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INDEX OF NAMES

D'Abro, A. 177 Agassi, J. XVI, 68,101,113,132,177 Ajdukiewicz, K. IX, 32-3, 46,68-71,83,

87-8,105-6,109-10,113-4,119,177,181 Albert, Duke of Prussia 11 Alexander, H. G. 23, 180 Amsterdamski, S. X-XI, XVIII, 46,

112-3, 159, 176-7, 181 Aristarchus of Samos 14 Aristotle 8-9,11,38,43,96-7,150-2,

167, 171 Augustynek, Z. 159, 181 Aulicus 11 Ayer, A. J. 45, 177

Bachelard, G. 177 Bacon, F. 14, 69, 71-4, 169 Baczko, B. IX Barber, B. 142, 177, 179, 181 Bartley, W. W. 46,177 Bellarmine, R. 15 Benedetti, G. 151-2 Berkeley, G. 69 Bernal, J. D. 177 Bernard, C. 14,23, 177 Bochner, S. 177 Bodin, J. 11 Bohr, N. 44,98, 113, 130, 178 Boyle, R. 154-5 Bouvard, A. 97 Broglie, L. de 140 Buck, R. C. 180 Bunge, M. 177 Burnet, P. 23, 178 Butterfield, H. 22-3, 178

Carnap, R. 25-6,31,45,91-2, 112-4, 178,181

Cassirer, E. 46 Chisholm, R. M. 67, 178 Clarke, S. 18-20, 23, 180

Cohen, R. S. X, XV, 46,113,142,177-8, 180, 182

Colodny, R. 67, 178 Conant, J. 178 Copernicus, N. 5, 10, 11-2, 14-5, 22-3,

43, 66, 96, 98, 178 Cotes, R. 19

Darwin, C. 44 Davy, H. 156 Democritus 39 Descartes, R. 7,17,43,72,169,171 Duhem, P. 21, 25, 72, 88, 102, 112, 134,

178

Eilstein, H. X, 87, 176, 178, 181 Einstein, A. VII, 5, 11, 19, 23, 43-4, 99,

113, 123,155, 167, 177-9 Engels, F. IX, 20 Enriques,F. 178 Euclid 114

Faraday, M. 157-8 Feigl, H. 50,67, 178-9, 182 Feyerabend, P. K. 23,55,67, 129, 141-3,

178-9 Fontana, F. 10 Frank, Ph. 23 Frankena, W. K. 178

Galileo, G. 7,9, 14, 15, 17, 79, 98, 150-1 Geymonat, L. 46, 178 Giedymin, J. 87,159, 178-9 GOdel, K. 175-6 Gregory, D. 17,19,20 Griinbaum, A. XVI, 106, 114, 179

Habermas, J. 179 Hall, H. H. 142, 179 Hegel, G. 51,55, 143, 169 Heisenberg, W. 71,142, 179

184 INDEX OF NAMES

Heraclides 14 Hempel, C. G. 45, 179 Hesse, M. 179 Hemy, J. 158 Hirsch, W. 142,177,179,181 Holton, G. J. 179 Hoyle, F. 44 Hume, D. 25, 57, 69-72 HusserI, E. 51

Infeld, L. IX, 178 Ingarden, R. IX, 30, 46, 179

Jacob, F. 13, 22-3, 179 Jammer, M. 179

Kandinsky, W. 5 Kant, I. VD, 20, 25, 26, 50, 72, 84-5,

169-71,176, 179 Kepler, J. 15,66, 134, 179 Klee, P. 5 Klein, M. XVI Kolakowski, L. IX,45-6, 142, 179 Kotarbmska, J. 78,86-7, 179-80 Kotarbinski, T. IX Koyre, A. 17-8,21-3,151, 159, 176, 180 Kramers, H. A. 130 Krzywicki, L. IX Kuhn, T. S. X, XI, 22-3, 38,46, 53-5, 62,

67, 87, 95, 113, 117-29, 135-6, 139-43, 147, 160-3, 173, 177, 180

Kuznjetzov, B. G. 22, 87, 180

Lakatos, I. X, XVI, 33, 46, 62-8, 95, 100-3, 113, 117, 129-43, 147, 158, 173, 176-82

Lanczos, C. 180 Lange, O. IX Laplace, P. S. 14, 18,44 Laudan, L. XVI Leibniz, G. W. 16-20, 23, 180 Le Roy, E. 72,180 Lenz, F. 158 Leonardo da Vinci 5, 152 Lesniewski, S. IX Leverrier, U. 97 Lobatschevski, N. 114 Locke, J. 71-2, 171 Lukasiewicz, J. IX

Mach, E. 25, 69, 71-2, 180 Madden, E. 180 Malebranche, N. 10, 22 Mannheim, K. 46, 180 Masterman, M. 119, 141, 180 Maxwell, J. C. 14, 44, 71, 98, 167 Maxwell, G. 178-9 Mehlberg, H. 27, 45, 180-1 Mejbaum, W. X, 152, 154, 159, 181 Mendel, G. 5, 23 Mendeleer, D. I. 22 Merton, R. K. 181 Michalowski, P. XVI Mill, J. S. 74 Morgan, T. H. 44 Mostowski, A. IX Mullins, N. C. 181 Musgrave, A. 113, 143, 158, 176, 178-82

Nagel, E. XV, 46, 176, 181 Napoleon 18 Needham, J. 179,182 Neugebauer, O. 22 Newman, J. R. 176 Newton, I. 5, 11-2, 14, 16-20,43-4,

97-8, 109, 123, 134-5, ISS, 177-8 Nowak, L. 181

Ohm, G. 153-8 Oppenheimer, R. 127 Osiander, A. 15, 23

Passmore, J. 178 Pavlov, I. P. 44 Pawlowski. T. 86, 179-82 Planck, M. 148,167 Plato 51, 55, 118 Poincare, H. 25, 72, 88, 102, 107-10, 112,

114, 134, 181 Polanyi, M. 55, 67, 95, 129, 141, 181 Pomian, K. X, XVID, 46, 87, 181 Popper, K. R. X, 25, 27, 31-3, 45-59,

67-8, 72, 76-9, 84-96, 100-3, 111-4, 117,121,125,127,128,132,139,140-3, 160-2,176,181

Przel~ki, M. 87, 178,181 Ptolemy 5, 8, 14, 15

Quine, W. V. O. 35,45-6, 108, 114, 162, 182

INDEX OF NAMES 185

Rainko, S. 47, 49, 67, 182 Ravetz, J. R. 182 Reichenbach, H. 25, 40, 45, 50, 112, 182 Rembrandt 5 Rieman, B. 99, 152 Rodin, A. 5 Russell, B. 21, 23

Sarton, G. 180 Schaff, A. IX,87, 113, 177 Scheffer, I. 182 Schilpp, P. 178 Schlik, M. 25-6, 182 Sellars, M. 182 SchrOdinger, E. 22, 182 Scriven, M. 178 Shapere, D. 87 Sherrington, C. S. 44 Singer, C. 182 Slater, J. C. 130 Snow, C. P. 182 De Solla Price, D. XVI, 182 Stanosz, B. 182 Such, J. 159, 182 Suszko, R. X, 143-9, 158-9, 162, 182 Szaniawski, K. IX, XVIII

Tarski, A. IX Tartaglia, N. 151-2 Tatarkiewicz, T. IX Teich, M. 179, 182 Teske, A. 17, 19,23, 182 Thompson, M. 178 Toulmin, S. E. X, 142, 182 Twardowski, K. IX

Van der Waals, J. 15+-5 Vavilov, S. 182 Vermel, E. M. 182 Voltaire, F. M. A. 19, 20, 23

Wartofsky, M. W. X, XV, 46,113,142, 177, 178-82

Watkins, J. W. N. 142, 182 Wiener, N. 44 Williams, L. P. 142 Wittgenstein, L. 25-6

Young, R. 179, 182

Za1Iar, E. 180 Zawirski, Z. IX

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Absolute motion, space, time 16-20 Absolute truth, see truth Acceptance (choice) of basic statements,

see basic statements of observational statements, see obser­

vational statements of theories, see theories See also background knowledge, con­

firmation, corroboration, empirical basis, facts, heuristics, regulative principles

Accumulation of knowledge 5, 6, 20, 22, 38, 119, 146, 148-52, 160-5

and correspondence of theories, see correspondence

Ad hoc hypotheses, see hypotheses Aesthetic criteria 5 Aim of science, see science; see also puzzle

solving, truth Alchemy 24 Analytic-empirical dichotomy 25-7,

34-5, 72 Analytic statements 25-7, 35, 144-5 Anomalies, see empirical anomalies Anti-historicism 48-9 Anti-psychologism 49,67,78-9

See also logicism, psychologism Applied research 127 A priori knowledge, two senses of 85-6 Apriorism XVII, 72, 84-6 Aristotelian cosmology 7, 14,69, 71, 79,

151 empiricism 8-9, 69, 71 doctrine of form and matter 170-1 physics 7-8, 11, 38, 96-8, 150-1, 167

Art versus science evolution 4-6 Assumptions epistemological, see episte-

mology, knowing subject explicit and implicit 111-2,157,175 metaphysical, see metaphysics ontological, see ontology

See also background knowledge, com­mon sense knowledge, consensus omnium, regulatory principles.

Astrology 24, 125 Asymmetry between falsification and

verification 26,87,91,93 Atomism 10,17,39,74 Auxiliary hypotheses, see hypotheses Axiomatic basis, axioms 145-7

Background knowledge 93, 96-110, 103, 109-11, 115, 129-32, 137-8, 149, 157

See also conventionalism, falsification-ism

of competing theories 113, 129 its scope 97, 100, 110-11 its role in interpreting empirical data

87,93,111 See also common sense knowledge,

consensus omnium, empirical basis, epistemology, observation state­ments, ontology, regulative principles

Basic discipline and its ontological con­cepts 166-9

Basic statements 89-90 their choice and justification 77-8,

90-6,100,102-4,130 potential falsifier 90-1 See also empirical basis, conventions,

falsification, observation statements Biology 39, 86, 124-5 Boyle's law 154-5

Cartesian theory of cogito 170-1 Categories of pure reason 85,171 Certainty 67 Common sense knowledge, its relation to

science 29,82,86,111-2 Communication between scientists during

a crisis 168-70 See also paradigms, incommeasurabiIi­

ty, theories

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 187

Competition of theories 130-2, 137-8 See also theories

Conceptual apparatus, its impact upon interpreting empirical data 16, 80-4, 104--6, 111-2, 150-1

See also background knowledge, its scope, observational statements, theoretical statements

Confirmation inductive, confinnability 26-7, 31, 51, 67, 73, 75, 78, 84, 89, 101,108

degree of 26, 78, 91-3 See also probability, logical empiricism,

radical empiricism, testability Congruency 106 Consensus omnium, as framework for

overcoming crisis 168-74 See also epistemological assumptions,

ontological assumptions, rationality, scientific revolutions

Context of justification and context of discovery 47-68,94

and the subject of philosophy of science XVII, 2, 78-9,94,116,135

their logical independence and histor­ical relationships 51-7

See also anti-psychologism, growth of knowledge, logicism, philosophy of science, 'third world'

Continuity in evolution of science, see correspondence of theories, accumu­lation of knowledge, self-identity

Conventions absolute and relative 108-12 methodological, see methodological

rules terminological 30, 104-5 pertaining to basic statements 92-3, 103 to background knowledge 93,103,137 to observational statements 77-8 See also conventionalism, falsification­

ism Conventionalism 63,72,88-114

Ajdukiewicz's 83-4, 88, 105, 110 Duhem's 88, 102, 134 Lakatos' 95, 138 Poincare's 88, 102, 108-10, 113-4, 134 Popper's 78,88-102 revolutionary versus conservative 103 and empiricism 108-14

See also falsification ism Coordination definitions 74 Copernicus'theory 5,102,14-5,96-8 Copenhagen interpretation of quantum

physics 99, 123 Corpuscular and wave theory oflight 140 Correspondence of theories 20, 22, 75,

149-66 formal 149, 152 semantic 150-2 and accumulation of knowledge 148,

150,152-8,160-5 and scientific revolutions 148, 152,

153-66 See also incommeasurabiIity, scientific

revolutions Corroboration 92, 102, 132, 171 Cosmology, cosmological order 39,42-5,

79,98,167 Counter-reformation 115, 129, 136 Criteria of demarcation, see demarcation

of rationality, see rationality Crucial experiments 93, 98, 131 Culture, science as fragment of, see

science

Darwin's theory 5 Deductivism 77, 92, 131

See also falsificationism, inductivism, logic of scientific discovery

Demarcation criteria 4, 22, 24-46, 48, 50, 57, 64, 74, 76, 88-90, 116, 122, 125, 141,161,164

absolute and relative 128 normative versus descriptive 28, 30-3 and the problem of growth of knowl-

edge 28,36-7,48 See also falsifiability, falsificationism,

logical empiricism, puzzle-solving tradition, radical empiricism, tes­tability, verifiability

Demarcation problem 24-46, 50, 52-6, 141

between empirical and formal sciences 25-6,34

between disciplines studying science 52-6

between science and metaphysics 26-7, 31,89-90, 140-1, 170-2

188 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

between science and knowledge on science 33-8

science and non-science xvii, 4, 22, 25-33,89

See also falsificationism, logical em­piricism

Denotation 144,146 Diachronic epistemology, see episte-

mology Diachronic logic, see logic Dialectical logic, see logic Discovery, context of, see context

Empirical anomalies contradicting theories 12, 13, 15, 22, 27, 72, 75-9, 84, 93, 95-6, 115, 132, 140, 157, 162

See also facts, falsification, theories Empirical basis, its relation with theories

~II, 15,22,27, 72-9, 84-6 See also basic statements, facts, obser-

vational statements, theories Empirical content of theories, see theories Empirical data, see facts Empirical meaning 12, 76, 148-9, 157-8

See also empirical statements Empirical statements 12, 25-6, 34, 36-7,

66, 74, 77, 107-9 See also analytic statements, basic

statements, observational statements Empiricism 13, 69-87, 88, 102-14

Aristotelian 8-9, 69, 71 logical, see logical empiricism modern 20-1,28,71 radical, see radical empiricism and ancient science 7-9 and modern science, 7-9, 13, 16-22 as an ontological hypothesis 69-70 versus apriorism 85-6 versus conventionalism 88, 102-14 See also inductivism, logical empiric-

ism, radical empiricism Episteme (and tekhne) 43-5 Epistemological assumptions of science

34,37,66,81-5,87,100,137,167-75 See also knowing subject, metaphysics,

philosophy Epistemological experience 168, 172-5 Epistemological idealism 81

Epistemology 6,46,51,55,57,66,70,85, 95

diachronic versus synchronic 46-55, 67,95

without knowing subject 51,55, 57,66 See also apriorism, empiricism, know­

ing subject, logic of scientific dis­covery, radical empiricism, 'third world'

Error, individual and collective 98-9 Ether theory 10 Ethics 59

of science 29,95 Evolutionary versus revolutionary

changes in science 145-8, 158 See also accumulation, correspondence,

growth of knowledge, incommeasur­ability, paradigm, research programs, scientific revolutions

Evolution of science, see growth of knowledge

Exactness 67 Existential hypotheses, see hypotheses Experience as source and method of con-

trol of knowledge, see empiricism concept of 9,66,84,110,164 direct 70-1, 80-4 indirect 70, 79-80, 83 See also facts, theories

Experiment as arbiter between competing theories 132

authority of7-8, 13 thought-experiment 99 See also experience, empiricism, falsifi-

cation, testability, verification Experimentum crucis 93,98,131 Explanation, theory of 75 External history of science 62-6, 116, 120

See also internal history, psychology and sociology of science

Facts (empirical data) their relation to natural phenomena and to theories ~II, 4-12, 14-6, 20, 22, 37, 69, 72, 73-5, 80-8,98-9, 115, 152

See also empirical anomalies, empir­icism, experience, theories

Falsifiability 27-8, 75, 88-9

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 189

Falsification 26-7, 87-98, 100, 103, 115, 121, 128-33, 137-9

See also basic statements, facts, falsifi­cationism

Falsificationism 27, 49, 64, 77, 88-102, 115-7, 129-41

as ethic of science 95 dogmatic 100 Lakatos' modifications of 101-2, 116,

129-41 naive 100, 102, 132 Popperian 88-102 relation to conventionalism 67-8, 88,

93-5, 131, 138 sophisticated 100-1, 132 See also logic of scientific discovery,

methodology of research programs Framework, see consensus omnium

Galileo's physics 9,17,150-1 Genidentity of science, see self-identity Geometry 107, 114 God 17-9,169 Godel's theorems 175-6 Gravitation 16-7,99, 134-5, 152 Growth of knowledge 6, 14, 22, 35-8, 48,

50, 52-61, 66-7, 84, 88-94, 100, 111-5,119-20

Hard core, see research program Hegelianism 55, 65 Heisenberg's principle 71 Heuristics, heuristic program 168, 171-5

See also metaphysics, regulatory prin­ciples, style of thinking

History of science 2-6,14,24,41,47-52, 57-61,64,66,96,98,115-7,120,131

Hypotheses ad hoc 93,97-8,102 auxiliary 133-4, 138, 147 existential 27,89, 103 metaphysical 16-8,170-6 risky 89-92, 101 probability of, see probability 'hypotheses non fingo' 16-20

Idols of mind 73 Impetus theory 151 Incommensurability 160-165 Indeterminacy principle 71

Inductivism, induction 7, 16, 51, 63, 73, 75-80,84,87,92,101-2

See also empiricism, logical empiricism, radical empiricism

Inertia law 7, 107, 114, 151 Information theory 69 Instrumentalism 36, 10, 174 Internal history of science 62-6, 116

See also logic of scientific discovery, logical reconstruction

Interpretative statements, see theoretical statements

Intersubjective control 57, 80 Irrationalism, irrationality, non­

rationality 54, 57, 63-7, 89,160-4 See also rationalism

Isochrony of clocks 106

Kant's philosophy 20, 72 See also apriorism

Knowing subject 66, 69-70, 71, 74, 80-2, 85,168-172

See also consensus omnium, epistemo­logical assumptions, epistemology

Knowledge, a priori 85-6 background, see background knowl­

edge common sense, see common sense

knowledge growth of, see growth of knowledge objectivity of 51, 55, 57, 61, 74, 81-3,

see also 'world third' subjectivity of 51, 57, 81-3, see also

'world second' theory of, see epistemology without presuppositions 175 See also science, theories

Language, artificial 31, 83, 104-5, 111 'closed' and 'coherent' 103, 105-6,

118-9,160,161,175 formalized 144-9 meta 34 natural 12, 82-3, 104-5, 110 observational 75-7,86 systems 48,86,105,108 untranslatability of 105-6, 160-1

Laws 26, 71, 91, 108-9, 152-8 dependence stated by 152-8

190 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

conditions and range of relevance 153-9

as prohibitions 91 Logic 25-7,31-6,51, 145, 169

diachronic 143-8 dialectical 143 laws of 33, 35-6, 51, 72 and philosophy of science, see philos­

ophy of science Logical empiricism 26-7,47-9,67,69,72,

76 See also empiricism, inductivism,

radical empiricism Logical reconstruction of growth of

knowledge 37, 48-9, 59-66, 77, 94, 96, 98, 100, 116

of structure of science 47-9, 58, 72, 76-7

See also growth of knowledge, external and internal history, logic of scientific discovery

Logicism 79, 94 See also anti-psychologism

Logic of scientific discovery 48-9, 88-102,129-41,161

and the context of justification and discovery 48-9, 53, 55

and the growth of knowledge 48-9, 53-6, 60-6, 115-8, 129-41

normative versus descriptive character of 57-62

as normative pattern of scientific procedures 58-60, 68, 143

as normative standards of appraisal 58-60, 68, 95, 143

and rationality of science, see rational­ity

and scientific revolutions, see scientific revolutions

See also external and internal history of science, falsificationism, logical re­construction, methodology of re­search programs

Magic 24 Marxism IX 89 Mathematics 13,24-7, 31-5, 169 Maxwell's theory 167 Meaningful statements 26,31-2

Meaning invariance of observational terms and statements 72-5, 146, 149

See also facts, observational terms, observational statements

Measuring instruments, procedures 21, 70-1,79-83, 100, 106, 137

See also experience Mechanistic theory of nature 167 Memory 70 Mendel's theory 5, 23 Mercury orbit 12-3,97-8 Metaphysics and evolution of science

16-7,18-20,31,48,65,74, 140, 146, 169-75

See also consensus omnium, epistemo­logical and ontological assumptions

Metaphysical statements 26-7,89 Methodological rules xvii, 4-6, 22, 24,

28,30-9,45,48,52,92-8,103,115-8, 129-34, 161, 168

See also methodology, philosophy of science, rationality, science

Methodology of science a-pragmatic versus pragmatic 32 descriptive (naturalistic) versus norma-

tive 31-3, 58-9, 62 diachronic versus synchronic 47-55,95 of research programs 63, 129-41, 161 and values 30-1 See also logic of scientific discovery,

philosophy of science Mill's canons 74 Model (semantic) 145-9 Models of evolution of science

inductivist see inductivism Kuhnian 117-29, see also paradigm,

normal science, scientific revolutions Lakatosian 62-6, 129-41, see also me­

thodology of scientific research pro­grams, external and internal history

Popperian 88-102, 129-41, see also falsification ism, logic of scientific discovery

Modus tolens 93, 133, 135, 138, 141

Natural histories 73 Natural phenomena and scientific facts

82, 149-52 See also facts, theories

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 191

Neoplatonism 69, 70 Neurophysiology 69,70 Newton-Leibniz controversy 16-20 Newtonian physics 5, 12, 16-20, 97-8,

123,130,134,147, 152, 155, 167 Newton's third law 109, 134 Normal science 117-29, 135- 6, 165, 174 Norms, see methodology

Objective knowledge, see knowledge, 'world third'

Objective spirit 51 Observational language, see language Observational statements, their accept-

ance 7, 76-87, 92-5, 104-5, 115 their justification 73, 76-77 their meaning (theory-ladenness) 72-5,

79-84,86-7,92,147-9 See also empirical basis, theories

Observational terms 75-6, 86 Ohm's law 152-7 Ontological assumptions 16-20, 82, 85,

100,120,137,167-85 Operationalism 36

Paradigm 87,95,116-29,135-6,140,160, 174

articulation of 127, 135, 147 epistemological 117 level of generality of 123-5, 163-4, see

also local and global scientific rev­olutions

transition to a new one, see scientific revolutions

See also normal science, research programs

Permanent revolution 88, 121, 127, 132 Petitio principi 175 Phenomenalism 72, 76 Physicalism 72, 76 Philosophy of science xvii, 1-3, 24, 42,

47-68,93-5,116-9,133,169-76 its limitation to logic and methodology

xvii,2,47-69, 78-9,94,116,135 its subject and tasks 1, 3, 22, 33, 47,

56-67 See also methodology of science

Planck's constant 148 Platonism 55

Potential falsifiers 90-1 Preformation theory 9-10,39 Probabilistic statements 27 Probability of hypotheses 91-2, 112-3 Psychoanalysis 89 Psychologism 51,77-9 Psychology 69, 70

of science 2, 24, 50-1, 54, 57, 95, 160 Ptolemaic theory 5,8,11,14,15 Puzzles (of normal science) 121-7, 135 Puzzle solving activity 125-8, 135

Quantum mechanics 21, 36, 123, 146, 167-8

Qualities, dispositional, primary, secondary 81

Radiation theory 98,155 Radical empiricism xvii, 6-13, 21-2, 26

31, 35, 37, 63, 69-86, 88,92-4, 104, 107, 115, 117, 150, 160-1

See also empiricism, inductivism, logi­cal empiricism, observational state­ments, theories

Rational criticism 11,51,89, 173 discussion about norms 30-1

Rationalism, rationality; criteria of 4,36, 48,63-6,95,116,119,160-5,173

of science 29, 45, 51, 55, 57-8, 61-6, 89,95,98,119,139,160-4

Realism 36,81 Reduction of theories to observational

statements 74 Reductionism 166 Regressus ad infinitum 104 Regulatory principles 168-9, 172-6 Relativity theory 5, 12, 19-21, 59, 113,

123,130,147-8,152,155,157-8,167, 169

Research program 129, 133-141 its hard core 133-5, 138, 140 negative and positive heuristics 134,

135, 138, 139 transition to a new one 137-41, 143,

163 See also falsification ism, logic of scien­

tific discovery, methodology of re­search programs

192 INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Resistance to new theories 99 Revolutions, see scientific revolutions Riemann's space 99, 132

Science, aim of 5,85,125,126-7,128,135 autonomy of 21 and common sense knowledge 29, 82,

86,111-2 continuity of, see self-identity demarcation of, see demarcation definition of 8,24,28,30-9,41,63 empirical and formal 25, 27, 34-5 ethics of 29, 95 function in human culture XVII, 23,

29,37,39-45,50,65-6,116,127,163 as language system 105, 108-10 and metaphysics 41-5, 127-8, 160-75 and meta-science 31,33-8 normal, see normal science policy 2 and practical skills 42 rationality of, see rationality reputation of 29 and sciences 122-4 as social institution 2,29,44,85 unity of 105,108-10 and values 30-1, 54 See also philosophy of science,

sociology of science Scientific communities 54, 120-1 Scientific revolutions 117-8, 122, 124,

135,136,141,144-175 global and local 123-5, 162-8, 171 strong and weak 146-9,162 of 17th century 6-9,20,70-1,163,

167-9 rational character of 160-5 incommeasurability of theories 160-3 See also common sense knowledge,

consensus omnium, heuristics, meta­physics, methodology, normal sci­ence, paradigm, research program, regulative principles

Self-identity of science 39-45 absolute 40 functional 41-2 genidentity 40-1 relative 40 structural 40

Self-knowledge, self-reflection, see knowl­edge

Semantics, semantic system 145-9 Semantic rules 74, 76, 83, 87, 104-5, 109,

149 Senses, sense-data 69-12,75,80-3,85,87 Series of theories

degenerative 130, 134, 136, 138, 140 progressive 130-1, 134, 136, 138-40 See also research program

Simplicity 15, 103 Simultaneity, definition of 12, 106 Sociology 169

of knowledge 52 of science 2-3,24,50-1,54,57,61

Statements, see analytic, basic, conven­tions, empirical, existential, hypo­theses, interpretative, meaningful metaphysical, normative, observa­tional, probabilistic, theoretical, uni­versal statements

Stellar parallax 11 Style of thinking 2, 116, 163, 168, 169 Subjectivity, see subjective knowledge,

'world second' Synchronic epistemology, see

epistemology

Tacit knowledge 116 Testability 26, 170-4 Tekhne (and episteme) 43-5 Theoretical statements 26,74-9,83-7,95,

103,115 Theoretical terms 74-6, 86, 94 Theories, their acceptance, see empirical

basis, empirical anomalies, facts, falsification, verification

and background knowledge, see back­ground knowledge

and common sense knowledge 29, 82, 86,111-2

competition of 130-2, 137-8 confirmation of, see confirmation correspondence of, see correspond-

ence empirical content of 12,39,89-91,

129-34 falsification of, see falsification incommeasurabilityof 160-4

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 193

as inductive generalisation, see inductivism

refutation without new empirical data 7, 11, 14, 131

reduction to observational statements, see reduction

series of 130-40 structure of, see logical reconstruction unfalsifiable 88-9, 91 as untranslatable languages 105-6,

160-1 Theory of knowledge, see epistemology,

knowing subject Thermodynamics 38, 74 Theseus ship 39 Third world, see 'world third' Trial and error method 92

See also deductivism Truth, absolute 118, 146

as aim of science 125-8, 135 as common agreement of scientists 126 as instrumental and autotelic value 128

truth-value 26,51, 107, 144, 164

Unfalsifiability 27, 88-91 Unified field theory 167 Universal statements 26-7,90, 107 Unity of science 105, 108-10

Values 4, 13,30-31,54,116, 128 Van der Waals law 154-5 Verifiability 26 Vicious circle 108-9, 120, 175

Wave theory of light 140 'Weight' of hypotheses 91 'World first' 57

'second' 51,57 'third' 51,55, 57, 58, 94

World of ideas 51 World perspective 7,97, 106,118, 150,

167

SYNTHESE LIBRARY

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1. J. M. BoCHENSKI, A Precis 0/ Mathematical Logic. 1959, X + 100 pp. 2. P. L. GUIRAUD, Problemes et methodes de la statistique linguistique. 1960, VI + 146

pp. 3. HANS FREUDENTHAL (ed.), The Concept and the Rnle 0/ the Model in Mathematics

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4. EVERT W. BETH, Formal Methods. An Introduction to Symbolic Logic and the Study oj'EjJectivt; Operations in Arithmetic and Logic. 1962, XIV + 170 pp.

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6. MARX W. W ARTOFSKY (ed.), Proceedings 0/ the Boston Colloquium for the Philos­ophy 0/ Science, 196/-1962, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume I. 1973, VIII + 212 pp.

7. A. A. ZINOV'EV, Philosophical Problems of Many- Valued Logic. 1963, XIV + 155 pp. 8. GEORGES GURVITCH, The Spectrum of Social Time. 1964, XXVI + 152 pp. 9. PAUL LoRENZEN, Formal Logic. 1965, VIII + 123 pp.

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11. EVERT W. BETH, Mathematical Thought. An Introduction to the Philosophy 0/ Mathematics. ] 965, XII + 208 pp.

12. EVERT W. BETH and JEAN PlAGET, Mathematical Epistemology and Psychology. 1966, XlI + 326 pp.

13. GUIDO KliNG, Ontology and the Logistic Anolysis 0/ Language. An Enquiry into the Contemporary Views on Universals. 1967, XI + 210 pp.

14. ROBERT S. COHEN and MARX W. WARTOFSKY (eds.), Proceedings of the Boston Colloquium/or the Philosophy 0/ Science 1964-1966, in Memory 0/ Norwood Russell Hanson, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume III. 1967, XLIX +489 pp.

15. C. D. BROAD, Induction, Probability, and Causation. Selected Papers. 1968, XI+296pp.

16. GiiNTHER PATZIG, Aristotle's Theory of the Syllogism. A Logical-Philosophical Study of Book A of the Prior Analytics. 1968, XVII + 215 pp.

17. NICHOLAS REsCHER, Topics in Philosophical Logic. 1968, XIV +347 pp. 18. ROBERT S. CoHEN and MARX W. WARTOFSKY (eds.), Proceedings of the Boston

Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science 1966-1968, Boston Studies in the Philos­ophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume IV. 1969, VIII + 537 pp.

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20. J. W. DAVIS, D. J. HOCKNEY, and W. K. WILSON (eds.), Philosophical Logic. 1969, VIII + 277 pp.

21. D. DAVIDSON and J. HINTIKKA (eds.), Words and Objections: Essays on the Work of W. V. Quine. 1969, VIII + 366 pp.

22. PATRICK SUPPES, Studies in the Methodology and Foundations of Science. Selected Papers from 1911 to 1969, XII + 473 pp.

23. JAAKKO HINTIKKA, Models for Modalities. Selected Essays. 1969, IX + 220 pp. 24. NICHOLAS REsCHER et al. (eds.). Essay in Honor of Carl G. Hempel. A Tribute on

the Occasion of his Sixty-Fifth Birthday. 1969, VII + 272 pp. 25. P. V. TAVANEC (ed.), Problems of the Logic of Scientific Knowledge. 1969,

XII +429 pp. 26. MARSHALL SWAIN (ed.), Induction, Acceptance, and Rational &lief 1970.

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30. ROLF A. EBERLE, Nominalistic Systems. 1970, IX + 217 pp. 31. PAUL WEINGARTNER and GERHARD ZECHA (eds.), Induction, Physics, and Ethics,

Proceedings and Discussions of the 1968 Salzburg Colloquium in the Philosophy of Science. 1970, X + 382 pp.

32. EVERT W. BETH, Aspects of Modern Logic. 1970, XI + 176 pp. 33. RISTO HILPlNEN (ed.), Deontic Logic: Introductory and Systematic Readings. 1971,

VII + 182 pp. 34. JEAN-LoUIS KRIvINE, Introduction to Axiomatic Set Theory. 1971, VII + 98 pp. 35. JOSEPH D. SNEED, The Logical Stricture of Mathematical Physics. 1971, XV + 311

pp. 36. CARL R. KORDIG, The Justification of Scientific Change. 1971, XIV + 119 pp. 37. MILle CAPEK, Bergson and Modern Physics, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of

Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume VII, 1971, XV+414pp.

38. NORWOOD RUSSELL HANSON, What I do not Believe, and other Essays, ed. by Stephen Toulmin and Harry Woolf, 1971, XII + 390 pp.

39. ROGER C. BUCK and ROBERT S. COHEN (edS.), PSA 1970. In Memory of Rudolf Carnap, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky, Volume VIll. 1971, LXVI + 615 pp. Also available as a paperback.

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41. YEHOSHUA BAR-Hn.LEL (ed)., Pragmatics of Natural Languages. 1971, VII + 231 pp. 42. SOREN STENLUND, Combinators, A.-Terms and Proof Theory. 1972, 184 pp. 43. MARTIN STRAUSS, Modern Physics and Its Philosophy. Selected Papers in the logic,

History, and Philosophy of Science. 1972, X + 297 pp. 44. MARIO BUNGE, Method, Model and Matter. 1973, vn + 196 pp. 45. MARIO BUNGE, Philosophy of Physics. 1973, IX + 248 pp. 46. A. A. ZlNOV'EV, Foundations of the Logical Theory of Scientific Knowledge (Complex

Logic), Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume IX. Revised and enlarged English edition with an appendix, by G. A. Smirnov, E. A. Sidorenko, A. M. Fedina, and L. A. Bobrova 1973, XXII + 301 pp. Also available as a paperback.

47. LADISLOV TONDL, Scientific Procedures, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume X. 1973, xn + 268 pp. Also available as a paperback.

48. NORWOOD RUSSELL HANSON, Constellations and Conjectures, ed. by Willard C. Humphreys, Jr. 1973, X + 282 pp.

49. K. J. J. HINTIKKA, J. M. E. MORAVCSIK, and P. SUPPES (eds.), Approaches to Natural Language. Proceedings of the 1970 Stanford Workshop on Grammar and Semantics. 1973, VIn + 526 pp. Also available as a paperback.

50. MARIO BUNGE (ed.), Exact Philosophy - Problems, Tools, and Goals. 1973, X + 214 pp.

51. RADu J. BOGDAN and ILKKA NIINILUOTO (eds.), Logic, Language, and Probability. A selection of papers contributed to Sections IV, VI, and XI of the Fourth Inter­national Congress for Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, Bucharest, September 1971. 1973, X + 323 pp.

52. GLENN PEARCE and PATRICK MAYNARD (eds.), Conceptual Chance. 1973, xn + 282 pp.

53. ILKKA NIINILUOTO and RAIMo TuoMELA, Theoretical Concepts and Hypothetico­Inductive Inference. 1973, vn + 264 pp.

54. ROLAND FRAissf, Course of Mathematical Logic - Volume I: Relation and Logical Formula. 1973, XVI + 186 pp. Also available as a paperback.

55. ADoLF GRUNBAUM, Philosophical Problems of Space and Time. Second, enlarged edition, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume XII. 1973, XXllI + 884 pp. Also available as a paperback.

56. PATRICK SUPPES (ed.), Space, Time, and Geometry. 1973, XI + 424 pp. 57. HANS KELSEN, Essays in Legal and Moral Philosophy, selected and introduced by

Ota Weinberger. 1973, XXVllI + 300 pp. 58. R. J. SEEGER and ROBERT S. CoHEN (eds.), Philosophical Foundations of Science.

Proceedings of an AAAS Program, 1969. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume XI. 1974, X + 545 pp. Also available as paperback.

59. ROBERT S. CoHEN and MARX W. W ARTOFSKY (eds.), Logical and Epistemological

Studies in Contemporary Physics, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume XlII. 1973, VIII + 462 pp. Also available as paperback.

60. ROBERT S. COHEN and MARX W. WARTOFSKY (eds.), Methodological and Historical Essays in the Natural and Social Sciences. Proceedings 0/ the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy 0/ Science, 1969-1972, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume XIV. 1974, VIII + 405 pp. Also available as paperback.

61. ROBERT S. CoHEN, J. J. STACHEL, and MARx W. WARTOFSKY (eds.), For Dirk Struik. Scientific, Historical and Political Essays in Honor 0/ Dirk J. Struik, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume XV. 1974, XXVII + 652 pp. Also available as paperback.

62. KAZIMIERZ ArouKIEWIcz, Pragmatic Logic, trans!. from the Polish by Olgierd Wojtasiewicz. 1974, XV + 460 pp.

63. SOREN STENLUND (ed.), Logical Theory and Semantic Analysis. Essays Dedicated to Stig Kanger on His Fiftieth Birthday. 1974, V + 217 pp.

64. KENNETH F. SCHAFFNER and ROBERTS. CoHEN (eds.), Proceedings 0/ the 1972 Biennial Meeting, Philosophy 0/ Science Association, Boston Studies in the Philos­ophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume XX. 1974, IX + 444 pp. Also available as paperback.

65. HENRY E. KYBURG, JR., The Logical Foundations 0/ Statistical In/erence. 1974, IX +421 pp.

66. MARJORIE GRENE, The Understanding 0/ Nature: Essays in the Philosophy 0/ Biology, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume XXIII. 1974, XlI + 360 pp. Also available as paperback.

67. JAN M. BROEKMAN, Structuralism: Moscow, Prague, Paris. 1974, IX + 117 pp. 68. NORMAN GESCHWlND, Selected Papers on Language and the Brain, Boston Studies

in the Philosophy of Science (ed. by Robert S. Cohen and Marx W. Wartofsky), Volume XVI. 1974, XII +549 pp. Also available as paperback.

69. ROLAND FRAIssE. Course 0/ Mathematical Logic - Volume II: Model Theory. 1974, XlX+ 192 pp.

70. ANDRZEJ GRZEGORCZYK, An Outline 0/ Mathematical Logic. Fundamental Results and Notions Explained with all Details. 1974, X + 596 pp.

SYNTHESE HISTORICAL LIBRARY

Texts and Studies

in tye History of Logic and Philosophy

Editors:

N. KRETZMANN (Cornell University)

G. NUCHELMANS (University of Leyden)

L. M. DE RuK (University of Leyden)

1. M. T. BEONIO-BROCCHlERI F'uMAGALU, The Logic of Abelard. Translated from the Italian. 1969, IX + 101 pp.

2. GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEmNITZ, Philosophical Papers and Letters. A selection trans­lated and edited, with an introduction, by Leroy E. Loemker. 1969, XII + 736 pp.

3. ERNST MALLY, Logische Schri/ten, ed. by Karl Wolf and Paul Weingartner. 1971, X+340pp.

4. LEWIS WHITE BECK (ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Kant Congress. 1972, XI + 718 pp.

5. BERNARD BOLZANO, Theory of Science, ed. by Jan Berg. 1973, XV + 398 pp.

6. J. M. E. MORAVCSIK (ed.), Patterns in Plato's Thought. Papers arising out of the 1971 West Coast Greek Philosophy Conference. 1973, YIII + 212 pp.

7. NABIL SHEHABY, The Propositional Logic of Avicenna: A Translation from al­Shifd:al-Qiyiis, with Introduction, Commentary and Glossary. 1973, XIII + 296 pp.

8. DESMOND PAUL HENRY, Commentary on De Grammatico: The Historical-Logical Dimensions of a Dialogue of St. Anselm's. 1974, IX + 345 pp.

9. JOHN CoRCORAN, Ancient Logic and Its Modern Interpretations. 1974. X + 208 pp.

10. E. M. BARTH, The Logic of the Articles in Traditional PhilosophY. 1974, XXVII + 533 pp.

11. J AAKKO H1NTucKA, Knowledge and the Known. Historical Perspectives in Epistemolo­gy. 1974, XII +243 pp.

12. E. J. AsHWORTH, Language and Logic in the Post-Medieval Period. 1974, XIII + 304pp.