among blacks than amongother U.S. racial and ethnic groups.4 In addition, the numbero glaucoma cases among Hispanics aged 65 years or older whohave diabetes is expected to increase 12-old by 2050.6

6.8%8.4%

8.5%9.4%

9.5%10.2%

10.3%12.3%

Percentage of U.S. adults aged 65 years orolder who reported glaucoma, by state,BRFSS, 20062008

Eye Diseases


BRFSS Question

Have you EVER been told byan eye doctor or other healthcare proessional that you hadglaucoma?

Yes.No.


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Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) aects the macula,the central part o the retina that allows the eye to see ne

detail (e.g., during reading and driving). Tere are two orms:wet and dry. Wet AMD occurs when abnormal blood vesselsbehind the retina grow under the macula, ultimately leadingto blood and fuid leakage. Bleeding, leaking, and scarringrom these blood vessels cause damage and lead to rapidcentral vision loss.

In dry AMD, the macula thins over time as part o aging,gradually blurring central vision. Te dry orm accounts or85%90% o AMD cases.


AMD ranged rom 6.8% in ennessee to 11.5% inWyoming among people aged 65 years and older.

AMD increases rapidly among older age groups: rom4% among those aged 6569 years to 22% among thoseaged 85 years or older.

9% o men and 10% o women reported AMD.

Other data sources show that AMD is more likely to aect whitesthan members o other racial and ethnic groups. AMD is theleading cause o blindness in older adults today, accounting or54% o all blindness among white Americans.5 Cases o early

AMD are expected to double by 2050, increasing to 17.8 million.5

6.8%8.1%

8.2%9.8%

9.9%10.5%

10.6%11.5%

Percentage of U.S. adults aged 65 years orolder who reported age-related maculardegeneration, by state, BRFSS, 20062008

Eye Diseases


BRFSS Question

Have you EVER been told by aneye doctor or other health careproessional that you had age-related macular degeneration?

Yes.No.


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Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication odiabetes that usually aects both eyes. It is characterized by

progressive damage to the blood vessels o the retina, thelight-sensitive tissue at the back o the eye that is necessaryor good vision.


Diabetic retinopathy ranged rom 1.6% inConnecticut to 5% in Georgia.

4% o men and 3% o women reported thatthey had diabetic retinopathy.

Among people aged 65 years or older in the United States,diabetic retinopathy is expected to increase rom 2.5million in 2005 to 9.9 million by 2050.6 According tonational data, black and Hispanic people with diabetes aremore likely than whites to develop diabetic retinopathy.17

A recent national study indicated that diabetic retinopathyamong Hispanics aged 65 years or older is expected toincrease 9-old by 2050.6

1.6%2.9%

3.0%3.4%

3.5%3.9%

4.0%5.0%

Percentage of U.S. adults aged 65 years orolder who reported diabetic retinopathy,by state, BRFSS, 20062008

Eye Diseases


BRFSS Question

Has a doctor EVER told you thatdiabetes has aected your eyesor that you had retinopathy?

Yes.No.


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Access to Eye Care Findings

Te percentage o older adults who reported having an eyeexamination within the past year ranged rom 69.5% in

Missouri to 80.5% in Florida. Te percentage o older adults who reported having a dilated

eye examination within the last year ranged rom 62.8% inMissouri to 77.1% in Florida.

Older adults who report moderate or extreme vision lossare no more likely than those with no vision loss to get eyeexaminations.

BRFSS Questions

The BRFSS asks the ollowingquestions about access to eye

care:

1. When was the last time youhad your eyes examinedby any doctor or eye careprovider?

2. When was the last time youhad an eye exam in whichthe pupils were dilated?

Possible responses include the

ollowing:

Within the past month(anytime less than 1month ago).

Within the past year(1 month but less than12 months ago).

Within the past 2 years(1 year but less than2 years ago).

2 or more years ago.Never.

69.5%71.4%

71.5%73.7%

73.8%76.8%

76.9%80.5%

Percentage of U.S. adults aged 65 years or olderwho reported having an eye examinationwithin the last year, by state, BRFSS, 20062008

Access to Eye Care


Percentage of Older Adults With and Without Vision LossWho Report Having Access to Health Care and

Eye Health Care, BRFSS, 20062008

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Dilated eye exam last yearEyes examined last year

Personal doctorHealth care coverage

Moderate or Extreme

Vision Loss

Little Vision

Loss

No Vision

Loss


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Reasons for Not Seeking Eye Care

Among older adults who reported moderate or extreme vision loss,

More than one-third (35.9%) said their main reason or notseeing an eye care provider in the last 12 months was thatthey had no reason to go.

Nearly one-quarter (23.5%) said that cost or insuranceconcerns prevented them rom seeking eye care.

Another 7.5% said they had not thought about it.

Medicare pays or glaucoma screening, cataract removal, andtreatment o macular degeneration in some cases. It does not payor routine eye examinations or glasses.

Tese ndings suggest that older adults, even those with substantialvision loss, may need to be educated about the importance

o vision health and routine eye examinations. Primary carephysicians also may need to be educated about the importance oreerring patients to eye care specialists who can detect and treateye diseases and conditions that aect vision.

Reasons for Not Visiting an Eye Care ProfessionalAmong Older Adults With and Without Vision

Loss, BRFSS, 20062008

0%

10%20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Too far or no transportationHave not thought about it

Cost or insuranceNo reason to go

Moderate or Extreme

Vision Loss

Little Vision

Loss

No Vision

Loss

BRFSS Question

What is the main reason youhave not visited an eye careproessional in the past 12months?

Cost/insurance.Do not have/know an

eye doctor.Cannot get to the ofce/

clinic (too ar away, notransportation).

Could not get anappointment.

No reason to go (noproblem).

Have not thought o it.Other.


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Technical Notes

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

Since 1984, the BRFSS has helped states surveycivilian, non-institutionalized U.S. adults aged 18 years or older about a widerange o health risk behaviors, preventive health practices, andhealth care access. In 2008, about 350,000 people were surveyedthrough this state-based telephone surveillance system. Te BRFSSprovides data to help state and national public health agenciesmonitor population health, as well as identiy trends and emerginghealth concerns.

Te BRFSS includes the ollowing components:

Core questions asked in all 50 states, the District oColumbia, and 3 U.S. territories.

Supplemental modules that ask questions about specictopics, such as vision.

Additional questions added by individual states.

Te core survey gathers demographic inormation (such as age,race, and education level), as well as inormation about sel-reported mental and physical health, lie satisaction, and specic

health conditions and behaviors (such as diabetes, tobacco use, andexercise). In addition, the 2008 BRFSS contained 23 modules thatasked in-depth questions about various health concerns, includingvision.

Te BRFSS is the worlds largest random-digit-dialed telephonesurvey, and its data are considered to be reliable and valid.18Despite its breadth, BRFSS data do have some limitations. Tesurvey excludes people who do not have a landline or who live ininstitutional settings. It may exclude people who have substantial

hearing loss and do not use a conventional telephone. In addition, itmay exclude people with impairments so severe that it is dicult toget to the telephone or participate in the interview. Te BRFSS surveyrelies on sel-reported answers, and responses are not conrmed. Sel-reported eye diseases are not conrmed by clinical examinations.


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BRFSS Vision ModuleTe BRFSS Vision Module was developed by CDCsVision Health Initiative and rst implemented in

2005. CDC provides nancial support to states thatimplement the module, and 19 states have begunusing it since 2005.

Te Vision Module contains nine questionsabout visual unction, eye diseases, requency oeye examinations, and reasons or not seekingeye care. wo o the nine questions are aboutunction (distance and near vision), our are aboutaccess to eye examinations (related to dilated eye

examinations, reasons or not visiting an eye careproessional, and vision insurance), and three areabout specic eye diseases (cataracts, glaucoma, andage-related macular degeneration). Inormationabout diabetic retinopathy is taken rom theBRFSSs diabetes module.

Te BRFSS Vision Module surveys adults aged 40years or older. In this issue brie, we report dataor those aged 65 or older rom the 19 states thatimplemented the module during 20062008. Tesestates are Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut,Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina,Ohio, ennessee, exas, West Virginia, andWyoming.

Yes

No

States that implemented the BRFSSVision Module, 20062008

BRFSS Vision Module


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How BRFSS DataPromote Public HealthData collected by the BRFSS Vision Modulecan be used to promote public health inseveral ways. Tese data can be used to

identiy and address health conditions amongpeople aged 40 years or older who have visionproblems; to determine the level o access toeye care among members o this population;and to provide other evidence that can be usedto improve the eectiveness, accessibility, andquality o eye care.

Tese data also enhance public health surveillance and guideprograms and policies in important ways. For example,

Reliable and timely surveillance allows or accurate state andnational estimates o eye diseases, vision loss, and access toeye care.

Accurate data allow states to identiy health disparitiesamong dierent population groups, ocus on populations atrisk, and tailor interventions to educate and empower people

with vision loss. Accurate state data guide collaborations within and among

states, as well as with ederal agencies such as CDC, to

improve vision health or all older adults and quality o lieor those with vision loss.

The BRFSS is a powerul surveillance tool that provides extensive inormation onthe prevalence o health conditions and behaviors among U.S. adults. The BRFSSis administered and supported by CDCs Ofce o Surveillance, Epidemiology, andLaboratory Services.

For more information, visit http://www.cdc.gov/brfss.

Suggested Citation:Centers or Disease Control and Prevention. The State of Vision, Aging, and Public Healthin America. Atlanta: U.S. Department o Health and Human Services; 2011.


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References1. Saaddine JB, Venkat Narayn KM, Vinicor F. Vision loss: a public health problem? Ophthalmology

2003;10(2):253254.2. Crews JE. Te role o public health in addressing aging and sensory loss. Generations2003;27(10):

8390.3. Congdon N, OColmain B, Klaver CCW, Klein R, Munoz B, Friedman DS, et al. Causes and

prevalence o visual impairment among adults in the United States.Archives o Ophthalmology2004;113:477485.4. Prevent Blindness America, National Eye Institute. Te Vision Problems in the U.S.: Prevalence o Adult

Vision Impairment and Age-Related Eye Disease in America. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes oHealth; 2008.

5. Rein DB, Wittenborn JS, Zhang X, Honeycutt AA, Lesesne SB, Saaddine J. Forecasting age-relatedmacular degeneration through the year 2050: the potential impact o new treatments.Archives oOphthalmology2009;127(4):533540.

6. Saaddine JB, Honeycutt AA, Narayan KM, Zhang X, Klein R, Boyle JP. Projection o diabeticretinopathy and other major eye diseases among people with diabetes mellitus: United States, 20052050.Archives o Ophthalmology2008;126(12):17401747.

7. Crews JE, Jones GC, Kim JH. Double jeopardy: the eects o comorbid conditions among older peoplewith vision loss.Journal o Visual Impairment and Blindness2006;100:824848.8. Lee DJ, Gomez-Marin O, Lam BL, Zheng DD. Visual acuity impairment and mortality in US adults.

Archives o Ophthalmology2002;120:15441550.9. Ivers RQ, Norton R, Cumming RG, Butler M, Campbell AJ. Visual impairment and risk o hip

racture.American Journal o Epidemiology2000;152(70):633639.10. Jones GC, Rovner BW, Crews JE, Danielson ML. Eects o depressive symptoms on health behavior

practices among older adults with vision loss. Rehabilitation Psychology2009;54(2):164172.11. Horowitz A. Depression and vision and hearing impairments in later lie. Generations2003;27(1):

3238.12. Rein DB, Zhang P, Wirth KE, Lee PP, Hoerger J, McCall N, et al. Te economic burden o major

adult visual disorders in the United States.Archives o Ophthalmology2006;124:17541760.13. U.S. Department o Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. Available at

http://www.healthypeople.gov.14. Sommer A, ielsch JM, Katz J, Quigley HA, Gottsch JD, Javitt JC, et al. Racial dierences in cause

specic prevalence o blindness in East Baltimore. New England Journal o Medicine1991;325(2):14121417.

15. Congdon N, Vingerling JR, Klein BEK, West S, Friedman DS, Kempton J, et al. Prevalence ocataract and pseudophakia/aphakia among adults in the United States.Archives o Ophthalmology2004;122:487494.

16. Harris MI, Klein R, Cowie CC, Rowland M, Byrd-Holt DD. Is the risk o diabetic retinopathy greaterin non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic whites with type 2 diabetes? A

U.S. population study. Diabetes Care1998;21(8):12301235.17. Harris EL, Sherman SH, Georgopoulos A. Black-white dierences in risk o developing retinopathy

among individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care1999;22(5):779783.18. Nelson D, Holtzman D, Bolen J, Stanwyck CA, Mack KA. Reliability and validity o measures

or the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). International Journal o Public Health

2001;46(Suppl 1):S3S42.

Issue Brief


15/1615

RatesofSelf-ReportedModerateorExtremeVisionLoss,

bySexandRace/EthnicityAmong

U.S.

Adults

Aged65YearsorOlder,byState

Men

Wom

en

Non-H

ispan

icWh

ite

Non-W

hite

*

Total

Sta

te

Rate

(%)(95%

CI)

Rate

(%)(95%

CI)Rate

(%)(95%

C

I)Ra

te(%)(95%

CI)Rate(%)(95%

CI)

Alabama

9.7

(7.9,

12.0

)

12.1

(10.6,

13.7

)

10.6

(9.3,

12.1)

11.9

(9.3,

15.1

)

11.1

(9.9,

12.4

)

Arizona

1

1.0

(7.4,

16.1

)

11.9

(8.5,

16.6

)

10.7

(8.1,

14.0)

N/A

N/A

11.5

(8.9,

14.8

)

Co

lora

do

N

/A

N/A

14.5

(12.2,

17.2

)

11.4

(9.6,

13.5)

18.4

(12.9,

25.7

)

12.3

(10.5,

14.3

)

Connec

ticu

t

1

2.9

(10.2,

16.2

)

15.6

(13.3,

18.3

)

14.1

(12.3,

16.2)

21.1

(13.3,

31.9

)

14.5

(12.7,

16.5

)

Flori

da

9.6

(7.6,

12.1

)

9.3

(7.8,

11.1

)

8.6

(7.3,

10.1)

13.0

(9.6,

17.3

)

9.4

(8.2,

10.9

)

Georg

ia

1

3.7

(11.5,

16.2

)

17.7

(15.8,

19.8

)

14.7

(13.3,

16.3)

19.8

(15.9,

24.4

)

16.0

(14.6,

17.6

)

Indiana

1

3.8

(10.2,

18.3

)

12.3

(9.9,

15.2

)

12.9

(10.6,

15.5)

12.6

(7.1,

21.2

)

12.9

(10.8,

15.4

)

Iowa

1

2.3

(9.4,

16.0

)

9.6

(7.8,

11.6

)

10.8

(9.1,

12.7)

N/A

N/A

10.7

(9.1,

12.6

)

Kansas

N

/A

N/A

10.1

(8.1,

12.4

)

9.3

(7.7,

11.2)

N/A

N/A

9.6

(8.0,

11.5

)

Missouri

1

2.8

(9.8,

16.6

)

14.6

(12.1,

17.5

)

13.7

(11.6,

16.1)

17.1

(11.0,

25.6

)

13.9

(11.9,

16.1

)

Nebraska

N

/A

N/A

13.6

(10.6,

17.3

)

12.4

(10.1,

15.1)

N/A

N/A

12.7

(10.4,

15.4

)

New

Mex

ico

1

3.5

(10.6,

17.0

)

15.7

(13.3,

18.6

)

12.8

(10.8,

15.2)

19.2

(15.2,

23.9

)

14.8

(12.8,

16.9

)

New

York

1

4.6

(12.1,

17.6

)

12.8

(11.1,

14.8

)

12.6

(11.1,

14.2)

18.1

(13.7,

23.7

)

13.6

(12.1,

15.2

)

Nort

hCaro

lina

1

0.9

(9.1,

13.0

)

11.8

(10.5,

13.3

)

10.7

(9.6,

11.9)

14.4

(11.4,

17.9

)

11.4

(10.4,

12.6

)

Ohio

1

2.4

(10.4,

14.8

)

14.6

(12.9,

16.5

)

13.4

(11.9,

14.9)

16.2

(12.1,

21.5

)

13.7

(12.4,

15.2

)

Tennessee

5.2

(3.8,

7.2

)

5.6

(4.4,

7.0

)

5.2

(4.3,

6.4)

6.9

(3.9,

11.9

)

5.4

(4.5,

6.6

)

Texas

1

2.2

(9.0,

16.4

)

16.3

(12.8,

20.5

)

13.1

(10.4,

16.4)

20.2

(14.2,

27.8

)

14.6

(12.1,

17.6

)

Wes

tVirg

inia

N

/A

N/A

11.3

(9.2,

14.0

)

10.9

(9.1,

13.1)

N/A

N/A

10.8

(9.0,

12.8

)

Wyom

ing

1

2.8

(10.5,

15.6

)

16.8

(14.7,

19.1

)

15.1

(13.4,

16.9)

15.3

(8.8,

25.2

)

15.0

(13.4,

16.7

)

Total

1

1.4

(10.6,

12.3

)

12.7

(12.0,

13.4

)

11.4

(10.8,

12.0)

16.0

(14.3,

17.9

)

12.1

(11.6,

12.7

)

*Non-w

hiteincludesnon-H

is

panicblack,

Hispanics,andnon-H

isp

anicother.

95%c

onfdenceinterval.

N/Aindicatesthattheestima

tewasnotavailable,theunweighteds

amplesizeordenominatorwas0.3

0.


16/16

The State of Vision, Aging, and Public Healthin America

CDCs Vision Health Initiative Web Site

http://www.cdc.gov/visionhealth

CS210607National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

Division of Diabetes Translation

vision brief

Documents