Vocabulary QuizVocabulary QuizDeadline: Fri Sept. 25Deadline: Fri Sept. 25Available today on Available today on BlackboardBlackboardMostly memorizationMostly memorization25 questions25 questionsYou can retake itYou can retake itGrade comes from LAST Grade comes from LAST retakeretakeScore ROUNDED to 5 (4.5 Score ROUNDED to 5 (4.5 pts = full credit)pts = full credit)closed bookclosed book

Deadline: Mon Sept. 28 Deadline: Mon Sept. 28 11:00 am (late: Sep 29)11:00 am (late: Sep 29)

30 multiple choice problems 30 multiple choice problems (1 pt. each)(1 pt. each)1 Essay question (5 pts)1 Essay question (5 pts)closed bookclosed bookTest your ability to apply Test your ability to apply science conceptsscience concepts

Exam 1Exam 1

Exam 1Exam 1Starts ThursdayStarts Thursday

Deadline: Mon Sept. Deadline: Mon Sept. 28, 11:00am (5$ late 28, 11:00am (5$ late rest of Mon &: Tues rest of Mon &: Tues Sept. 29 all day )Sept. 29 all day )

30 30 multmult. choice . choice problems (1 pt. each)problems (1 pt. each)

1 Essay question (5 1 Essay question (5 pts)pts)

closed bookclosed book

Test your ability to Test your ability to apply science conceptsapply science concepts

DonDon’’t panic.t panic.

Get a good nightGet a good night’’s sleep.s sleep.

Eat something before going Eat something before going in to the testing center.in to the testing center.

Plan on one to one and a Plan on one to one and a half hours.half hours.

DonDon’’t cram at the last t cram at the last minute. Schedule your minute. Schedule your study time. study time.

If all else fails, eliminate If all else fails, eliminate obviously false answers, and obviously false answers, and then pick the best one left.then pick the best one left.

Some suggestionsSome suggestions

Work: The ProcessWork: The Process of of Transforming EnergyTransforming Energy

Work is Work is force force ×× distancedistanceProvidedProvided the the force we exert force we exert and the distance and the distance over which we over which we exert it are in exert it are in the same the same direction.direction.

Gravity

distance

m

m

You must go against a forceYou must go against a force

Work is Work is done heredone herebut but notnot herehere

Types of Types of InternalInternal EnergyEnergy

Thermal: the energy of heatThermal: the energy of heat

Heat Transfer: Heat Transfer: RadiationRadiation

RadiationRadiationThe energy The energy itself itself travels travels through through spacespace

Sunrise

Laser

Heat Transfer: Heat Transfer: ConvectionConvection

ConvectionConvectionYou heat You heat some material, some material, the the material material then movesthen movesand in the and in the process of its process of its motion, gives motion, gives up heat.up heat.

Yellowstone Hot Pot

Heat Transfer: Heat Transfer: ConductionConduction

ConductionConductionHeat Heat moves moves through the through the materialmaterial but the but the material itself material itself does not move or does not move or deform.deform.

Heat TransferHeat TransferPassing bucketsPassing buckets between stationary people is like between stationary people is like conductionconduction..People People running back and forthrunning back and forth with buckets is like with buckets is like convectionconvection..Spraying directly from a well is like radiation.Spraying directly from a well is like radiation.

Types of Types of Internal EnergyInternal Energy

Chemical Potential Energy:Chemical Potential Energy: From atomic From atomic bonding and interactions. Lots more on this bonding and interactions. Lots more on this when we get to the chemistry section.when we get to the chemistry section.

TypesTypes of of Internal EnergyInternal EnergyElastic Potential Energy: From deformationsElastic Potential Energy: From deformations

TypesTypes of of Internal EnergyInternal Energy

Nuclear Nuclear Potential Potential Energy:Energy: Very Very potent because potent because the nuclear the nuclear interaction is so interaction is so strong.strong.

ExamplesExamples of Energy Transformationof Energy Transformation

Bullet fired into Bullet fired into the airthe air

Car stopping at Car stopping at a stop signa stop sign

Pole vaultPole vault

Making TNTMaking TNT

Relativistic Energy and Relativistic Energy and MassMass--Energy EquivalenceEnergy EquivalenceMass and Energy Mass and Energy togethertogether are conserved. are conserved. Mass can turn into energy by the Mass can turn into energy by the proportion of the speed of light squared. proportion of the speed of light squared. That isThat is……

E = mc2

Exam 1Exam 1

Deadline: Mon Sept., Deadline: Mon Sept., 11:00 am (late: Tuesday 11:00 am (late: Tuesday Sept. 29)Sept. 29)30 multiple choice 30 multiple choice problems (1 pt. each)problems (1 pt. each)1 Essay question (5 1 Essay question (5 pts)pts)closed bookclosed bookTest your ability to Test your ability to apply science conceptsapply science concepts

Amber Packard: review Amber Packard: review sessions Wednesday sessions Wednesday September 23 from 7:00 September 23 from 7:00 to around 8:30 PM & to around 8:30 PM & Friday 25Friday 25thth 6 to 8:30 p.m. 6 to 8:30 p.m. both in C215 ESCboth in C215 ESC

Katy & Amanda: Katy & Amanda: Thursday Sept. 24 4 to 6 Thursday Sept. 24 4 to 6 p.m. 377 Clyde. (Where p.m. 377 Clyde. (Where we have class.)we have class.)

Adrian Rockwell: Adrian Rockwell: Saturday September 26 Saturday September 26 11:00a.m.11:00a.m.--1:00p.m. B002 1:00p.m. B002

Review sessionsReview sessions

Floating and SinkingFloating and Sinking

A A heavy lead ballheavy lead ball and a and a light light beach ballbeach ball, both of equal , both of equal volume, are submerged.volume, are submerged.They displace the same They displace the same amount of water so the amount of water so the buoyant force on each is the buoyant force on each is the same. same. Both go in the direction of Both go in the direction of net force. The heavier lead net force. The heavier lead ball sinks while the lighter ball sinks while the lighter beach ball floats.beach ball floats.

Floating and SinkingFloating and Sinking

A A solid and a hollowsolid and a hollow iron iron ball, both of equal weight, ball, both of equal weight, are submerged.are submerged.Because they Because they displace displace different amounts of waterdifferent amounts of water, , the buoyant force on each the buoyant force on each is different. is different. Both go in the direction of Both go in the direction of net force. The net force. The larger hollow larger hollow ball floatsball floats while the smaller while the smaller solid ball sinks.solid ball sinks.

Quiz: A wooden sphere is submerged in Quiz: A wooden sphere is submerged in water. What will happen?water. What will happen?

A.A. It will accelerate upwards, because the gravitational It will accelerate upwards, because the gravitational force on it is small. force on it is small.

B.B. It will accelerate upwards, because the buoyant It will accelerate upwards, because the buoyant force pointing up is greater than the gravitational force pointing up is greater than the gravitational force pointing down.force pointing down.

C.C. It will remain at rest, because all forces are balancedIt will remain at rest, because all forces are balancedD.D. It will sink, because the gravitational force on it is It will sink, because the gravitational force on it is

large.large.E.E. It will sink, because the gravitational force pointing It will sink, because the gravitational force pointing

down is greater than the buoyant force pointing up.down is greater than the buoyant force pointing up.

Floating and SinkingFloating and SinkingSolid objects float if Solid objects float if they are less dense than they are less dense than water. water. Freshwater ice is 90% Freshwater ice is 90% the density of the density of freshwater and floats freshwater and floats 90% submerged. 90% submerged. Freshwater ice is just Freshwater ice is just 70% the density of 70% the density of heavier saltwater and heavier saltwater and floats 70% submerged.floats 70% submerged.

Remember: Density = Mass/Volume Remember: Density = Mass/Volume

Quiz:Quiz:Which ball Which ball weighs the weighs the leastleast??

AA

BB

CC

BA C

Quiz:Quiz:Which ball is the most Which ball is the most densedense??

AA

BB

CC

BA C

Quiz: Which ball Quiz: Which ball has has balanced forcesbalanced forces??

BA CA.A. AllAll

B.B. A onlyA only

C.C. A and B only A and B only

D.D. B and C onlyB and C only

Note: The red ball is sinking at Note: The red ball is sinking at constant speed.constant speed.

Buoyancy in the AtmosphereBuoyancy in the AtmosphereSolid objects in waterSolid objects in water will float or sink but not hover will float or sink but not hover because water keeps the same density with depth. because water keeps the same density with depth.

A A hothot--air balloonair balloon in air will hover because the buoyant in air will hover because the buoyant force decreases with height as air density decreases.force decreases with height as air density decreases.

But helium balloons will go up until they burst.

↓

Buoyancy in the EarthBuoyancy in the Earth

EarthEarth’’s crust floats on the outer layer of the s crust floats on the outer layer of the mantle. Continental crust is thicker and has a mantle. Continental crust is thicker and has a greater total weight than ocean crust. greater total weight than ocean crust. As a result, continents float deeper in the As a result, continents float deeper in the mantle than ocean basins.mantle than ocean basins.

Wind currentsWind currentsConvection comes when hot air rises and Convection comes when hot air rises and cool air rushes in to take its place.cool air rushes in to take its place.

It rises because it is It rises because it is less dense, less dense, not not because it is hotbecause it is hot..

Quiz: How will the different balls Quiz: How will the different balls movemove

lead water cork

lead water cork

Quiz: How will the different balls Quiz: How will the different balls movemove

weight

buoyant force

Demo

Some more test strategiesSome more test strategiesRead the situation Read the situation

Read the questionRead the question

Read any hintsRead any hints

Write the answer on scratch paperWrite the answer on scratch paper

Find the answer among the choices Find the answer among the choices

Most of the wrong choices are there Most of the wrong choices are there because they represent common because they represent common misconceptions.misconceptions.

A word about equationsA word about equationsDo you have to memorize equations?Do you have to memorize equations?It depends on what you mean It depends on what you mean ……

For example, you will For example, you will notnot have to calculate the force on have to calculate the force on an electric charge due to another electric charge. an electric charge due to another electric charge.

But But …… you should understand the nature of you should understand the nature of the force between two charges, i.e. that it the force between two charges, i.e. that it depends on the size of the charges and the depends on the size of the charges and the ““inverse distance squared.inverse distance squared.””

FFelectricalelectrical = k q Q / d= k q Q / d22

For the rest of today we will simply review. In particular For the rest of today we will simply review. In particular we will do lots of questions to give you practice. we will do lots of questions to give you practice. NEXT time we will simply continue reviewing. At the NEXT time we will simply continue reviewing. At the end, we will do a demo.end, we will do a demo.I will not compel you to come on Friday, if you have I will not compel you to come on Friday, if you have already taken the exam and/or you donalready taken the exam and/or you don’’t mind dropping t mind dropping the quiz. the quiz.

Chapter 1 Chapter 1 ---- IntroductionIntroduction

ReviewReviewSources of Sources of KnowledgeKnowledge

AuthorityAuthorityIntuitionIntuitionSensory dataSensory dataReasonReason

SelfSelf--evident truthsevident truths

Time symmetryTime symmetry

Position Position symmetrysymmetry

ExistenceExistence

CausalityCausality

Principle of NonPrinciple of Non--contradictioncontradiction

OccamOccam’’s Razors RazorRealms of ForcesRealms of Forces

Chapter 2 Chapter 2 –– Laws of MotionLaws of MotionReviewReview

Laws of MotionLaws of Motion11stst Law Law –– Objects at rest or in uniform motion Objects at rest or in uniform motion stay at rest or in uniform motion unless acted stay at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force on by an unbalanced force 22ndnd Law Law –– (F=ma) Forces cause accelerations (F=ma) Forces cause accelerations on masseson masses33rdrd Law Law –– Forces arise from interactions Forces arise from interactions between objectsbetween objects

Pay attention to wording of questions.Pay attention to wording of questions.Is Is ““air frictionair friction”” to be consideredto be consideredIs motion Is motion uniformuniform or or acceleratedaccelerated

Chapter 3 Chapter 3 –– Gravity: Gravity: ReviewReviewGravitational accelerationGravitational acceleration

Near the EarthNear the Earth

As distance increasesAs distance increases

Universal Law of GravitationUniversal Law of GravitationF=GmM/dF=GmM/d22

Why is acceleration on objects of Why is acceleration on objects of different mass constant near the different mass constant near the surface of Earth?surface of Earth?

Which objects are easier (require less Which objects are easier (require less force) to accelerate?force) to accelerate?

Chapter 4 Chapter 4 –– Electromagnetism: ReviewElectromagnetism: Review

What are the types of charges?What are the types of charges?Positive & NegativePositive & Negative

How can we produce them?How can we produce them?

What is exchanged?What is exchanged?

How do the forces change with distance?How do the forces change with distance?F=kQq/dF=kQq/d22

How does Electrical Potential Energy How does Electrical Potential Energy change with distance?change with distance?

Chapter 5 Chapter 5 ---- ApplicationsApplications

Examples in book Examples in book of:of:

Moose and logMoose and log

ElevatorElevator

ParachuteParachute

Etc.Etc.

Think of other Think of other examples and try to examples and try to analyze forcesanalyze forces

Car rolling down Car rolling down a hilla hill

Kid on a sledKid on a sled

Rock thrown off a Rock thrown off a cliffcliff

Etc.Etc.

Key Words for NewtonKey Words for Newton

11stst Law Law –– Balanced forces = uniform motionBalanced forces = uniform motion

22ndnd Law Law –– Acceleration / changing motion Acceleration / changing motion

..In both the 1In both the 1stst and 2and 2ndnd law situations you will be law situations you will be asked to compare the size of forces on a single asked to compare the size of forces on a single object.object.33rdrd Law Law –– Equal forces on pusher and Equal forces on pusher and pusheepushee

Look for 2 different objects interacting with each otherLook for 2 different objects interacting with each otherQuestions that ask you to compare the size of forces on 2 Questions that ask you to compare the size of forces on 2 different objects.different objects.

Look for words like Look for words like ““straight line at constant speedstraight line at constant speed””

Look for words like Look for words like ““just beginning to move,just beginning to move,”” ““slowing slowing to a stop,to a stop,”” or or ““moving in a circlemoving in a circle””

In both the 1In both the 1stst and 2and 2ndnd law situations you will be law situations you will be asked to compare the size of forces on a single asked to compare the size of forces on a single object.object.

Look for 2 different objects interacting with each otherLook for 2 different objects interacting with each otherQuestions that ask you to compare the size of forces on 2 Questions that ask you to compare the size of forces on 2 different objects.different objects.

Chapter 6 Chapter 6 ---- BuoyancyBuoyancyReviewReview

PressurePressureFocus on unbounded fluidsFocus on unbounded fluids

ArchimedesArchimedes’’ PrinciplePrincipleWhat is the buoyant force equal to?What is the buoyant force equal to?

Why do some objects sink and some float, Why do some objects sink and some float, even if they are the same size?even if they are the same size?

What forces are involved in determining if an What forces are involved in determining if an object will float or sink?object will float or sink?

Chapter 8 Chapter 8 –– Conservation PrinciplesConservation Principles

ReviewReviewThings that are conservedThings that are conserved

MassMassElectric chargeElectric chargeLinear momentumLinear momentumAngular momentumAngular momentumFundamental ParticlesFundamental Particles

RememberRememberA conserved quantity is one that does A conserved quantity is one that does not change during a processnot change during a process

Chapter 7 Chapter 7 –– Relativity Relativity ReviewReviewPostulatesPostulates

Speed of LightSpeed of Light

Motion SymmetryMotion Symmetry

PredictionsPredictions

Length ContractionLength Contraction

Time DilationTime Dilation

NonNon--simultaneity of simultaneity of EventsEvents

Mass Increase Mass Increase

Be able to Be able to explain:explain:

Light Clock Light Clock thought thought experimentexperimentReal clock Real clock

experimentexperiment

Chapter 9 Chapter 9 ---- EnergyEnergyReviewReview

Different Types of EnergyDifferent Types of EnergyKinetic Kinetic –– Energy of MotionEnergy of MotionPotential Potential –– Energy of PositionEnergy of PositionInternal Internal –– Inside MaterialsInside Materials

How Energy is TransferredHow Energy is TransferredConductionConductionWorkWork

Energy Conversion and Energy Conversion and ConservationConservation

Know when and what types of energy Know when and what types of energy are conserved in a systemare conserved in a system

ConvectionConvectionRadiationRadiation