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PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction, or PCR, is a simple yet essential way to make copies of a small amount of DNA by exploiting DNA’s natural ability to replicate itself when a cell divides. The first step is to extract a small amount of DNA from a sample taken from an individual or piece of evidence. The DNA is mixed with a chemical cocktail including natural enzymes, synthetic chemicals called primers, and the four nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine). After filling tiny plastic tubes with the mixture, a technician places them in a microwave-sized Denaturation 95ºC Denaturation 95ºC 30X 75ºC 55ºC Extending Primer Annealing machine that heats and cools the tubes to a series of precise temperatures. The changing temperatures ignite a chain of events, beginning with the denaturing (unzipping) of the double-stranded DNA molecules. Next, the primers bind to the individual strands at precise locations, a process known as annealing. Ushered in place by the primers, enzymes steer the copying of long stretches of code. This sequence is repeated billions of times in just a few hours, supplying ample DNA for investigation. 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 millions

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Page 1: VP ContempBroch Sections · PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction, or PCR, is a simple yet essential way to make copies of a small amount of DNA by exploiting DNA’s natural ability to replicate

PCRPolymerase Chain Reaction, or PCR, is a simple yet essential way to make copies of a small amount of DNA by exploiting DNA’s natural ability to replicate itself when a cell divides.

The first step is to extract a small amount of DNA from a sample taken from an individual or piece of evidence. The DNA is mixed with a chemical cocktail including natural enzymes, synthetic chemicals called primers, and the four nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine). After filling tiny plastic tubes with the mixture, a technician places them in a microwave-sized

Denaturation

95ºC

Denaturation

95ºC

30X

75ºC 55ºC

Extending PrimerAnnealing

machine that heats and cools the tubes to a series of precise temperatures.

The changing temperatures ignite a chain of events, beginning with the denaturing (unzipping) of the double-stranded DNA molecules. Next, the primers bind to the individual strands at precise locations, a process known as annealing. Ushered in place by the primers, enzymes steer the copying of long stretches of code. This sequence is repeated billions of times in just a few hours, supplying ample DNA for investigation.

1

2

4

8

16

32

64

128

millions

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