volume 3 wet dedusters

8/12/2019 Volume 3 Wet Dedusters

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Volume 3 Wet DedustersPart 5

Design of Venturi Scrubbers

Author

Anton van Santen

1 INTRODUCTION2 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

3 PROCESS DESIGN

4 MECHANICAL DESIGN

5 DETAILED USE OF MINISCRUBBER

1 INTRODUCTION

Th! "a#t o$ the Man%a& ! 'on'e#ne( )th the (e!*n o$ *a! ato+!e( ,ent%# !'#%--e#!$o# the #e+ova& o$ $ne "a#t'%&ate! an( +!t! $#o+ "#o'e!! *a! !t#ea+!. The (e!*n o$

,ent%# e/e'to#! an( !'#%--e#! $o# *a! a-!o#"ton ! not 'on!(e#e(.

A! note( n Pa#t 20 ,ent%# !'#%--e#! a#e )et 'o&&e'to#! )h'h #e& on the h*h net'

ene#* '#eate( - a''e&e#atn* a *a! th#o%*h a 'on!t#'ton to *ve *oo( ne#ta&

'o&&e'ton onto (#o"&et! (!t#-%te( n the *a! !t#ea+. Th! a''e&e#aton ! a'heve( at thee"en!e o$ *a! !(e "#e!!%#e (#o"0 )h'h +a -e n e'e!! o$ 15 ++ ).*. 14.6 Pa7.

The &8%( *ene#a&& &eave! the !'#%--e# a! a $ne "a#t'%&ate &a(en !"#a )h'h 'an -e#e+ove( - a &o) ene#* !e"a#ato#0 !%'h a! a ''&one o# )ave "&ate (e+!te#. In th! )a

the ,ent%# 'an -e !een +e#e& a! an a**&o+e#ato# n )h'h "a#t'&e! too $ne $o# #e+ova&

- 'onventona& +ean! a#e atta'he( to &a#*e# (#o"&et! n o#(e# to ea!e the# !%-!e8%ent'o&&e'ton. A t"'a& a##an*e+ent ! !ho)n n F*%#e1. The e$$'en' o$ !%'h a !!te+ !

the#e$o#e (e"en(ent -oth on the e$$'en' o$ the nta& 'onta't "#o'e!! -et)een the

&8%( an( the "a#t'&e! an( on the e$$'en' )th )h'h the (e+!te# o"e#ate!. In a )e&&

(e!*ne( !!te+ the &atte# )&& -e 19. In !eve#e 'a!e! )he#e th! ! not the 'a!e0 then'&%!on o$ a (e+!te# "a( a! a th#( !ta*e )&& %!%a&& #e't$ the !t%aton. E+!!on!0

the#e$o#e0 a#e *ene#a&& the #e!%&t o$ "enet#aton th#o%*h the !'#%--e#0 an( th! ! )he#ethe "#o-&e+! o$ (e!*n a#e $o'%!e(.
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Figure 1 Schematic of a T!ica" Venturi Scrubber

A t#a(tona& !ta#tn* "ont )hen 'on!(e#n* the "e#$o#+an'e o$ ,ent%# !'#%--e#! ! the

(+en!on&e!! *#o%" )h'h *ove#n! the +"a'ton "#o'e!!: the ne#ta& "a#a+ete#0 o#Stoe! n%+-e#0 ;":

#1$
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)he#e ( an( (Da#e the #e!"e'tve !


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!+"&e "#e('tve +o(e&! to *ve a""#o+ate& the 'o##e't "#e!!%#e (#o". Th! ena-&e!

the &8%( $&o) #ate to -e $e(0 an( hen'e the !


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Figure % &)am!"e Design

Ca%ton +%!t -e a(v!e( )hen %!n* th! +etho(. The a''%#a' o$ the #e!%&t (e"en(! onthe a''%#a' o$ the nta& !!te "&ot te!tn* ! n'#ea!n*& 'o++on n the USA0 e!"e'a&& on

a""&'aton! )he#e !t#'t o"a't &+t! a#e en$o#'e(. Gene#a&& !%'h te!tn* ! 'a##e( o%t


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- the e8%"+ent ven(o# an( !ev##a& +a/o# !%""&e#! o"e#ate +o-&e "&ot $a'&te!.

S+&a# t#en(! a#e e"e'te( n E%#o"e )th the *ene#a& t*htenn* o$ 'ont#o& &e*!&aton.

2.3.1 Mn!'#%--e# "#e('ton o$ "#e!!%#e (#o"

2.3.1 Miniscrubber prediction of pressure drop

An a&te#natve a""#oa'h0 "#o"o!e( - M'I&vane 1647 an( (eve&o"e( - SPS0 ! the %!e

o$ +n!'#%--e#! o"e#atn* on the +%'h !+a&&e# .2 +3! 4 '$+7 o$ (%!t &a(en *a!7

!'a&e. In a&& !'#%--e# (e!*n - !'a&n* t ! a!!%+e(0 ethe# +"&'t& o# e"&'t&0 thatthe #e&aton!h" -et)een "#e!!%#e (#o" an( 'o&&e'ton e$$'en' ! n(e"en(ent o$ a&&

va#a-&e!0 n'&%(n* the !'a&e. SPS #e!ea#'h ha! !ho)n th! to -e e!!enta&& va&(

"#ov(e( a(e8%ate &8%( (!t#-%ton ! +antane( SPS RR 40 van Santen an( A&&en0

157. Re&atona& (ata $#o+ a +n!'#%--e# +a the#e$o#e -e %!e( to (e!*n an !'a&e o$!'#%--e# a>"#o#. The +etho( ha! the *#eat v#t%e o$ #e&atve7 !+"&'t: e!!enta&& the

!&&! an( e$$o#t #e8%#e( a#e the !a+e a! $o# n>!ta' 'a!'a(e +"a'to# "a#t'&e !


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Figure * Schematic of the miniscrubber sam!"ing train


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* PROC&SS D&SI(N

3.1 Gene#a&3.2 P#e> an( "o!t 8%en'he# (e!*n3.3 Ph!'a& an( the#+o(na+' "#o"e#te!

3.1 General

An +"o#tant 'on!(e#aton n the !e&e'ton o$ an )et (e(%!te# ! the nee( $o# a

'o+"#ehen!ve !%""o#t !!te+. An ea+"&e o$ the 'o+"&et )h'h +a -e nvo&ve( !*ven n F*%#e 4. In a((ton to the -a!' !'#%--e# an( ent#an+ent !e"a#ato# the#e !

no#+a&& a !&%## t#eat+ent (ev'e +o!t o$ten a !+"&e !ett&n* 'ha+-e#70 a $na& &8%o#

$&t#aton "&ant to #e(%'e the )a!te to a (!"o!a-&e $o#+0 an( "#ov!on $o# #e''&e o$ the

t#eate( !'#%--n* &8%o# to #e(%'e the )ate# %!a*e. h&!t the!e an'&&a#e! (o not a$$e'tthe !'#%--e# "e#$o#+an'e "e# !e0 "oo# &8%o# 8%a&t ! o$ten a 'a%!e o$ n'#ea!e(

+antenan'e0 e!"e'a&& n !"#a ##*ate( !'#%--e#!0 an( the ove#a&& !


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Figure + T!ica" arrangement of "arge, high tem!erature insta""ation

.2 Pre- and post quencher designIn 'on!(e#n* the (e!*n o$ "#e>8%en'he#!0 th#ee "a#a+ete#! have a +a/o# n$&%en'e on

(e!*n an( 'o!t: 8%en'h &8%o# $&o)0 ato+!aton0 an( #e!(en'e t+e. The o-/e'tve ! to'on(ton the *a! %!n* on& the +n+%+ a+o%nt o$ &8%( ne'e!!a#0 an( to avo(

e'e!!ve !'#%--n* tan* "&a'e n the 8%en'he#. S%**e!te( (e!*n '#te#a a#e a!

$o&&o)!: 'i-uor f"o.rate: 1.2>1.5 t+e! eva"o#atve &o!!0 (ete#+ne( $#o+ !+"&e

h%+(t 'han*e 'a&'%&aton!0 a!!%+n* the *a! ! !at%#ate( on et. A


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"!'h#o+et#' 'ha#t $o# a#>)ate# ! *ven n F*%#e 5? 'ha#t! $o# othe# *a!

!!te+! an( o"e#atn* 'on(ton! 'an -e o-tane( $#o+ SPS on #e8%e!t.

Figure 5 &ntha"!/humi0it chart for air / .ater a!our, 1231*%5 bar

Resi0ence time: Re!(en'e t+e ! (e"en(ent on ato+!aton o$ the &8%o# !"#a!.

In *ene#a&0 *oo( ato+!aton *vn* !+a&& (#o"&et ! 1 Pa0 %!n* %nt#eate( #e''&e &8%o#.

H(#a%&' !"#a! o"e#atn* at 5. > 6. -a#0 %!n* '&a#$e( #e''&e( &8%o#. It !+"o#tant to en!%#e *oo( (!t#-%ton o$ &8%o#0 an( avo( &o'a&!e( %n(e#>

8%en'hn* )h'h &ea(! to "a#t'&e $o#+aton th#o%*h (#>o%t. Se"a#ate ##*atono$ ve!!e& )a&&! ! a&!o a(v!a-&e to avo( (e"o!ton on the !%#$a'e!.

A# ato+!e( !"#a! )th '&ean )ate#. The e'ono+'! o$ the!e !!te+! *ene#a&&

$avo%# o"e#aton at &o) &8%( #ate!0 -%t th! ! -a&an'e( - #e(%'n* 'onta't

t+e!0 "e#ha"! - a! +%'h a! >59 (e"en(n* on te+"e#at%#e an( a""&'aton.
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P#e>8%en'he#! *ene#a&& #e+ove a !*n$'ant "#o"o#ton o$ the &a#*e# "a#t'%&ate +atte#.

Th#o%*h eva"o#aton the (#an &8%o# +a n(ee( -e +o#e 'on'ent#ate( than the "#o(%'t

$#o+ the ,ent%# t!e&$. The ove#a&& "#o'e!! +a -e !+"&$e( - t#eatn* th! &8%o#!e"a#ate&. th e#o!ve (%!t! t +a a&!o -e a(vanta*eo%! to o"e#ate the "#e>8%en'he# at

h*he# &8%( #ate! to n'#ea!e the 'o&&e'ton "e#$o#+an'e an( !o #e(%'e the -%#(en on the

,ent%#.

A(a-at' 8%en'hn* ! a'heve( at the e"en!e o$ n'#ea!n* the va"o%# -%#(en. Fo# h*hte+"e#at%#e *a!e! th! #e!%&t! n an %n(e!#a-&e et#a &oa( on the $an an( an enhan'e(

!ta' "&%+e. Both 'an -e #e(%'e( - "o!t>8%en'hn*. Th! 'an on& -e (one - #e+ovn*

heat0 not - +e#e& a((n* +o#e &8%(. Gene#a&& a $o#'e( (#a%*ht 'oo&n* to)e# ! %!e()th the #%n>a#o%n( 'h&&e( )ate# (#e't& 'onta'tn* the !ta' *a! n a "a'e( 'o&%+n.

Ho)eve#0 t%-%&a# heat e'han*e#! an( ,ent%# e/e'to#! a#e %!e( $o# !+a&& $&o)!. P&%+e

(!"e#!on +a then -e a(e( - #e>heatn* the (e"&ete( !ta' *a!. Th! ! *ene#a&& (one-e$o#e the $an at the e"en!e o$ an n'#ea!e( *a! vo&%+e n o#(e# to eva"o#ate ent#ane(

'on(en!ate )h'h +*ht othe#)!e 'a%!e -&a(e e#o!on. h&!t (e!*n o$ the!e !!te+! !

-eon( the !'o"e o$ th! #e"o#t0 the#+o(na+' "#o"e#te! to ena-&e !


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3.3.2 Gas viscosity

Ga! v!'o!t ! o$ #e&atve& +no# +"o#tan'e n the 'ontet o$ th! #e"o#t. It ha! +no#

(e"en(en'e! on 'o+"o!ton0 h%+(t0 an( !"a#n*&7 "#e!!%#e. Ho)eve#0 $o# "#a't'a&"%#"o!e! the!e +a -e *no#e(. A !tan(a#( va&%e $o# a# o$ 1.1 1>5*+! ! %!e(

th#o%*ho%t. Fo# et#e+e 'on(ton! a&&o)an'e !ho%&( -e +a(e $o# te+"e#at%#e F*%#e7.

Figure Viscosit of Air #6east, 178+$

3.3.3 Specific and latent eats

The !"e'$' heat0 C"0 +a -e a""#o+ate( - a 'o##e&aton o$ the $o#+:

#*$

)he#e C"! n * ;7 an( T ! the a-!o&%te te+"e#at%#e ;7. Fo# entha&" 'a&'%&aton!

the !"e'$' heat +%!t -e (ete#+ne( ove# the te+"e#at%#e #an*e )th #e$e#en'e to a(at%+0 *ene#a&& 263 ;. Th! ! $o#+a&& o-tane( - nte*#aton. Ho)eve#0 !%$$'ent

a''%#a' +a -e a'heve( %!n* a &nea# a""#o+aton !%'h that the !"e'$' heat !'a&'%&ate( at the +ean te+"e#at%#e0 T26372. Ta-&e 2*ve! va&%e! o$ the 'on!tant! $o#

%!e n e8%aton 3$o# !o+e 'o++on *a!e! an( )ate#. The &atent heat o$ va"o#!aton0 0

ha! a +no# (e"en(en' on te+"e#at%#e. Fo# "#a't'a& "%#"o!e! a +ean va&%e $o# )ate# o$

235 * +a -e %!e(. The (e"en(en'e +a -e a""#o+ate( - the $o#+:
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#+$

)he#e T#! the #e(%'e( te+"e#at%#e #e&atve to the '#t'a& te+"e#at%#e0 T'0 T#TT'7 an(the !%"e#!'#"t @J@ #e$e#! to #e$e#en'e 'on(ton!. Fo# )ate# T' 46.3 ; an( K 263 ;

251 *.

3.3.! Saturation vapour pressure and umidity

The !at%#aton va"o%# "#e!!%#e0 P!0 o$ )ate# +a -e o-tane( $#o+ !tan(a#( !tea+ ta-&e!.

It +a a&!o -e a""#o+ate( - the $o#+:

#5$

)he#e a 1.33

- 31.44' >4.13

an( P!! n ++ H*. +%&t"& - 133.32 to 'onve#t to Pa7.

The !at%#aton h%+(t ! *ven - the (ea& *a! &a)! a!:

#$

+ 9&C:ANICA' D&SI(NThe +e'han'a& (e!*n o$ ,ent%# !'#%--e#! ! the "#ovn'e o$ the e8%"+ent ven(o# an(

#e&e! heav& on "a!t e"e#en'e n !+&a# a""&'aton!. D$$e#ent +an%$a't%#e#! ten( to

'on'ent#ate on ($$e#ent "a#t! o$ the +a#et0 $o# ea+"&e: +eta&&%#*'a& $%+e?n'ne#ato#!? $&%e *a! (e!%&"h%#!aton? an( !o on0 th%! 'a#e ! #e8%#e( to !e&e't a ven(o#

)th a""#o"#ate e"e#en'e. Fa&%#e n th! #e*a#( *ene#a&& #e!%&t! n &en*th

'o++!!onn* an( en(&e!! +antenan'e "#o-&e+!. The +e'han'a& (e!*n e+-#a'e! an%+-e# o$ 'on!(e#aton!:

,ent%# *eo+et#?

the #e8%#e( "#e!!%#e (#o" an( +etho( o$ "#e!!%#e (#o" 'ont#o&? (e!*n o$ the ent#an+ent !e"a#ato# an( &8%o# han(&n* $a'&te!?

e#o!on an( $o%&n* ,ent%#0 ent#an+ent !e"a#ato#0 an( &8%o# %t&t7?

+ate#a&! o$ 'on!t#%'ton?

"e#$o#+an'e +onto#n* $a'&te!?

+antenan'e.


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T#a(ton "&a! a "a#t n the !e&e'ton "#o'e!!: E%#o"ean "#a't'e ! to %!e '#'%&a#

,ent%#! on $%#na'e a""&'aton!0 )he#ea! No#th A+e#'an "#a't'e o$ten $avo%#!

#e'tan*%&a# th#oat!. In *ene#a&0 h*he# &8%( #ate! an( &o)e# *a! ve&o'te! a#een'o%nte#e( n No#th A+e#'an !'#%--e#!. S%'h ($$e#en'e! a#e %&t+ate& ++ate#a&

!n'e t ! the o"e#atn* "#e!!%#e (#o" )h'h *ove#n! the 'o&&e'ton e$$'en'. C&a+!

that %nt! a#e (e!*ne( $o# @o"t+a&@ o# @enhan'e(@ "e#$o#+an'e0 !ho%&( -e ve)e( )th!%!"'on.

4.1 Se&e'ton o$ ,ent%# *eo+et#

4.2 S


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Figure ; Common 9eans of 'i-ui0 In


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n &8%( #ate. Th! ha! t)o 'on!e8%en'e!: t ! -ette# to 'ont#o& "#e!!%#e (#o" on *a!

ve&o't - 'han*n* the th#oat a#ea? na(ve#tent 'han*e! n *a! ve&o't a#e ($$'%&t to

a''o++o(ate - 'han*e! n &8%( #ate. S'#%--e#! (e!*ne( $o# va#n* *a! #ate! a#ethe#e$o#e %nve#!a&& o$ the va#a-&e th#oat t"e. Seve#a& ea+"&e! a#e !ho)n n F*%#e 6.

B%tte#$& (a+"e#! a#e !+"&e n 'on!t#%'ton an( a't%aton. The a#e "#one toe#o!on an( have !eve#e non>&nea# !en!tvt. The 'an a&!o 'a%!e &8%(+a&(!t#-%ton n !"#a ##*ate( !'#%--e#!. The +a -e %!e( )th -oth '#'%&a#

an( #e'tan*%&a# th#oat! -%t #e8%#e a(e8%ate (%'t &en*th -e$o#e the ent#an+ent

!e"a#ato# to ena-&e "#e!!%#e #e'ove#. Hn*e( )a&&! a#e %!e( )th #e'tan*%&a# "#!+at'7 ,ent%#!. A*an the a#e

!+"&e n 'on!t#%'ton an( a't%aton. E'e!!ve th#oat o"enn* 'an0 ho)eve#0

&ea( to "oo# &8%( (!t#-%ton n )a&& ##*ate( !'#%--e#!.

Fa&&n* "&%* @"&%+- -o-@7 (e!*n! *ve "#o"o#tona& 'ont#o& an( $o#+ a "o!tve

!ea& )hen $%&& '&o!e(. Ho)eve#0 the #e8%#e %"!t#ea+ !"#a ##*aton to"#event $o%&n*.

R!n* "&%* (e!*n! a*an *ve "#o"o#tona& 'ont#o& to*ethe# )th n'#ea!e($o%&n* #e!!tan'e. The +a -e %!e( )th ethe# !"#a o# )ette( )a&& ##*aton.

The $a& o"en.

The a't%aton +a -e +an%a& o# a%to+at'. Man%a& a(/%!t+ent ! *ene#a&& %!e( )he#e

!et>"ont 'han*e! a#e #e8%#e(. Fne 'ont#o& o$ "#e!!%#e (#o" 'an then -e +a(e on the

&8%( #ate. A%to+at' a(/%!t+ent ! "#e$e#a-&e $o# non>!tea( "#o'e!!e!. Ho)eve#0n(e"en(ent +onto#n* o$ the &8%o# $&o) ! #e8%#e( !n'e $a&&! n the $&o) o$ten (%e to

&+e !'a&n*7 'an #e!%&t n (e'#ea!e( 'o&&e'ton e$$'en' th#o%*h na(e8%ate ato+!aton

even tho%*h the ove#a&& "#e!!%#e (#o" ! +antane( !ee SPS RR 4 Se'ton 3.3.37.

!.1.2 "ircular vs rectangular VenturisThe !ha"e o$ the ,ent%# ! &e!! +"o#tant than en!%#n* a(e8%ate &8%( (!t#-%ton.

Re'tan*%&a# %nt! a#e *ene#a&& !+"&e to $a-#'ate an( 'an -e ea!& $tte( )th

#e"&a'ea-&e )ea# "&ate! $o# e#o!on "#ote'ton. Th#oat )(th! !ho%&( not e'ee( 5 ++

n o#(e# to a'heve a(e8%ate &8%( (!t#-%ton. La#*e *a! $&o)! &e!! than 25 +3!7 'an-e a''o++o(ate( - !+"& n'#ea!n* the -#ea(th. Ho)eve#0 'a#e an( $#e8%ent

+antenan'e ! #e8%#e( to en!%#e %n$o#+ &8%o# $ee( a&on* !%'h &en*th!. Re'tan*%&a#

!e'ton! *ene#a&& have h*he# (# "#e!!%#e (#o"! than '#'%&a# %nt! (%e to the# &a#*e#!%#$a'e a#ea $o# a *ven $&o)0 an( th%! have &e!! !'o"e $o# "#e!!%#e (#o" 'ont#o& on the

&8%( $ee( #ate. The en( )a&&! a#e "#one to "oo# ##*aton an( hen'e $o%&n*. Th! 'an

'a%!e (a+"e#! an( othe# "#e!!%#e 'ont#o& (ev'e! to /a+.

C#'%&a# %nt! $o# !+a&& $&o)! %" to 5 +3!7 a#e #e&atve& ea! to ##*ate ethe# )th a!n*&e !"#a no


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!.1.3 Means of irrigation

Ina(e8%ate &8%( (!t#-%ton ! the "#+a# #ea!on $o# the "oo# "e#$o#+an'e o$ +an

n(%!t#a& !'#%--e#!. Gene#a&& the "#o-&e+ #e!%&t! $#o+ !'a&e (e"o!t! -&o'n* o##e!t#'tn* ""e)o# an( noato+!e( a! $ne& (!"e#!e( (#o"&et!. Ho)eve#0 th! a""#oa'h ! #e!t#'tve on the

&8%( #ate an( the a((tona& 'o!t o$ "%+"n* +%!t then -e -o#ne n +n(. F#e!h +ae>%"

)ate# !ho%&( -e %!e( )he#eve# "o!!-&e n o#(e# to +n+!e no


20/37


21/37

S & ' # &

( n p u t d e s i g n p r e s s u r e d r o p ) %o

a n d s y s t e mp a r a m e t e r s

D e t e r m i n e

& r o a t l e n g t l t& * r o a t d i a m e t e r d

t

" a l c u l a t e o v e r a l l p r e r s s u r e d r o p %&

D e t e r m i n e d r y p r e s s u r e d r o p pG

D t e r m i n e t r o a t v e l o c i t y vg t

+ s t i m a t e d e s i g n , e t p r e s s u r e d r o p %#

+ s t i m a t e d r y p r e s s u r e d r o p f a c t o r #

S e l e c t- i . u i d / G a s r a t i o 0

i/ 0

g

D i f f u s e r a n g l e 2

D r o p l e t v e l o c i t y r a t io

# e c a l c u l a t e #% & 1 % D

+ 3 D

3 o

4 e s

Figure 7 F"o.chart of Design 9etho0

1. Obtain re-uire0 in!ut 0ata

o the (e!#e( "#e!!%#e (#o"0 PDN+2

7o the *a! $&o) #ate0 *+

3!7

o the +ean (%'t ve&o't (o)n!t#ea+ o$ the !'#%--e# to )thn 1970 v*$

+!7

o the *a! an( &8%( (en!te!0 *0 &0 *+370 an( the *a! v!'o!t0*

*+!7

2. Se"ect "i-ui0 to gas ratio, =">=g

L8%( to *a! #ato! !ho%&( t"'a&& &e n the #an*e .5>1. &+3.5 > .1+3+37 *a!0 a&tho%*h +o#e et#e+e va&%e!0 (o)n to .2 &+3.2 +3+37 o# %"

to 1. &+3.1 +3+370 'an -e en'o%nte#e(. S%'h et#e+e va&%e! a#e ho)eve#

*ene#a&& not nee(e( $o# )e&& (e!*ne( !'#%--e#!. 1 US *a&&1 '$+ .1336&+37. Et#e+e va&%e! a#e en'o%nte#e(0 -%t the!e a#e *ene#a&& not #e8%#e( $o#

)e&& (e!*ne( !'#%--e#!. Co+"etent a(v'e !ho%&( -e !o%*ht -e$o#e the# %!e.

Se&e'ton )thn the #an*e ! &a#*e& a#-t#a#0 a&tho%*h th! !t#on*& (ete#+ne!the $na& *eo+et# o$ the !'#%--e#. The $o&&o)n* *%(e&ne! !ho%&( -e note(:

Se&e't

h*ho h*h "#e!!%#e (#o" #e8%#e( Pa7

o &o) *a! ve&o't #e8%#e( to +n+!e e#o!on *#eate#


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than +!7

o *a! at e&evate( te+"e#at%#e )tho%t "#e>8%en'h

o *a! a-!o#"ton #e8%#e( %" to 57 & *

o &a#*e *a! $&o)! &e!! than 6 +3!7 to en!%#e *oo( th#oat

'ove#a*e0 e!". )ette( )a&& ,ent%#!

Se&e't&o)

o !"#a ##*ate( ,ent%#! ('tate( - no 15 )th t"'a& 'ho'e! $o#

'onventona& a""&'aton! n the #an*e 5 > . C&a!!'a& &on* th#oat ,ent%#

!'#%--e#! have a ($$%!e# ha&$ an*&e o$ 3.50 !e&e'te( a! the '#t'a& va&%e to"#event $&o) !e"a#aton. P#!+at' !'#%--e#! an( !'#%--e#! )th "&%* t"e

(a+"e#! ten( to have +%'h !tee"e# an*&e!0 t"'a&& to 150 an( hen'e !ho#te#

($$%!e#!0 n the &atte# 'a!e to +n+!e the "#o-&e+! o$ !%""o#tn* the a't%ato#

a#+. Stee"e# an*&e! 'an 'a%!e @/ettn*@ o$ the !'#%--n* &8%o#0 #e!%&tn* n ->"a!!n* an( +"a#e( e$$'en'. B%tte#$& (a+"e#! 'an ea'e#-ate th! "#o-&e+

- 'on'ent#atn* the $&o)! to one !(e o$ the !'#%--e#. Sho#t ($$%!e#! !ho%&(

the#e$o#e -e $o&&o)e( - at &ea!t t)o (%'t (a+ete#! o$ !t#a*ht (%'tn* -e$o#e theent#an+ent !e"a#ato#. Sha&&o)e# an*&e! a#e en'o%nte#e(0 -%t the !%**e!ton !

that th! +e#e& n'#ea!e! the ove#a&& "#e!!%#e (#o" - %n"#o(%'tve )a&& $#'ton.

4. Se"ect 0ro!"et to gas e"ocit ratio, A !*n$'ant "#o"o#ton0 $ not the +a/o#t o$ the "#e!!%#e (#o" n a !'#%--e#

#e"#e!ent! ene#* e"en(e( n ato+!n* an( a''e&e#atn* the &8%(. C&ea#&0 $

the ,ent%# th#oat ! !%$$'ent& &on*0 then the &8%( )o%&( attan the *a! th#oatve&o't. Ho)eve#0 a! ne#ta& 'o&&e'ton (e"en(! on the #e&atve ve&o't -et)een

the "a#t'&e! e. *a!7 an( the &8%(0 the#e ! &tt&e v#t%e n !%'h (e!*n!. In the

a%tho#=! e"e#en'e a "#a't'a& #ato o$ (#o"&et to *a! ve&o't0 )hen %!e( n'on/%n'ton )th the a-ove a!!%+"ton!0 ! 9. Th! *ve! a #ea!ona-&e -a&an'e

-et)een th#oat &en*th an( *a! ve&o't.

th the 'on!t#ann* "a#a+ete#! !et0 the *a! ve&o't $o# a *ven "#e!!%#e (#o"'an -e (ete#+ne( - te#aton.

5. &stimate the 0r !ressure 0ro! factor, R

A&&o)an'e +%!t -e +a(e $o# the 'ont#-%ton o$ the (# "#e!!%#e (#o" to the tota&.

The $#a'ton )h'h th! #e"#e!ent! (e"en(! on -oth the th#oat ve&o't an( the

&8%( to *a! #ato0 an( th%! +%!t -e (ete#+ne( te#atve& on'e the th#oat ve&o'tha! -een e!ta-&!he(. The nta& e!t+ate !ho%&( -e n the #an*e .1 > .30

"#e$e#a-& -et)een .15 an( .20 )th h*h va&%e! #e"#e!entn* &a#*e (ve#*ent

an*&e! 127 an( &o) &8%( to *a! #ato! .5 &+ 37.


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. &stimate the 0esign .et !ressure 0ro!, PR

The $#!t e!t+ate o$ the (e!*n )et "#e!!%#e (#o" !:

#8$

6. Determine the throat gas e"ocit, gt

The th#oat ve&o't ! a $%n'ton o$ the &8%( to *a! #ato an( the et (%'tve&o't. ,a&%e! (ete#+ne( $o# a t"'a& et (%'t ve&o't o$ 3 +! a#e

"#e!ente( n F*%#e . In"%t va#a-&e! a#e PR$#o+ 7 an( the &8%( to *a! #ato

$#o+ 27. U!e th! *#a"h )he#e the et ve&o't ! 3 +! 190 then "#o'ee( to

.

,e#!on! o$ F*%#e 1'an -e 'on!t#%'te( $o# othe# et (%'t ve&o'te!. Fo# the

*ene#a& 'a!e0 ho)eve#0 the th#oat ve&o't 'an e8%a&& -e (ete#+ne( - !+"&e

'a&'%&aton. The "#o'e(%#e ! te#atve0 #e8%#n* an nta& *%e!! o$ the ve&o't.

Gene#a&& on& one te#aton ! #e8%#e(. The "#o'e(%#e ! a! $o&&o)!:

o Se&e't a *a! ve&o't0 ,te0 n the #an*e 5 > 11 +!0 t"'a&& > +!.

H*h va&%e! 'o##e!"on( to a h*h "#e!!%#e (#o" . Pa7 an(o# &o)

&8%( to *a! #ato! .4 &+37.

o E!t+ate the 'o##e!"on(n* )et "#e!!%#e (#o" %!n* the Leth +o(e&:

#;$

o )he#e0 $#o+ 40 .. Co+"a#e the 'a&'%&ate( "#e!!%#e (#o" Pe)th the

(e!*n $*%#e PRan(0 $ ne'e!!a#0 te#ate )th a ne) ve&o't *ven -:

#7$

o Contn%e %nt& the "#e!!%#e (#o" e##o# ! a''e"ta-&e 597. Then v*t vte.

. Determine the 0r !ressure 0ro! com!onent, Pg

Ca&'%&ate the et (%'t to th#oat a#ea #ato:

#13$

then $#o+ F*%#e 11(ete#+ne the ($$%!e# &o!! 'oe$$'ent0 ;Gan( th%! the (#"#e!!%#e (#o" a!:
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#11$

Figure 13 Design (ra!h for Throat Ve"ocit


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Figure 11 Corre"ation for (as Accce"erationa" Pressure 'oss in Diffusers #after

Patterson, 17*;$
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. Ca"cu"ate oera"" !ressure 0ro! an0 iterate

The !'#%--e# (e!*n ! a&+o!t 'o+"&ete. Ho)eve#0 the 'a&'%&aton! !o $a# have-een -a!e( on an e!t+ate o$ the "#e!!%#e (#o" !"&t -et)een the (# an( )et'o+"onent! e. R n 57. An te#aton +a -e ne'e!!a#.

Dete#+ne the ove#a&& "#e!!%#e (#o":

#1%$

an( 'o+"a#e )th the (e!*n "#e!!%#e (#o"0 PD. I$ the e##o# ! *#eate# than 59

then te#ate $#o+ Ste" %!n*:

#1*$

1. Determine the throat "ength, "t

The th#oat &en*th ! a $%n'ton o$ th#oat *a! ve&o't0 &8%( to *a! #ato an(

"h!'a& "#o"e#te! o$ the *a! an( &8%(. Fo# a#)ate# !!te+! %n(e# !tan(a#(

'on(ton! 2C an( 1 -a#7 the #e&aton!h" ! *ven n F*%#e 12. Fo# othe#'on(ton! an( !!te+! the #e&aton!h" +%!t -e 'a&'%&ate(. He#e the a!!%+"ton!

a#e that the &8%( ha! no aa& ve&o't )hen ato+!e( at the !ta#t o$ the th#oat0

the (#o"&et! have a Sa%te# +ean !


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#1;$

Fo# . a! %!e( he#e0 1.3416.

Figure 1% Design (ra!h for Throat 'ength #air>.ater ? %3C an0 1 bar .ith

@ 32;$
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11. Determine throat 0iameter, 0t, an0 remaining !arameters

Havn* !"e'$e( *an( (ete#+ne( the th#oat ve&o't0 v*t0 $o# '#'%&a# ,ent%#!the th#oat (a+ete# ! !+"&:

#17$

Fo# #e'tan*%&a# !'#%--e#! the th#oat a#ea ! *ven - *v*t-%t the -#ea(th an()(th a#e a#-t#a#. Co++on "#a't'e ! to %!e #ato! o$ 1.5 to 2.5 $o# !+a&&

th#oat!0 #!n* to 3 an( a-ove a! the )(th a""#oa'he! 3 ++. The ($$'%&te! o$

a(e8%ate &8%( (!t#-%ton *ene#a&& #e!t#'t th#oat )(th! to 5 ++0 -%t the

-#ea(th +a n'#ea!e a&+o!t n(e$nte& "#ov(e( &8%( !%""& 'an -e en!%#e(a&on* the ent#e (!tan'e.

The #e+ann* (+en!on! +a no) -e (ete#+ne( to !%t the #e8%#e+ent! o$ the

a""&'aton. Note that t"'a& 'onve#*en'e ha&$ an*&e! a#e -et)een an( 150)th !%**e!te( &o)e# an( %""e# &+t! o$ 5 an( 3 #e!"e'tve&0 )th &o) va&%e!

*ene#a&& *vn* &o) (# "#e!!%#e (#o"!. H*he# va&%e! a#e #e'o++en(e( $o#

)ette( )a&& ,ent%#! )he#e a !tee" an*&e en!%#e! *oo( &8%( "enet#aton a'#o!!the th#oat.

4.3 #ntrainment Separation

In ,ent%# !'#%--e#! t ! the ent#an+ent !e"a#ato# )h'h ! a't%a&& the *a! '&eann*

(ev'e. The ,ent%# +e#e& a't! a! an a**&o+e#ato#0 'a%!n* $ne "a#t'&e! to a(he#e to&8%( (#o"&et! $o# the ent#an+ent !e"a#ato# to #e+ove. The -%& o$ th! &atte# "#o'e!!

a't%a&& o''%#! n the e&-o) -et)een the t)o. The !e"a#ato# +%!t the#e$o#e #e+ove -oth

-%& &8%( at h*h ve&o't7 an( (#o"! $ne& (!"e#!e( n the *a! !t#ea+. Ra#e& )&& the!e"a#ato# #e+ove an %na(he#e( (%!t "a#t'&e! o# "#ov(e +%'h a((tona& *a!

"#%$'aton0 a&tho%*h -oth +a -e a'heve( n a $%#the# 'onta'to#0 !%'h a! a "a'e( -e(.

Tota& e$$'en' ! #e8%#e( o$ the !e"a#ato# a! !+a&& &o!!e! 'an !e#o%!& (e*#a(e the

ove#a&& "e#$o#+an'e o$ the !!te+. Fo# ea+"&e0 at 9 the ent#an +ent &o!!e! $#o+ a!'#%--e# o"e#atn* at 1 &+31 1>3+3+37 on a #e''&e &8%o# )th a !o&(!

'on'ent#aton o$ 159 )&& a+o%nt to an e8%va&ent (%!t -%#(en o$ 1.5 *+31.5 1>3

*+37. In !o+e 'a!e! th! +a a""#oa'h the n&et -%#(en to the !'#%--e# t!e&$. T)o>

!ta*e !e"a#aton ! the#e$o#e 'o++on? t#a(tona&& a ''&one $o&&o)e( - a ntte( +e!h"a( o# a -a$$&e e&+nato#0 !o+et+e! -oth.

Ent#an+ent a$te# a !e"a#ato# ! n t)o $o#+!:


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1. !+a&& (#o"&et! (%e to the nhe#ent na-&t o$ the !e"a#ato# to #e+ove the $ne!t

(#o"&et!?

2. #e>ent#an+ent o$ 'o&&e'te( &8%(0 the #e!%&t o$:o t#an!ton $#o+ !e"a#ate( to !e"a#ate(>ent#ane( $&o)0

o #%"t%#e o$ -%--&e!0

o '#ee"n* o$ &8%( on ent#an+ent !%#$a'e!0o !hatte#n* o$ &8%( (#o"&et! #e!%&tn* $#o+ !"&a!hn*.

th +o!t !e"a#ato#! the $o#+e# +a -e #e(%'e( - n'#ea!n* the *a! ve&o't0 the &atte#

- (e'#ea!n* the *a! ve&o't. De!*n ! the#e$o#e &a#*e& a 'o+"#o+!e.

The t#an!ton $#o+ !e"a#ate( $&o) to !e"a#ate(>ent#ane( $&o) o''%#! at the #e>ent#an+ent ve&o't. Th! ! the ove#a&& *a! ve&o't th#o%*h the !e"a#ato# at )h'h &8%(

(#o"&et! )&& -e !t#""e( $#o+ )ette( !%#$a'e!. The +a*nt%(e o$ th! ve&o't (e"en(! on

the Reno&(! n%+-e# o$ the &8%( $&+0 the &8%( "#o"e#te!0 an( the an*&e at )h'h the*a! !t#e! the )ette( !%#$a'e. A 'o##e&aton $o# ''&one! ! "#e!ente( n F*%#e 13

Ca&ve#t et a&0 1657. He#e the &8%( Reno&(! n%+-e# ! *ven -:

#%3$

)he#e a ! the ''&one n&et he*ht an( &the &8%o# v!'o!t )ate# K 2C 1.2 1>3

*+!7. P#a't'a& n&et ve&o'te! a#e -et)een 2 an( 5 +!0 a t"'a& 'ho'e -en*

-et)een 3 an( 4 +!0 )th va&%e! n the &o)e# #an*e -en* %!e( to +n+!e e#o!on

)th &8%o#! o$ h*h !o&(! 'on'ent#aton!. ,a&%e! n the +((&e #an*e *ene#a&& #e!%&t n

"#e!!%#e (#o"! o$ the o#(e# o$ .65 to 1. Pa. Ca&ve#t e!t+ate( that (#o" !


30/37

Figure 1* Re/entrainment from Cc"one S!ra &"iminators #after Ca"ert et a",

1785$

L8%( '#ee" ! *ene#a&& the on& othe# +a/o# 'ont#-%to# to #e>ent#an+ent &o!!e! n

''&one!. Th! 'an -e +n+!e( - +antann* a &o) !%"e#$'a& -o( ve&o'tt"'a&& n the #an*e 2 > 3.5 +!0 "#e$e#a-& 2.4 > 3 +!7 an( eten(n* the *a! et (%'t

nto the ''&one -o(0 th%! $o#+n* a vo#te $n(e#. th #eve#!e $&o) ''&one!0 &o!!e!+a -e $%#the# #e(%'e( - $ttn* a +!t !#t to the vo#te $n(e#. Con!e#vat!+ !%**e!t!

that the !a+e !ho%&( -e (one $o# a 'onventona& ''&one F*%#e 14a7. Lo!!e! +a a&!o -e

+n+!e( - +antann* a &o) et (%'t ve&o't. A&+o!t %nve#!a&& th! ! 1 +!.
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32/37


33/37

h*h ve&o't *a! #e*on! o# 'han*e! o$ $&o) (#e'ton0 e!"e'a&& the /%n'ton at

the !ta#t o$ the th#oat0 (a+"e#!0 an( the e&-o)? !ea&!0 e!"e'a&& 'a!n* !ea& )th "&%*>t"e (a+"e#! )hen %!e( )th a $&oo(e(

e&-o)?

)et(# nte#$a'e!?

!"#a no


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5 D&TAI'&D US& OF 9INISCRUBB&R

Sam!"ing strateg2

The +etho( '&o!e& #e!e+-&e! n>!ta' 'a!'a(e +"a'to# !'%tte#. At &ea!t $o%# "ont!0 t)o ea'h on t)o &ne! at #*ht an*&e!0!ho%&( -e nve!t*ate(. No va#aton !ho%&( -e $o%n( n the !%- 2 +'#on ta&. Mo#e

"#a't'a&&0 )he#e ($$e#en'e! (o e!t0 the &e& e$$e't on the +n!'#%--e# "#e('ton'an -e e!t+ate( - #%nnn* the !


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O!erating !roce0ure2

T"'a&& ! (ata "ont! a#e #e8%#e( $o# an a''e"ta-&e a''%#a'. The!e !ho%&( #e"#e!ent

#e"&'ate !et! at ea'h o$ th#ee "#e!!%#e (#o"!? at a""#o+ate& the (e!#e( "#e!!%#e (#o"e!t+ate( va the +"a'to# !ent#an+ent -%'et. S+%&taneo%!& !)t'h o$$)ate#.

. Ca#e$%&& #e+ove (%!t $#o+ o%t!(e o$ "#o-e0 then #n!e o%t nte#na& (e"o!t! an(

a(( )a!hn*! to the -%'et.

. Re+ove0 (# an( )e*h $&te# to .5 +*. Note the )e*ht *an0 o*+.1. Dete#+ne the &8%o# 'on'ent#aton. Note: n the SPS #e!ea#'h th! )a! (one

ent#e& - )e*hn* a! vo&%+e (ete#+naton! %!n* +ea!%#n* $&a!! )e#e

$o%n( to -e na''%#ate $o# the!e "%#"o!e!. Th#o%*ho%t0 the )e*ht 'ont#-%tono$ the 'o&&e'te( "a#t'%&ate +atte# )a! *no#e(.

T#an!$e# 'o&&e'te( !'#%--n* &8%o# to the 5& -ott&e. Rn!e -%'et an( a((

)a!hn*! to the -ott&e. Re>)e*h -ott&e to .1 * an( hen'e note vo&%+e o$ &8%('o&&e'te(0 ,'+&. Ft the !a+"&n* !#n*e to the -ott&e an( !hae )e&& to *ve a

%n$o#+ !%!"en!on. Inve#t -ott&e an( #e+ove an a""#o+ate& 2 +& a&8%ot.

Re"eat to *ve a tota& o$ !a+"&e!. Pa# to*ethe# nto the $o%# 5 +& 'ontane#!

an( #e>)e*h to .1 +* to (ete#+ne the# vo&%+e! , +&. Eva"o# ate to (#ne!!o# $&te# a! (e!#e( to (ete#+ne the )e*ht o$ "a#t'%&ate +atte# n ea'h0 *+!.

11. Dete#+ne the +n!'#%--e# e$$'en'0 a!:

#%*$

12. )he#e -! the tota& )e*ht o$ "a#t'%&ate 'o&&e'te( n the -%'et
http://internet.processmanual.com/ipm/text.aspx?CODE=MM_1_2http://internet.processmanual.com/ipm/text.aspx?CODE=MM_1_2


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#%+$

13. P&ot e$$'en' n t#an!$e# %nt! a*an!t "#e!!%#e (#o" on &o*>&o* ae! a! "e#

F*%#e 2-7 )he#e N%+-e# o$ T#an!$e# %nt!0 Nt >&n1>17.

14. Re"eat ent#e "#o'e(%#e at &ea!t ! t+e! at th#ee ($$e#ent "#e!!%#e (#o"!.

Ana"sis an0 use of 0ata2

The (ata "&ot )&& nevta-& -e !'atte#e(. The !'atte# +a have t)o 'a%!e!: "oo#e"e#+enta& te'hn8%e0 n )h'h 'a!e a -e!t $t !t#a*ht &ne !ho%&( -e taen th#o%*h a&&

the (ata? o# *en%ne va#aton! (%e to $&%'t%aton! n the "a#t'%&ate !

volume 3 wet dedusters

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