visualizing data in the world atlas of language structures

World Atlas of Language Structures!•  Standard typological reference"•  Includes geographical maps"•  Ripe for quantitative exploration"

Data without Variables!•  Inputs matrices of relative similarity between entities "•  Outputs n-dimensional network of optimized coordinates"•  Iterative algorithm that minimizes overall error based on similarity scores"

Language-Feature Networks!•  Optimized network of languages based on linguistic features"•  Short distance: high degree of linguistic similarity; Long distance: little linguistic similarity"•  LFNs correspond to feature categories defined by WALS"•  Color-coded according to geographic macro-area defined by WALS"

Phonology Language-Feature Network!

•  Eurasian and African languages are each tightly clustered"•  Absence of languages in the center: high degree of dependency among features "

Conclusions!•  Linguistic data should be in a machine readable format"•  Quantitative analyses of typological data are straight-forward and insightful with structured data like that in WALS!

This work was originally completed as part of the authorʼs undergraduate honors thesis at Dartmouth College. It was approved by the Math & Social Science Department in May of 2006."

Visualizing Data in the World Atlas of Language Structures: the Language-Feature Network

“Whatʼs Where Why?”!

K onyagi

Mbum

T lapanec

S ebei

Nas ioi

NimboranNambakaengö

Iwam

C huave

Manchu

K urukh

K 'ekchí T otonac (P apantla)Adzera

G oajiro

Ignaciano

C ayapa

C ofán

G uahibo

S iona

Dahalo

Margi

Aizi

B ariba

K ohumono

T eke (S outhern)Zande K oyraboro S enni

Waray (in Australia)Western Desert (Ooldea)

Waris

Dumo

K ashmiri

K onkaniS inhala

Ojibwa (E astern)

Achumawi

P omo (S outheastern)

Y ucatec

AlabamaC hatino (S ierra Occidental)

Mazahua

Mixtec (Molinos)B rao

Atayal

MaranaoS a'banMien

Wu (C hangzhou)

Nung (in V ietnam)

G uambiano

B ribri

J ivaro

Apinayé

C hulupí

Amahuaca

Quechua (C ochabamba)

T icuna

Aché

Angas

Dangaléat (Western)

Dizi

Hamer

Hebrew (Modern Ashenazic)

K anakuruK efa

K ullo

Lamé

Neo-Aramaic (P ers ian Azerbaijan)

T era T igréT uareg (Ahaggar)

Hadza

K adugli

//Ani

Deti

S andawe

Aghem

Akan

AlladianAmo

B eembe

B irom

B isa

B obo F ingB été C iLubaDan

Dogon (T oro S o)

E fik

E jagham

E wondo

F e'fe'

F yem

G beya B ossangoa

G wari

G ã

Ijo (K olokuma)

Isoko

J omang

K is i (S outhern)

K lao

K pan

K pelleLelemi

Lua

Mambila

Mba

Moro

Mumuye

NdutNoni

Ogbia T ampulma

T arok

UMbundu

Y eyi

B erta

Daju (Dar F ur)

Dinka

Ik

IngessanaK omo

Lugbara

Luo

Maasai

Nandi

Nara (in E thiopia)Nobiin

Nyangi

Nyimang

T ama T emein

Y ulu

Arrernte (Mparntwe)

B andjalang (Y ugumbir)

B ardi

Djapu

K ala Lagaw Y aMurrinh-P atha

Wik Munkan

B ainingT oaripi

K iwaiDera

K woma

Y essan-Mayo

S avosavo

Dadibi

Angaatiha

F asu

G adsup

K oiari

Wantoat

Y agaria

R otokas

West Makian

Y areba

Y awa

E ven

K haria

S ora

Itelmen

K ota

T eluguT ulu

B ulgarian

Darai

Irish (Donegal)

OrmuriR omansch (S charans)

K omi-Zyrian

S aami (C entral-S outh)Y ukaghir (T undra)

C addo

Quileute

Aleut (E astern)

Y upik (S iberian)

S hasta

Huave (S an Mateo del Mar)

C herokee

T iwa (Northern)

T zeltal (Aguacatenango)

Mixe (T otontepec)

C hickasaw

Ahtna

C hipewyan

E yak

Hupa

Mazatec (C hiquihuitlán)

B ella C oola

Lushootseed

S huswap

T onkawa

O'odham

Nuuchahnulth

Wappo

G reat Andamanese

B ru (Western)

J eh

Nancowry

Nyah K ur (T ha P ong)

P acoh

P arauk

B ajau

C ham (Western)

IbanIvatan (S outhern)

K aliai-K ove

K edang

Ma'ya

MorP o-Ai

P ohnpeian

R ukai

T ausug

T etunT sou

B ai

B odo

C hin (T iddim)

F uzhou

Hakka

J ingpho

K aren (S gaw)

LepchaNaxi

Newari (K athmandu)

NishiP hlong

T amangXiamenG elao

K am (Zhanglu)

Lakkia

Lü S han

S ui

Y ay

C ampa (Axininca)

IranxeR es ígaro

WapishanaY ucuna

C acua

C amsá

Akawaio

B akairí

J apreria

P anare

K una

P echHuitoto (Murui)

Itonama

F ulniô

P áez

B arasano (Northern)

S irionó

K abardian

Amharic

Awngi

K otoko

Ngizim

S omali

S oqotri

!XóõJ u|'hoan

B ambara

Dagbani

Doyayo

E weS enadi

T emne

Wolof

K oyra C hiini

Maba

Daga

P awaian

Hamtai

K unimaipa

Una

Azerbaijani

Dagur

K irghiz

Mangghuer

Moghol

Nanai

T uvan

Y akut

K oryak

Albanian

K urdish (C entral)

R utul

T sova-T ush

K hantyNganasan

K iowa

AmuzgoC hinantec (Quiotepec)

Wintu C hehalis (Upper)

S reHmong Njua

Ao

C antonese

Lahu

Qawasqar

Andoke

AikanáAmueshaJ ebero

Ika

S elknam

Abipón

Muinane Ocaina

B ororo

K aingang

Maxakalí

Movima

S áliba (in C olombia)

Arabela

HausaOromo (Harar)

K hoekhoe

IgboNkore-K iga

S ango

Y oruba

F ur

K anuri

Ngiti

Imonda

S elepet

S uena

Ainu

B asque

B rahuiK annada

Nepali

R omanian

S indhi

J apanese

K orean

Lak

Mari (Meadow)

K et

Y urok

Haida

Acoma

Navajo

T lingit

Mixtec (C halcatongo)

Otomí (Mezquital)

Lakhota

Nahuatl (North P uebla)

V ietnamese

K iribati

B urmese

G aro

K ayah Li (E astern)

Ladakhi

Meithei

T hai

Awa P it

Y agua

Alawa

Mbabaram

S entani

B reton

Lithuanian

Wiyot

Diegueño (Mesa G rande)

Y ana P urépecha

T ol

K awaiisu

Luiseño

Nahuatl (T etelcingo)

Makah

B atak (T oba)

J avanese

K waio

R oro

T ibetan (S tandard S poken)

T ehuelche

Nambikuára

Waorani

B ejaK era

T ashlhiyt

Diola-F ogny

Murle B urarraDiyari

Dyirbal

G arrwaK alkatungu

K uku-Y alanji

MalakmalakY anyuwa

Marind

Wahgi

Wois ikaY elî Dnye

Uzbek (Northern)

K oyaB engali

C atalan

K alami

Norwegian

P olish

Avar

S elkupS eneca

K arok

HuastecC hinantec (Lealao)

K lamath

Maidu (Northeast)

T unicaHopi

K wakw'ala

Zuni

Hawaiian

Iaai

Irarutu

LenakelT igak

T iruray

Y apeseB awm

Aymara

C anela-K rahôS hipibo-K onibo

C ubeo

S hiriana

B erber (Middle Atlas )

LuvaleS upyire

S wahili

Zulu

B agirmi

Lango

Maranungku

Ngiyambaa

P itjantjatjara

Alamblak

Arapesh

Dani (Lower G rand V alley)

E kari

K ewaUsan

B ashkir

C huvash

K halkha Mundari

C hukchi

Armenian (E astern)

Hindi

P ashto

P ers ian

Archi

Hunzib

IngushLezgian

Nivkh

Abkhaz

Y ukaghir (K olyma)

Wichita

Oneida

J akaltek

Zoque (C opainalá)

K oasati

Nez P erce

T s imshian (C oast)

Y uchi

Ndyuka

K has i

K hmu'S edang

B atak (K aro)

K ilivila

Maori

P aamese

Mandarin

P aumarí J aqaru

C arib

E pena P edee

P irahã

Araona

T acana

T rumai

G uaraní

Arabic (E gyptian)Iraqw

K rongo

G rebo

K oromfeK unama

G ooniyandiK ayardild

MangarrayiMartuthunira

Maung

Nunggubuyu

T iwi

UngarinjinWambaya

Wardaman

Y idinyY imas

LavukaleveAmele

AsmatK obon

Maybrat

E venki

T urkish

B urushaski

E nglish

F renchG erman G reek (Modern)

Latvian

R uss ian

S panish

G eorgian

F innish

Hungarian

C ree (P lains)

P assamaquoddy-Maliseet

G reenlandic (West)

Maricopa

K utenai

S lave

C oos (Hanis )

Miwok (S outhern S ierra)

S quamish

C ahuilla

C omanche

Y aqui

K hmer

S emelaiC hamorro

Drehu

F ijian

Indones ianMalagasy

P aiwan

R apanui

T aba

T agalogT ukang B es i

Mapudungun

Apurinã

Hixkaryana

C ayuvava

Wari'

R amaWichí

Urubú-K aapor

Warao

S anuma

Nenets

F igure 1: P honology Language-F eature Network

C utoff: at least 9 of 19 features

566 Langauges

P urple: AfricaG reen: Australia-New G uineaB lue: E uras iaR ed: North AmericaYellow: S outh-E ast As ia and OceaniaOrange: S outh America

Nyimang

S anguG baya K araMwera

R onga

Masakin

K ongoDay

Nara (in E thiopia)

S usu

MangbetuDongoLangi

Murs iAvokaya

T irmaga

Ndebele (in S outh Africa)

Ila

K amba

B arambu

MbaDagaare

Lingala

WolayttaB ilin

/Xam

Mbere B erta

S hattK ete B aboleB afia

E dolo

Madimadi

P itta P itta

E mmi

T ablaIau

S iane

S alt-Y ui

G ureng G ureng

Malakmalak

F oe

T airora

Wik MunkanY elî Dnye

T obelo

B inandere

G idabal

K unimaip a

Adynyamathanha

Nagatman

Djingili

Arapesh (Abu)

Nend

Madngele

Dera

Womo

Alawa

F asu

P anyjima

Muruwari

B aruya

G ahuku

B unuba

F ore

Anem

K alam

Ayiwo

K oryak

S anta

Y akut

S lovene

Maithili

K oluri

S elkup

Manchu

K abatei

K omi-Zyrian

Malayalam

Udi

R utul

T alysh (S outhern)

Azerbaijani

Nenets

V afs i

T uvanK iliwa

C akchiquel

K yuquot


P ame

T anacross

P ima B ajo

Hualapai

HalkomelemP assamaquoddy-Maliseet

Mazatec (Huautla)


G itksan

Omaha

T utelo

T zotzil

Mohawk

Y up'ik (C entral)

Massachusett

Naga (Zeme)

Motu

Nalik

Mussau

K achari

ManamIdu

Nguna

P angas inan

Ala'ala

B ikol

C hepang

Y ay

T hakali

Y i

Ambae (Lolovoli Northeast)

Hani

Amara

Wedau

Mwotlap

DumiMagar

T ugun

G allong

Musom

Ilocano

Minaveha

S imeulue

T atana'

T hangmi

K waio

T inani

C ampa (Axininca)

Wayamp i

C hácobo

Muisca

T iriyo

Hupda

P iro

Matis K aingang

J ebero

Mosetén

Achagua

Zarma

K enga

S ebei G umuz

B akueri

Aari

K inyarwanda

G amo

Dime

!Xóõ

B abungo

Nubian (K unuz)

Masa

Ingessana

K xoe

E ga

P odoko

Zande

Lelemi

F ula (Nigerian)Mbodomo

S eme

B asaá

Igede

Mbili

T ouss ian

Mongo

K emant

Londo

B aule

Ndumu Qafar

K abyle

R on

Luganda

P aakantyi

Arrernte (Mparntwe)

Y areba

Amanab

K uman

P itjantjatjara

Ngaanyatjarra

G ooniyandi

K aki AeÖmie

G uugu Y imidhirr

K orowai

K iwai

K arkar-Y uri

Warrwa

AlyawarraP awaian

Awa

G umbaynggir

Djap u

K yaka

Ngandi

Hanga HundiMeryam Mir

Usarufa

K uuku Y a'u

T elefol

P ungupungu


B eloruss ian

OsseticP rasuni

B uriat

S ardinianR omansch (S urs ilvan)

T ulu

S avi

C atalan

T urkmen

S inhala

K abardian

K almyk

Assamese

Udmurt

T orwali

Mutsun

Washo

Hidatsa

Mono (in United S tates)

T epehua

Wikchamni


Zuni

S eminole

B ella C oola

C ora

K arok

C ahuilla

Heiltsuk

C hipewyan

C row

T akelma

Mixe (C oatlán)

Maidu (Northeast)

T arao

Nyamkad

Manobo (Western B ukidnon)

C hantyal

C amling

Alune

T hulung

Naga (T angkhul)Dimasa

Ma'anyan

Mor

B ali-V itu

NakanaiB anoni

P unu

J iarong

Lou

Mae

Mekeo

T ungak

E rromangan

C hin (T iddim)

Dong

S eediq

HiligaynonK apampangan

Mais in

Newari (Dolakha)

Hmar

B ajau

Dulong

S iar

T aiof

S aliba (in P apua New G uinea)

Nancowry

Maipure

C ashibo

C ayap a

Iquito

T oba

G avião

Waorani

Amahuaca

Dâw

F ur

Doyayo

Haya

B aka (in S udan)

Nzakara

B aka (in C ameroon)

Acholi

B idiyaB agiro

B ongo

G ula (in C entral African R epublic)

Dagbani

ZayseP are

B ini

J arawa (in Nigeria)

K onni

R unga

B usa

Xhosa

T abwa

S hilluk

Mano

S wati

Laal

S esotho

G oemai

Mofu-G udur

Dhaasanac

Ogbronuagum

G imira

Nabak

Ndjébbana

Waskia

Ngalakan

Dumo

Y uwaalaraay

I'saka

Hamtai

Imonda

K oita

B arai

B adimaya

S entani

Y ukulta

G olin

Iwaidja

S ougb

Wardaman

Nankina

B iri

Ngiyambaa

Mpur

G eorgian

Nivkh

K umauni

Icelandic

B ashkir

P ortuguese

K et

Domari

Nepali

Ukrainian

K halaj

Y ukaghir (T undra)

K oya

Wiyot

T onkawa

Y okuts (Y audanchi)

QuileuteP ipil

C hinook (Lower)

Haida

Apache (Western)

Y uchi

Zoque (C opainalá)

E udeve

T arahumara (C entral)

Acoma

P urépecha

Zapotec (Y atzachi)

Wichita

Lacandón

K oasati

Hakka

C ham (Western)

S is iqa

Mangap-Mbula

R ukai

Nishi

G ela

T agalog

B odo

T shangla

Longgu

Lotha

S obeiB rao

Lisu

Nar-P hu

Wolio

Leti

K adazan

K hmu'

Atayal

S udest

Lamaholot

Iduna

B uru

P urki

K okborok

Irarutu

Ladakhi

P umi

Achang

Limbu

Mono-Alu

G apapaiwa

Digaro

Lewo

S herp a

B ribri

B aure

K oreguaje

T ucano

E se E jja

G uaraní

ApinayéE mbera

C ayuvava

C ubeo

P ilagá

T safiki

Mekens

T rumai

Araona

Warekena

B aré

Huitoto (Murui)

K ariri

Mocoví

J avaé

G arífuna

S hona

K oegu

K reshT eso

Didinga

Arabic (Moroccan)

Ik

S o

K ara (in C entral African R epublic)

C hichewa

Mbara

Ijo (K olokuma)

Anywa

B eja

K ikuyu

Hunde

//Ani

B ari

K unama

K wangali B ushoong

Mondunga

S amba Leko

Mandinka (G ambian)

Mumuye

C haha

B ambara

K irma

Oromo (Waata)

Nup e

P ero

Arabic (Iraqi)

Lagwan

Dan

Y uluT igré

Masalit

Mehri

Zulu

Dogon

Amharic

Diyari

Usan

Ambulas

AnggorS uena

Mara

NgankikurungkurrK ugu Nganhcara

Y ale (K osarek)

G arrwa

Arapesh

T haayorre

WembawembaG unbalang

Daga

Y idiny

Hua

Orokaiva

Djambarrpuyngu

Archi

G ujarati

C hechen

F ris ian

K ashmiri

R emo

T ajik

K orku

S erbian-C roatian

K arachay-B alkar

T atar

HunzibAvar

G ondi

Ubykh


P aiute (Northern)

Wapp oOsage

K iowa

Ute

Mandan

S quamish

T unica

Hop i


B iloxi

Oneida

Maricop a

Hup a

T lingit

S ius lawOjibwa (E astern)

B lackfoot

S alinan

C hatino (Y aitepec)

Nevome

C hitimacha

B ontok

K aliai-K ove

Nehan

Ifugao (B atad)

P aulohi

Hayu

G aro

Darmiya

Naga (Mao)

B alti

K innauri

Meithei

Lepcha

P atep

T imugon

Halia

R oviana

Aros i

P aamese

P attani

C hang

Ngad'a

S amoan

T awala

Mien

R apanui

T obatiT akia

Agta (C entral)

Nocte

K okota

Urak Lawoi'

S inaugoro

J abêm

Athpare

T eop

S akao

Manadonese

P uluwat

R etuarã

C aribS hiriana

Warao

C anela-K rahô

S hipibo-K onibo

Arawak

Mapudungun

K aró (Arára)

T acana

P alikur

P irahã

Huitoto (Minica)

Ika

Aymara

C arib (De'kwana)

T eribe

Ngäbere

P áezE we

Mbay

Ndut

P okot

Me'en

K ana

UldemeE wondo

F yem

Luvale

Mooré T ubu

Murle

Mbum

Linda

Ngoni

K eraLango

S wahili

P a'a

K orana

G rebo

Musgu

Akan

V ai

G beya B ossangoa

J ukun

Mende

Arabic (Modern S tandard)

R unyankoreNoon

Ndonga

Lamang

Ngiti

MalgwaDiola-F ogny

Nuer

T emne

Iraqw

E ngenni

C haiJ u|'hoan

LeleLuo

Angas

Y oruba

Hatam

Una

R umu

Dyirbal

B ilua

Murrinh-P atha

P oko-R awo

Walman

Wambon

Nunggubuyu

Lavukaleve

Nasioi

Martuthunira

K oiali (Mountain)

Y indjibarndi

K obon

T auya

K ombai

K ewa

K ayardild

Wahgi

Au

Mangarrayi

Y agariaMaranungku

B hojpuri

K olami

P ashto

Y ukaghir (K olyma)

Ingush

Itelmen

C ornish

Albanian

Dutch

K arakalpak

K uvi

R omani (Welsh)

Italian

K urdish (C entral)

C zech

Wakhi

Dagur

Uzbek

B reton

C hukchi

Ainu

MangghuerS hina

Zoque (C himalapa)

Lakhota

C hemehuevi

Nahuatl (Michoacán)

Nahuatl (Huasteca)

C omanche

Mixtec (Y osondúa)

Zapotec (Mitla)

S arcee

G uarijío

OcuiltecoT otonac (Xicotepec de J uárez)

Mixtec (J icaltepec)

Miskito

Luiseño

Hawaiian

C èmuhî

Akha

Angami

Mikir

S ema

B ai

Maleu

K ilivila

S onsorol-T obi

T ondano

P alaungS tieng

Nicobarese (C ar)

B yans i

S emelai

S ikkimese

C hin (Mara)

K haling

T ongan

T ukang B es i

Mis ing

T amang

T ibetan (Modern Literary)

Ao

K ele

K aren (P wo)Mon

Arop-Lokep

C hin (S iyin)

B uma

S re

Minangkabau

E nggano

Drehu

Quechua (Huallaga)

Apalaí

G uajajara

G oajiro

S irionó

K amaiurá

Abipón

R ama

B erber (F iguig)

P äri

B agirmi

Nandi

Arabic (S yrian)

MajangJ ur Mödö

B imoba

B urunge

K oromfe

Mauka

G wari

S upyireMaba

Neo-Aramaic (Arbel J ewish)

Maninka (Western)

Maasai

Margi

Nkonya

K rongo

Noni

Miya

Nubian (Dongolese)

Lunda

Izi

T unen

K anakuru

F ula (C ameroonian)

Moru

Lendu

Duka

MoroB irom

G okana

S omali

Hebrew (Modern)

G ude


T urkana

T era

C optic

K oyraboro S enni

B erber (R if)

Igbo

T ennet

T iwi

K uot

B ininj G un-Wok

West Makian

Alamblak

T idore

S are

S iroi

Ungarinjin

S ahu

Namia

Asmat

Olo

K halkha

Mansi

R omanian

K annada

Norwegian

Hungarian

E venki

T eluguK orean

P anjabi

Latvian

Urdu

P olish

R uss ian

Hindi

Mundari

Lithuanian

T sova-T ushB urushaskiLezgian

Irish

G reek (Modern)

P ers ian

Marathi

J akaltek

Y aqui


NisghaC hinantec (Quiotepec)

G reenlandic (West)

Zapotec (Is thmus)

S eri

T iipay (J amul)

S lave

Nez P erce

T rique (C opala)

Menomini

O'odham

C herokee

C hontal Maya

T arahumara (Western)

K utenai

T lapanec

T epehuan (Northern)

Makah

Mam

K hasi

T boli

G urung


K hmer

K iribati

Nias

Mandarin

Ambai

K airiru

K aulong

B atak (T oba)

Lao

Y apese

Nuaulu

T inrin

Newari (K athmandu)

Niuean

Hmong Njua

Mamanwa

V ietnamese

Lahu Lai

S edang

Mokilese

Mizo

Muna

C hamorro

ApataniMaru

Lalo

K aren (B we)

R awang

T ahitian

Malagasy

S undaneseWichí

R es ígaro

C ocamaApurinã

Hixkaryana

Wari'

Urubú-K aapor

B arasano

S anuma

Y agua

P aumarí

T ariana

Macushi

E pena P edee

Mupun

Lugbara

Nkore-K iga

Ngizim

Dinka

K is i

K hoekhoe

K oyra C hiini

Arabic (E gyptian)

K anuri

S ango

Hausa

Wolof

K arimojong

Ma'di

Obolo

B uduma

Oromo (Harar)Adioukrou

Arabic (G ulf)

Ngambay

Maung

Awtuw

Abun

MaybratS ulka

Amele

K woma

G erman

F rench

S panish

E nglish

Welsh

Lamani

Armenian (Western)

T urkish

B ulgarian

S wedish

J apanese

B asque

Danish

T amil

F innish

G aelic (S cots )

Abkhaz

C huvash

E stonian

Mixtec (P eñoles)

Otomí (Mezquital)

C hatino (S ierra Occidental)

Mixtec (C halcatongo)C hinantec (P alantla)Mixtec (Ocotepec)

C hoctaw

T ümpisa S hoshone


T zutujil

C oos (Hanis )

Navajo

Huastec

K lamath

C hinantec (Lealao)C hinantec (C omaltepec)

Y urok

Ndyuka

K aren (S gaw)

K osraean

K ham

Nung (in V ietnam)

Indones ian

R otuman

Iaai

Manggarai

J ingpho

P ohnpeianAnejom

B urmese

T hai

T igak

Iban

Acehnese

Woleaian

Lampung

F ijian

B awm

T olai

T aba

T etun

P alauan

C antonese

Lenakel

B atak (K aro)

Loniu

S io

G umawana

F utuna-Aniwa

C hrau

Maori

Quechua (Imbabura)

Awa P it

F igure 2: Word Order Language-F eature Network


998 Languages


Word Order Language-Feature Network!

K onyagi

Mbum

T lapanec

S ebei

Nas ioi


Iwam

C huave

Manchu

K urukh


G oajiro

Ignaciano

C ayapa

C ofán

G uahibo

S iona

Dahalo

Margi

Aizi

B ariba

K ohumono



Waris

Dumo

K ashmiri

K onkaniS inhala

Ojibwa (E astern)

Achumawi


Y ucatec


Mazahua


Atayal

MaranaoS a'banMien

Wu (C hangzhou)

Nung (in V ietnam)

G uambiano

B ribri

J ivaro

Apinayé

C hulupí

Amahuaca


T icuna

Aché

Angas


Dizi

Hamer


K anakuruK efa

K ullo

Lamé



Hadza

K adugli

//Ani

Deti

S andawe

Aghem

Akan

AlladianAmo

B eembe

B irom

B isa


Dogon (T oro S o)

E fik

E jagham

E wondo

F e'fe'

F yem

G beya B ossangoa

G wari

G ã

Ijo (K olokuma)

Isoko

J omang

K is i (S outhern)

K lao

K pan

K pelleLelemi

Lua

Mambila

Mba

Moro

Mumuye

NdutNoni

Ogbia T ampulma

T arok

UMbundu

Y eyi

B erta

Daju (Dar F ur)

Dinka

Ik

IngessanaK omo

Lugbara

Luo

Maasai

Nandi


Nyangi

Nyimang

T ama T emein

Y ulu

Arrernte (Mparntwe)


B ardi

Djapu


Wik Munkan

B ainingT oaripi

K iwaiDera

K woma

Y essan-Mayo

S avosavo

Dadibi

Angaatiha

F asu

G adsup

K oiari

Wantoat

Y agaria

R otokas

West Makian

Y areba

Y awa

E ven

K haria

S ora

Itelmen

K ota

T eluguT ulu

B ulgarian

Darai

Irish (Donegal)


K omi-Zyrian


C addo

Quileute

Aleut (E astern)

Y upik (S iberian)

S hasta


C herokee

T iwa (Northern)


Mixe (T otontepec)

C hickasaw

Ahtna

C hipewyan

E yak

Hupa


B ella C oola

Lushootseed

S huswap

T onkawa

O'odham

Nuuchahnulth

Wappo

G reat Andamanese

B ru (Western)

J eh

Nancowry


P acoh

P arauk

B ajau

C ham (Western)


K aliai-K ove

K edang

Ma'ya

MorP o-Ai

P ohnpeian

R ukai

T ausug

T etunT sou

B ai

B odo

C hin (T iddim)

F uzhou

Hakka

J ingpho

K aren (S gaw)

LepchaNaxi

Newari (K athmandu)

NishiP hlong

T amangXiamenG elao

K am (Zhanglu)

Lakkia

Lü S han

S ui

Y ay

C ampa (Axininca)

IranxeR es ígaro

WapishanaY ucuna

C acua

C amsá

Akawaio

B akairí

J apreria

P anare

K una


Itonama

F ulniô

P áez


S irionó

K abardian

Amharic

Awngi

K otoko

Ngizim

S omali

S oqotri

!XóõJ u|'hoan

B ambara

Dagbani

Doyayo

E weS enadi

T emne

Wolof

K oyra C hiini

Maba

Daga

P awaian

Hamtai

K unimaipa

Una

Azerbaijani

Dagur

K irghiz

Mangghuer

Moghol

Nanai

T uvan

Y akut

K oryak

Albanian

K urdish (C entral)

R utul

T sova-T ush

K hantyNganasan

K iowa



S reHmong Njua

Ao

C antonese

Lahu

Qawasqar

Andoke


Ika

S elknam

Abipón

Muinane Ocaina

B ororo

K aingang

Maxakalí

Movima


Arabela

HausaOromo (Harar)

K hoekhoe

IgboNkore-K iga

S ango

Y oruba

F ur

K anuri

Ngiti

Imonda

S elepet

S uena

Ainu

B asque

B rahuiK annada

Nepali

R omanian

S indhi

J apanese

K orean

Lak

Mari (Meadow)

K et

Y urok

Haida

Acoma

Navajo

T lingit


Otomí (Mezquital)

Lakhota


V ietnamese

K iribati

B urmese

G aro


Ladakhi

Meithei

T hai

Awa P it

Y agua

Alawa

Mbabaram

S entani

B reton

Lithuanian

Wiyot


Y ana P urépecha

T ol

K awaiisu

Luiseño


Makah

B atak (T oba)

J avanese

K waio

R oro


T ehuelche

Nambikuára

Waorani

B ejaK era

T ashlhiyt

Diola-F ogny


Dyirbal

G arrwaK alkatungu

K uku-Y alanji

MalakmalakY anyuwa

Marind

Wahgi

Wois ikaY elî Dnye

Uzbek (Northern)

K oyaB engali

C atalan

K alami

Norwegian

P olish

Avar

S elkupS eneca

K arok


K lamath

Maidu (Northeast)

T unicaHopi

K wakw'ala

Zuni

Hawaiian

Iaai

Irarutu

LenakelT igak

T iruray

Y apeseB awm

Aymara


C ubeo

S hiriana


LuvaleS upyire

S wahili

Zulu

B agirmi

Lango

Maranungku

Ngiyambaa

P itjantjatjara

Alamblak

Arapesh


E kari

K ewaUsan

B ashkir

C huvash

K halkha Mundari

C hukchi

Armenian (E astern)

Hindi

P ashto

P ers ian

Archi

Hunzib

IngushLezgian

Nivkh

Abkhaz

Y ukaghir (K olyma)

Wichita

Oneida

J akaltek

Zoque (C opainalá)

K oasati

Nez P erce


Y uchi

Ndyuka

K has i

K hmu'S edang

B atak (K aro)

K ilivila

Maori

P aamese

Mandarin

P aumarí J aqaru

C arib

E pena P edee

P irahã

Araona

T acana

T rumai

G uaraní


K rongo

G rebo

K oromfeK unama



Maung

Nunggubuyu

T iwi

UngarinjinWambaya

Wardaman

Y idinyY imas

LavukaleveAmele

AsmatK obon

Maybrat

E venki

T urkish

B urushaski

E nglish


Latvian

R uss ian

S panish

G eorgian

F innish

Hungarian

C ree (P lains)


G reenlandic (West)

Maricopa

K utenai

S lave

C oos (Hanis )


S quamish

C ahuilla

C omanche

Y aqui

K hmer

S emelaiC hamorro

Drehu

F ijian

Indones ianMalagasy

P aiwan

R apanui

T aba


Mapudungun

Apurinã

Hixkaryana

C ayuvava

Wari'

R amaWichí

Urubú-K aapor

Warao

S anuma

Nenets



566 Langauges


•  Australia-New Guinea and SE Asia and Oceania are the most internally similar"•  SE Asia and Oceania languages are typical with respect to languages of the rest of the world"•  South American languages are not internally linguistically similar, but their distribution on the network is not uniform"

K onyagi

Mbum

T lapanec

S ebei

Nas ioi


Iwam

C huave

Manchu

K urukh


G oajiro

Ignaciano

C ayapa

C ofán

G uahibo

S iona

Dahalo

Margi

Aizi

B ariba

K ohumono



Waris

Dumo

K ashmiri

K onkaniS inhala

Ojibwa (E astern)

Achumawi


Y ucatec


Mazahua


Atayal

MaranaoS a'banMien

Wu (C hangzhou)

Nung (in V ietnam)

G uambiano

B ribri

J ivaro

Apinayé

C hulupí

Amahuaca


T icuna

Aché

Angas


Dizi

Hamer


K anakuruK efa

K ullo

Lamé



Hadza

K adugli

//Ani

Deti

S andawe

Aghem

Akan

AlladianAmo

B eembe

B irom

B isa


Dogon (T oro S o)

E fik

E jagham

E wondo

F e'fe'

F yem

G beya B ossangoa

G wari

G ã

Ijo (K olokuma)

Isoko

J omang

K is i (S outhern)

K lao

K pan

K pelleLelemi

Lua

Mambila

Mba

Moro

Mumuye

NdutNoni

Ogbia T ampulma

T arok

UMbundu

Y eyi

B erta

Daju (Dar F ur)

Dinka

Ik

IngessanaK omo

Lugbara

Luo

Maasai

Nandi


Nyangi

Nyimang

T ama T emein

Y ulu

Arrernte (Mparntwe)


B ardi

Djapu


Wik Munkan

B ainingT oaripi

K iwaiDera

K woma

Y essan-Mayo

S avosavo

Dadibi

Angaatiha

F asu

G adsup

K oiari

Wantoat

Y agaria

R otokas

West Makian

Y areba

Y awa

E ven

K haria

S ora

Itelmen

K ota

T eluguT ulu

B ulgarian

Darai

Irish (Donegal)


K omi-Zyrian


C addo

Quileute

Aleut (E astern)

Y upik (S iberian)

S hasta


C herokee

T iwa (Northern)


Mixe (T otontepec)

C hickasaw

Ahtna

C hipewyan

E yak

Hupa


B ella C oola

Lushootseed

S huswap

T onkawa

O'odham

Nuuchahnulth

Wappo

G reat Andamanese

B ru (Western)

J eh

Nancowry


P acoh

P arauk

B ajau

C ham (Western)


K aliai-K ove

K edang

Ma'ya

MorP o-Ai

P ohnpeian

R ukai

T ausug

T etunT sou

B ai

B odo

C hin (T iddim)

F uzhou

Hakka

J ingpho

K aren (S gaw)

LepchaNaxi

Newari (K athmandu)

NishiP hlong

T amangXiamenG elao

K am (Zhanglu)

Lakkia

Lü S han

S ui

Y ay

C ampa (Axininca)

IranxeR es ígaro

WapishanaY ucuna

C acua

C amsá

Akawaio

B akairí

J apreria

P anare

K una


Itonama

F ulniô

P áez


S irionó

K abardian

Amharic

Awngi

K otoko

Ngizim

S omali

S oqotri

!XóõJ u|'hoan

B ambara

Dagbani

Doyayo

E weS enadi

T emne

Wolof

K oyra C hiini

Maba

Daga

P awaian

Hamtai

K unimaipa

Una

Azerbaijani

Dagur

K irghiz

Mangghuer

Moghol

Nanai

T uvan

Y akut

K oryak

Albanian

K urdish (C entral)

R utul

T sova-T ush

K hantyNganasan

K iowa



S reHmong Njua

Ao

C antonese

Lahu

Qawasqar

Andoke


Ika

S elknam

Abipón

Muinane Ocaina

B ororo

K aingang

Maxakalí

Movima


Arabela

HausaOromo (Harar)

K hoekhoe

IgboNkore-K iga

S ango

Y oruba

F ur

K anuri

Ngiti

Imonda

S elepet

S uena

Ainu

B asque

B rahuiK annada

Nepali

R omanian

S indhi

J apanese

K orean

Lak

Mari (Meadow)

K et

Y urok

Haida

Acoma

Navajo

T lingit


Otomí (Mezquital)

Lakhota


V ietnamese

K iribati

B urmese

G aro


Ladakhi

Meithei

T hai

Awa P it

Y agua

Alawa

Mbabaram

S entani

B reton

Lithuanian

Wiyot


Y ana P urépecha

T ol

K awaiisu

Luiseño


Makah

B atak (T oba)

J avanese

K waio

R oro


T ehuelche

Nambikuára

Waorani

B ejaK era

T ashlhiyt

Diola-F ogny


Dyirbal

G arrwaK alkatungu

K uku-Y alanji

MalakmalakY anyuwa

Marind

Wahgi

Wois ikaY elî Dnye

Uzbek (Northern)

K oyaB engali

C atalan

K alami

Norwegian

P olish

Avar

S elkupS eneca

K arok


K lamath

Maidu (Northeast)

T unicaHopi

K wakw'ala

Zuni

Hawaiian

Iaai

Irarutu

LenakelT igak

T iruray

Y apeseB awm

Aymara


C ubeo

S hiriana


LuvaleS upyire

S wahili

Zulu

B agirmi

Lango

Maranungku

Ngiyambaa

P itjantjatjara

Alamblak

Arapesh


E kari

K ewaUsan

B ashkir

C huvash

K halkha Mundari

C hukchi

Armenian (E astern)

Hindi

P ashto

P ers ian

Archi

Hunzib

IngushLezgian

Nivkh

Abkhaz

Y ukaghir (K olyma)

Wichita

Oneida

J akaltek

Zoque (C opainalá)

K oasati

Nez P erce


Y uchi

Ndyuka

K has i

K hmu'S edang

B atak (K aro)

K ilivila

Maori

P aamese

Mandarin

P aumarí J aqaru

C arib

E pena P edee

P irahã

Araona

T acana

T rumai

G uaraní


K rongo

G rebo

K oromfeK unama



Maung

Nunggubuyu

T iwi

UngarinjinWambaya

Wardaman

Y idinyY imas

LavukaleveAmele

AsmatK obon

Maybrat

E venki

T urkish

B urushaski

E nglish


Latvian

R uss ian

S panish

G eorgian

F innish

Hungarian

C ree (P lains)


G reenlandic (West)

Maricopa

K utenai

S lave

C oos (Hanis )


S quamish

C ahuilla

C omanche

Y aqui

K hmer

S emelaiC hamorro

Drehu

F ijian

Indones ianMalagasy

P aiwan

R apanui

T aba


Mapudungun

Apurinã

Hixkaryana

C ayuvava

Wari'

R amaWichí

Urubú-K aapor

Warao

S anuma

Nenets



566 Langauges


visualizing data in the world atlas of language structures

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