Water Soluble Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamins

Dr. Ayyub Patel, Ph.D CChem MRSC FRSC

Assistant Professor, Medicine KKU KSA

VitaminsVitamins• Vitamins are essential nutrients that are required in

the diet, not synthesized by human metabolic enzymes.

• Only trace levels are required, but shortage can result in disease or death.

• Once growth and development are completed, vitamins remain essential nutrients for the healthy maintenance of the cells, tissues, and organs.

• Anti-vitamins are chemical compounds that inhibit the absorption or actions of vitamins.eg: avdin a protein in egg white, inhibits the absorption of biotin. Pyrithiamine is similar to thiamine,inhibits the enzymes that use thiamine.

Classification of Vitamins

Thiamine (Vitamin BThiamine (Vitamin B11) )

Active structure : Thiamine pyrophosphate

•Thiamin (Vitamin B1 helps the body’s cells to convert carbohydrates into energy.•Specific functions: Thiamin is cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase.•Thiamin is essential for the functioning of heart muscle and nervous system.•Deficinecy: Beriberi, Wernicke –Korsakoff syndrome.•Signs & Symptoms : Tachycardia, vomiting ,weakness, fatigue, psychosis, and nerve damage, (convulsions, apathy, loss of memory) and eye movements .

Source and RDA for Source and RDA for ThiamineThiamine

• High: Wheat germ, rice bran, soybean flour & yeast.

• Medium: peanuts, walnut, almond, cauliflower, potatoes, beans, egg, milk, beef, cereals & bread

• Low: apples, berries, banana, oranges, dates beetroot, cabbage, carrot, radish & spinach

• RDA : 1.0 – 1.5 mg/day

Riboflavin (Vitamin BRiboflavin (Vitamin B2 2 ))

Name: Riboflavin Active structure : FMN (Flavin MonoNucleotide and FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) Functions: Electron transfer Deficiency: RareSigns & Symptoms: Dermatitis, angular stomatitis, anemia, mouth or lip sores ,skin disorders, sore throat, swelling of mucus membranes.

Source and RDA for Source and RDA for RiboflavinRiboflavin

• High: Beef, chicken & yeast

• Medium: Avocados, asparagus, beans, egg, milk, & nuts.

• Low: apples, banana, oranges, carrot & rice

• RDA : 1.0 – 1.7 mg/day

Niacin (Vitamin BNiacin (Vitamin B3 3 ))

• Other Names: Nicotinic acid, Nicotinamide • Active structure : NAD+ , NADP (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)• Functions: Electron transfer • Deficiency: Pellagra• Signs & Symptoms:Dermatitis,Diarrhea,Dementia(3Ds)

Source and RDA for Source and RDA for NiacinNiacin

• High: Peanut, rice bran, liver, heart, beef, chicken, tuna & yeast.

• Medium: Avocados, dates, beans, nuts • Low: apples, berries, banana, oranges, melon, peaches,

tomato & sprouts.

• RDA : 13 – 19 NE (Niacin Equivalents)

1 NE = 1 mg of free niacin.

Biotin Biotin

Biotin bound to an enzymeStructure of Biotin

Active structure : Enzyme bound biotin

Functions: Carboxylation of reactions

Deficiency: Rare

Signs & Symptoms: nil

Source and RDA Biotin

• Biotin is found in numerous foods

• Also synthesized by intestinal bacteria

• Deficiency is rare.

• RDA : 30 – 100 μg / day

Pantothenic acid (Vit BPantothenic acid (Vit B55))

• Active structure : Coenzyme A • Functions: acyl carrier . 70 enzymes

in CHO and Fat metabolism require this coenzyme

• Deficiency: Rare • Signs & Symptoms: nil (Very

rarely diarrhea)

Source and RDA for Pantothenic acid (Vit

B5)

• Present in all living tissues, whole grain cereals, legumes and meat.

• RDA : 4 -7 mg / day

Pantothenic acid also plays a role in the production of hormones and cholesterol.

Pyridoxine (Vit BPyridoxine (Vit B66))

Pyridoxine Pyridoxal Pyridoximine Pyridoxal Pyrophosphate

Isoniazid

Vitamin B6

• Other Names: Pyridoxine, Pyridoxamine, Pyridoxal• Active structure : Pyridoxal phosphate • Functions: cofactors for enzyme in amino acid metabolism, synthesis of heme, neurotransmitter (serotonin, nor epinephrine),

Spingomyelin for nerve, NAD in Glycogenolysis.• Deficiency: Rare • Signs & Symptoms: glossitis, Neuropathy

Source and RDA Pyridoxine (Vit BSource and RDA Pyridoxine (Vit B66))

• High: Walnut, peanut, wheat, brown rice, yeast, liver, salmon,

• Medium: Banana, avocados, grapes, peas, cabbage, carrots, potato, tomato, spinach, soybean, butter & eggs.

• Low: Apples, oranges, raisins, watermelon, asparagus, beans onions, cheese & milk

• RDA : 1.4– 2.0 mg/day

Folic acid (Vitamin BFolic acid (Vitamin B99

• Active structure:Tetrahydrofolate• Deficiency: Diarrhea, Gray hair, Mouth and peptic ulcers, poor growth, Swollen tongue (glossitis).• Sign & symptoms: Megaloblastic

anemia, neural tube and birth defects

Function :•Folate (folic acid) is necessary for the production of red blood cells and for the synthesis of DNA.•Folic acid also helps with tissue growth and cell function. •In addition, it helps to increase appetite when needed and stimulates the formation of digestive acids. •Transfer one-carbon units, synthesis of methionine, purines and thymine0

Source and RDA Folic Source and RDA Folic acidacid

• Source: yeast, leafy vegetables and liver• RDA : 150 – 200 μg / day • Pregnant women : 400 μg / day

• Lactating women : 280 μg / day

Action:

Folate works along with vitamin B12 and vitamin C to help the body break down, use, and create new proteins.

Cobalamin- vitamin BCobalamin- vitamin B1212

Active Forms

Absorption of Vitamin BAbsorption of Vitamin B1212

Cobalamin- vitamin BCobalamin- vitamin B1212

• Structure: The structure contains a cobalt ion, coordinated within a corrin ring structure (Corroniod).

• Active form: Methylcobalamin, Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin

• Stable form: Cyanocobalamin (a cyanide molecule attached to a cobalamin) is the stable form.

• Function: It is a coenzyme Homocysteine → Methionine Methylmalonyl CoA → Succinyl CoA • Deficiency: Pernicious anemia, Dementia, spinal

degeneration • Sign & symptoms: anemia, neuropsychiatric

symptoms.

Cobalamin- vitamin BCobalamin- vitamin B1212

• Source: B12 is NOT found in plant foods. The main source is in milk, eggs and liver o B12 requires the presence of intrinsic factor (IF) from the stomach for its

absorption.

• The liver can store this vitamin for 6 months. • RDA : 2.0 μg / day • Pregnant women : 2.2 μg / day • Lactating women : 2.6 μg / day

Ascorbic acid - Vitamin CAscorbic acid - Vitamin C

Vitamin CVitamin C• Active structure: Ascorbic acid• Functions: Antioxidant,Cofactor in hydroxylation,for

the synthesis of hydroxyproline & hydroxylysine, (present in collagen - connective tissue), epinephrine and steroid hormones.

For wound healing and bone remodeling, Mobilization of iron, stimulation of immune system, anti-oxidant for scavenging of reactive free-radicals.

• Deficiency: Scurvy • Sign & symptoms: Sore, spongy gums, loose teeth,

fragile blood vessels, swollen joint, poor wound healing and anemia.

• Source: vegetables and citrus fruits • RDA: 50 – 60 mg/day