wadbilliga fire management...

Fire ManagementStrategy

Wadbilliga andSouth East ForestNational Park

NSWNATIONALPARKS ANDWILDLIFESERVICE

Fire Management Strategy for Wadbilliga and South East Forest National Park2

FIRE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

WADBILLIGA AND SOUTH EAST FOREST NATIONAL PARK

NSW National Parks and Wildlife ServiceFar South Coast Region

November, 2003


AACCKKNNOOWWLLEEDDGGMMEENNTTSSThe author of this strategy was the Narooma Office of the Far South Coast Region of the N.S.WNational Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS).

This book is copyright.Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, aspermitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without writtenpermission. Inquiries should be addressed to the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service.

Published by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Far South Coast Region, June2003. Contact: Fire Officer, PO Box 282, Narooma, NSW, 2546.

ISBN * **** **** *.


TTAABBLLEE OOFF CCOONNTTEENNTTSS

1.1. Scope and Purpose .............................................................................................. 51.2. Fire Management Objectives................................................................................ 51.3. Description of the Reserves ................................................................................. 6

1.3.1 Location and Terrain.................................................................................. 61.3.2 Fire History and Frequency ....................................................................... 81.3.3 Natural and Cultural Heritage .................................................................... 91.3.4 Recreational use and facilities................................................................. 101.3.5 Infrastructure ........................................................................................... 101.3.6 Summary of key fire issues ..................................................................... 10

2.1. Introduction......................................................................................................... 132.2. Life and Property ................................................................................................ 132.3. Cultural Heritage................................................................................................. 142.4. Natural Heritage ................................................................................................. 14

3.1. Introduction......................................................................................................... 203.2. Fire Management Zones .................................................................................... 20

3.2.1 Asset Protection Zones ........................................................................... 203.2.2 Strategic Wild Fire Control Zones............................................................ 203.2.4 Fire Exclusion Zones............................................................................... 22

3.3. Radiation Zones and Strategic Fuel Breaks ....................................................... 323.4. Fire Management Trails and Roads ................................................................... 333.5. Other Fire Control Advantages........................................................................... 343.6. Education, Co-operation and Enforcement......................................................... 343.7. Research and Monitoring ................................................................................... 34

1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 5

2. BUSHFIRE RISKS ............................................................................................... 13

3. BUSHFIRE RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES............................................... 20

4. REFFERENCES................................................................................................... 35


11.. IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN1.1. Scope and PurposeThis strategy describes the strategies the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) willimplement to meet its fire management obligations under the Rural Fires Act 1997, NationalParks and Wildlife Act 1974 and Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 in Wadbilliga andSouth East Forest National Park (hereafter referred to as ‘the reserves’) between 2002 and2007.

This strategy has been prepared in accordance with the policies and procedures detailed in theNPWS Fire Management Manual (NPWS, 2001), NPWS Fire Management Planning Strategy(NPWS, 2001) and the Wadbilliga and South East Forests National Park Draft Plan ofManagement (NPWS, 2001).

This strategy is supported by:• Fire Management Works Schedules which are prepared annually and list the fire

management strategies to be implemented each year.• Bush fire Suppression Guidelines which are prepared annually and identify natural, cultural

and capital assets to be protected from bush fire each year and fire control advantages.• Far South Coast Region Incident Response Procedures which are prepared annually and

detail general bushfire preparedness and response procedures.

This strategy is also supported by hardcopy maps and a Geographic Information System (GIS)database maintained at the NPWS Far South Coast Regional Office, Narooma. Data used bythis strategy to display mapped information has been burnt to a standard CD with workingArcview 3.2 and Spatial Analyst Project file (.apr) and can be run independently of the NPWSGIS database using the same GIS software.

1.2. Fire Management ObjectivesConsistent with the statutory obligations and policies of NPWS, as defined in the NPWS FireManagement Planning Strategy (NPWS, 2001), the fire management objectives defined for thereserves are to:

• Reduce the occurrence of human caused unplanned fires in the reserves.• Suppress unplanned fires occurring in the reserves.• Minimise the potential for the spread of bushfires within, from or into the reserves.• Protect from bushfires occurring in the reserves, persons and property in, or immediately

adjacent to, the reserves.• Manage fire regimes to avoid the extinction of all species that are known to occur naturally

within the reserves.• Protect from damage by bushfires all Aboriginal sites, historic places and culturally

significant features which are known to exist within the reserves.


1.3. Description of the Reserves

This strategy applies to the following National Parks:• Wadbilliga National Park (including recent Murrabrine, Wandella, Dampier and Badja

additions), and• South East Forest National Park (previously Glenbog and Bemboka State Forest).

In addition to the reserves, this strategy also considers fuels, assets and fire control advantagesthat are outside but continuous with, or adjacent to, those in the reserves.

1.3.1 Location and Terrain

The reserves are located within the Bega Valley, Eurobodalla and Cooma Monaro LocalGovernment Areas (table 1) on the Far South Coast / Southern Tableland Escarpment of NSWapproximately 350 km South of Sydney and 100 km South East of Canberra (Map 1).

The major land-use practices adjoining the Reserves are grazing (cattle and sheep), timberproduction (State Forests and private lands) and a variety of residential development onsmaller-sized rural allotments.

The Reserves provide an almost contiguous expanse of hinterland on the NSW Far SouthCoast, from Narooma (in the north) to Bega (in the south). The total size of this area and that ofeach reserve is show in Table 1.

Table 1: Area of each reserve

Reserve Hectares BVSC % ESC % CMSC%

Wadbilliga National Park 95’072 67 9 9

South East Forests NP(Bemboka & Glenbog sections)

17’437 15 0 0

Total = 112’509 82% 9% 9%

Elevation within the Reserves extends from near sea level to over 1400 metres. The Reservescover a range of topographical features, from tableland plateau in the west, through deeplydissected escarpment on the east of the tablelands, to gently undulating coastal foothills andplains east of the Reserves.

Table 2: Slope analysis in the Reserves

Slope a % area Hectares

0 - 50 4% 4’896

5 - 100 8% 9’314

10 - 150 12% 13’082

15 - 180 8% 8’874

> 180 68% 76’131

a – slope categories for Planning for Bush Fire Protection.


1.3.2 Fire History and Frequency (see Maps 2 & 3)

Fire history records for the study area are available from 1938/39 to 1999/2000. From thisinformation, significant fires occur every 6-8 years.

Figure 1: Hectares burnt within the Reserves by wildfire from 1938/39 to 1999/2000

Source: NPWS GIS records at time of writing Strategy

The risk of fire in the Reserves has been greatest during spring, and in January.

Figure 2: Monthly occurrence of wildfire in the Reserves, 1970/71 to 1998/99

Lightning is the dominant cause of wildfire in the Reserves, closely followed by illegal ignitionsas the next most common cause. Fires resulting from negligence or accident account for about9% of fires each year, and are primarily escapes from burning off practices on surroundinglands.

The first record of prescribed burning within the Reserves is in 1974/75. Large areas,particularly in the 1970’s, were burned as a result of the broad area aerial ignition practices ofthat era.

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Small to moderate sized areas averaging around 4.5% of the Reserves were burned prior toeach fire season. The majority of the recorded prescribed burning activities within the Reserveshave been within the Wadbilliga National Park.

Figure 3: Hectares burned within the Reserves by prescribed fires from 1974/75 to 99/2000

1.3.3 Natural and Cultural Heritage

The Reserves’ natural heritage of regional significance includes:• their considerable area (hectares) and altitudinal range that provide opportunities for more

natural ecological processes and the cohabitation of a wide range of species• provision of an expansive natural area that protects the full extent of habitat for species with

very large home ranges such as the Powerful Owl• sub-alpine and swamp communities and dry and temperate rainforests• 21 species of plant and animal listed within the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995

and many other populations that are disjunct or isolated. About 5% of the known rare andthreatened species of NSW are found in the Reserves

A significant portion of the Reserves is also declared wilderness. The Brogo Wilderness wasoriginally declared in 1983 under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (and later under theWilderness Act 1987) and covers 32,000 hectares of Wadbilliga National Park.

Sixty-nine vegetation communities (CRA data) occur within the Reserves ranging fromrainforests and moist forests through to woodlands and heathlands (Appendix 1). Thirty-nineplant species occurring within the Reserves are listed as Rare or Threatened Australian Plants(ROTAP - Briggs & Leigh 1995), of which six are listed on the schedules of the ThreatenedSpecies Conservation Act 1995.

Fifteen fauna species listed in the schedules of the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995are known to occur in the Reserves.

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The recorded Aboriginal sites are generally on flat, well drained ground suitable for camping.Scatters of stone artefacts, made from riverbed stones, are the most common types of site.Quartz, quartzite, jasper, mudstone and silcrete artefacts are found on river flats and low hillspurs next to watercourses and near swamps.

Small artefact scatters (mostly quartz from reef outcrops) also occur along ridgelines and insaddles on top of the ranges, indicating possible through routes to the coast. It is also likely thatsites of cultural or religious significance exist within the Reserves.

The Reserves have 26 recorded historic sites and landscapes. These sites include originalsurveying, grazing, gold mining (and to a lesser degree mining for silver and other minerals) andthe movement of stock between the coast and the tablelands.

Historic sites associated with the South East Forests National Park are known to include FinnsHut, Brown Mountain Power Station, Cochrane Dam and Pipers Lookout.

1.3.4 Recreational use and facilities

The Reserves offer outstanding wilderness and remote area recreational opportunities andprovide a range of low-key recreational facilities. Visitor facilities include camping and picnicareas, walking tracks and public access roads and trails. These facilities provide access tovarious places of interest and are departure points into the wilderness and more remote areasof the Reserves.

Wilderness areas within the Reserves provide opportunities for solitude and self-reliantrecreation that are not provided in more developed areas. These will be managed in accordancewith the Wilderness Act 1987 and the relevant Service policies (NPWS 1989; 1996).

1.3.5 Infrastructure

Community assets potentially damaged by fire include human life, buildings and infrastructure,and economic assets, such as tourist destinations, agricultural assets and timber.

Rural allotments, farming infrastructure and isolated private dwellings constitute the majority ofadjacent infrastructure assets potentially affected by wildfire.

1.3.6 Summary of key fire issues

• Protection of neighbouring properties to the east and south of the reserves.• Protection of remote properties (Brassknocker and Belowra Rd inholdings).• Reliance on neighbouring properties to implement and maintain appropriate asset protection

zones as per Planning for Bushfire Protection Guidelines (NSW RFS 2001).• Implementation of Strategic Wildfire Control Zones to slow or impede the progression of fire

from the north west/west to the east south-east.• Maintenance of Biodiversity where upper thresholds are shown to be exceeded.


22.. BBUUSSHHFFIIRREE RRIISSKKSS2.1. IntroductionThe large number of assets within and around the reserves means it is not possible toimplement active fire management strategies to protect all assets that could be damaged by fireor inappropriate fire regimes. Bushfire Risk Analysis has been undertaken to identify thoseassets most at risk and therefore most in need of the application of active fire managementstrategies.

For the purpose of this strategy, Bushfire Risk is defined as the chance of a bushfire orinappropriate fire regime occurring and causing damage to assets within or adjacent to thereserves. Assets include life and property, cultural heritage and natural heritage.

A Bushfire Risk Analysis method described in Appendix 1 has been applied to classify all assetswithin and adjacent to the reserves into one of the following 7 risk classes. These risk classeshave been developed to be consistent with standard Assets Protection Zone requirementsoutlined by the revised Planning for Bush Fire Protection 2001. All building assets within andadjacent to the reserves that intersect a risk class of 3 or higher (immediately adjacent to thereserves) are illustrated in Map 6 and listed in the following sections.

2.2. Life and Property

Based on the criteria specified in appendix 1, there are 11 locations within and around thereserves where life and property is at an intermediate or higher Risk from Bushfire (Map 8,Table 3).

Table 3: Locations within and around the reserves where it is considered an intermediateor higher Bushfire Risk to life and property exists (see Map 8).Location TenureBelowra Rd Inholdings PPBrassKnocker Ck Inholdings PPYowrie River / Kooringa (Yowrie) PPIllawambra PPMurrabrine Mt PPPuen Buen (Upper Brogo) PPBrogo Dam PPDouble Ck / Bronte PPDessert Ck / Numbugga PPYankees Gap PPWerrinook PP


2.3. Cultural Heritage

Although there are a large number of known Aboriginal Heritage sites within the reserves, thereare none considered to be at significant risk from natural occurring bushfires. However, allAboriginal Heritage Sites may be damaged by earthmoving machinery or hand line constructionduring bushfire suppression operations.

Fire suppression or mitigation operations undertaken within the Reserves will take into accountall currently known Aboriginal Cultural Heritage sites, and further ensure new sites identifiedduring such operations are protected as far as possible and appropriately recorded.

Locations of Aboriginal Sites are available through the NPWS Aboriginal and Historic HeritageInformation Management System Database (AHIMS & HHIMS) or the local NPWS AboriginalSites Officer. Aboriginal Sites are not displayed within this strategy.

Recorded European heritage sites have been displayed on map 7 and will be taken account ofduring any proposed mitigation works or wildfire suppression operations.

2.4. Natural HeritageThe Reserves contain large areas of significant natural heritage and features.

Stands of rare Eucalypts and Acacias exist throughout the Reserves and warrant additionalconsideration when undertaking fire suppression or mitigation operations. In most cases, thesurrounding communities reflect the burning regime required to ecologically sustain suchspecies.

Actions to influence the ecological sustainability of such species (as listed Table 4) will beconsidered based on those recommended in Table 5 and Appendix 1.

However important to note due to its extent and striking feature within the Reserves,Allocasuarina nana (Nana Heath), will be closely monitored for its sustainability. Areas of Nanaheath calculated to be nearing upper biodiversity thresholds (ie. needing a wildfire to ensure itsecological sustainability) will be identified and considered for natural heritage burning.

Such remote burning of nana heath (or Heritage Management Zone Burning) will not beundertaken at the expense of adequately progressing the proposed Strategic Wildfire ControlZones outlined in this strategy.


33.. BBUUSSHHFFIIRREE RRIISSKK MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT SSTTRRAATTEEGGIIEESS3.1. IntroductionThe fire management strategies illustrated in Map 9 and described in the following sections willbe implemented over the life of this strategy and have been designed to reduce the BushfireRisk to assets within and adjacent to the reserves (as identified in Section 2 of this strategy). AFire Management Works Schedule (listing which of the strategies listed in this strategy will beimplemented each year) will be prepared annually for the reserves.

3.2. Fire Management ZonesThe reserves and surrounding area have been divided into Fire Management Zones accordingto the zoning system described in the NPWS Fire Management Planning Strategy (NPWS,2001). As far as possible, the boundaries of Fire Management Zones have been defined by firecontrol advantages including roads, water and areas of low bushfire behaviour potential. Thishas resulted in many Fire Management Zones extending beyond the boundaries of the reservesonto other land tenures. The strategies proposed for other land tenures are suggested only andare not binding on neighbouring land owners/occupiers. However, NPWS will pursue theimplementation of these strategies with neighbours.

3.2.1 Asset Protection Zones

The primary fire management objective in Asset Protection Zones is the protection of life andproperty.

Apart from four small areas surrounding designated camping and picnic areas within thereserves, nil Asset Protection Zones have been defined around the reserves. Due to size andscale of the area being considered, accurate identification of asset protection zones isconsidered unfeasible and more appropriately developed through specific site or propertyprotection measures.

The immediate surrounding vegetated areas abutting the Lake Creek & the Cascades picnicand camping grounds, and the Wadbilliga Crossing and Sutherland day use areas, are identifiedto be managed as per Inner Protection Area (IPA) standards as per Planning for BushfireProtection Guidelines (NSW RFS 2001) or as otherwise appropriate to maintain reduced fuellevels.

Considering visitors to the reserves are invited to light open fires within these designated areas,the maintenance of any adjacent vegetation to IPA standards is necessary to assist incontaining the potential escape of camp or picnic fires.

3.2.2 Strategic Wild Fire Control Zones

18 Strategic Wild Fire Control Management Zones have been defined within and around thereserves (Map 9). The primary fire management objectives in Strategic Wild Fire Control Zonesare to reduce the occurrence of unplanned fires in the reserves and to prevent the spread of firewithin, from and into the reserves. Strategic Wild Fire Control Zones also contribute towards themaintenance of all species which are known to occur naturally within the reserves (conservingbiodiversity) by affording some measure of control over the spread of unplanned fires whichwould otherwise result in fire regimes which may result in species extinction’s. This will beachieved by implementing the strategies prescribed in Table 4 in each Strategic Wild FireControl Zone.

Dates for proposed hazard reduction burns shown in table 4 are indicative only and are subjectto change dependant on weather conditions and resource availability.

Fire Management Strategy for Wadbilliga and South East Forest National Park

Table 4. The specific fire management objectives and strategies to be applied in each Strategic Wild Fire Control Zone (see Map 9).

Zone Area (ha) 1Priority Year to becarried out(see map 9)

Zone NameInsideReserves

OutsideReserves

Specific Objectives Prescribed Strategy

1 03 Double Creek 2161.8 180.7 Provide protection to rural communities and assets in and around Double Creek

2 03 Dessert Creek 2254.3 217.7 Provide protection to rural communities and assets in and around Desert Creek3 03 Brogo East 1926.0 11.6 Reduce available fine fuels to retard the rate of spread (ROS) of wildfire progressing

from west to east / south-east.4 03 Werrinook 99.5 24.0 Provide protection to rural communities and assets in and around Werrinook5 04 Yankees Gap 761.7 581.8 Provide protection to rural communities and assets in and around Yankees Gap6 04 Puen Buen 1018.8 467.9 Provide protection to rural communities and assets in and around Puen Buen7 04 Brogo Dam 154.3 21.6 Provide protection to rural communities and assets in and around Brogo Dam

8 04 Galoon Creek 1574.3 0 Reduce available fine fuels to retard the rate of spread (ROS) of wildfire progressingfrom west to east / south-east.

9 04 Murrabrine Mt(West)

304.2 97.8 Provide protection to rural communities and assets in and around Murrabrine Mt

10 05 Little Creek 139.8 415.5 Provide protection to rural communities and assets in and around Little Creek11 05 Illawambra 96.5 61.1 Provide protection to rural communities and assets in and around Illawambra12 05 Yowrie West 4276.4 21.0 Reduce available fine fuels to retard the rate of spread (ROS) of wildfire progressing

from west to east / south-east. Provide protection to rural communities and assets inand around the Yowrie valley.

13 06 Belowra Rd Nth 336.9 55.2 Provide protection to rural communities and assets in and around private inholdingsalong Belowra Rd

14 06 Belowra Rd Sth 6.8 16.9 Provide protection to rural communities and assets in and around private inholdingsalong Belowra Rd

15 06 Barron Jumbo 935.8 63.6 Provide protection to rural communities and assets in and around private inholdingsalong BrassKnocker Ck

16 06 Murrabrine Mt(East)

363.0 522.5 Provide protection to rural communities and assets in and around Murrabrine Mt

17 06 Bemboka 1303.9 210.7 Reduce available fine fuels to retard the rate of spread (ROS) of wildfire progressingtowards Bemboka rural properties and assets.

18 07 Spring Mountain 890.8 87.4 Reduce available fine fuels to retard the rate of spread (ROS) of wildfire progressingfrom west to east / south-east and also unplanned fires entering the Wadbilliga NPfrom the Belowra Valley

- As required CascadesCamping AreaAPZ

3.3 0 Primarily to limit the escape of unattended campfires and potentially provide refugefrom wildfire.

- As required Lake CreekCamping AreaAPZ


- As required Sutherland DayUse Area APZ


- As required WadbilligaCrossing Day UseArea APZ


Mosaic Burn 50% or less of theIdentified Zone Area*

Aerial ignite ridgetop areas only,as far as practicable.

Lighting from zone boundary trailsonly where AI work is consideredinsufficient or as contingent tocontain prescribed burn.

* Area excludes any FEZintersecting the SWCZ

Strategies to be repeated afterreview.

As far as practicable, availablebushfire fuel removed or managedto Inner Protection Area standardsas per PFBP guidelines.


3.2.3 Heritage Management Zones

All area outside identified Strategic Wildfire Control Zones are designated a HeritageManagement Zone – Wadbilliga HAMZ (Map 9). The primary fire management objectives in aHeritage Management Zone is to prevent the extinction of all species which are known to occurnaturally within the reserves (conserve biodiversity) and to protect known Aboriginal sites,Historic Heritage sites and other culturally significant features from fire (see Section 1.2).Except where noted otherwise, these objectives will be achieved by:

• Suppressing wildfire or monitoring naturally occurring wildfire and, where necessary,conducting prescribed burns to maintain fire regimes within the biodiversity thresholdsspecified in Table 6, and

• Implementing the threatened species management guidelines specified in Tables 5 and 6 inlocations where threatened are known or likely to occur.

Manipulating fire regimes (by suppressing bushfires, monitoring naturally occurring wildfire andconducting prescribed burns) to conserve biodiversity within Heritage Management Zones willtake account of the state of fire regimes, in relation to biodiversity thresholds as specified inTable 5, across the heritage management zone within the reserves.

Appendix 2 outlines the proposed strategy for managing unplanned fires in the heritage areamanagement zone.

3.2.3.1 Heritage Area Management Zones - IFB (Identified for Burning)

Two additional areas, being the upper parts of the Brogo and Tuross river catchments havebeen identified as priority areas for potential burning to sustain their ecological health. Inaddition to the biodiversity benefits, these burns also have the potential to reduce high intensityfires in the upper catchments of these rivers.

Based on available fire history records, the majority of these areas appear to have not beenburnt for a significant period of time (ie. > 30 years).

Given the above, it is likely vegetation community types A & B associated with the above areasmay be exceeding their upper biodiversity threshold.

As time, weather and resources permit, and where undertaking the HAMZ burns would notadversely affect any undertaking to complete scheduled SWCZ burns, these areas will betargeted in the first instance for ecological burning within HAMZ.

3.2.4 Fire Exclusion Zones

The primary fire management objective in Fire Exclusion Zones (FEZ) is to exclude fire fromentering or burning within these areas, for at least the life of this strategy.

FEZ’s are generally areas of fire intolerant assets for which it is appropriate to exclude fire (eg.rainforests, fire intolerant vegetation communities, fire sensitive cultural / historic heritage sites,pine plantation, commercial crops).

Where a FEZ has been identified within a SWCZ, fire suppression or hazard reduction activitieswill be undertaken to avoid introducing fire into Fire Exclusion Zones.


Table 5. The biodiversity thresholds to be applied in the reserves (adapted fromBradstock et al. 1995 and Keith, 1996). These thresholds define a domain of acceptablefire regimes. Fire regimes outside this domain are predicted to cause significantdeclines in species populations, particularly if they prevail over > 50% of the area of eachcommunity.

ClassID

VegetationCommunities

Biodiversity Thresholds

a Dry SclerophyllForest

Woodland

Avoid 3 or more consecutive fires, with each of the fires < 5years apart.Avoid inter-fire periods of > 30 years.Avoid 2 or more successive fires that totally scorch or consumethe tree canopy.Avoid 3 or more consecutive fires of low intensity.

b Heathland /Scrubland

Swamp SclerophyllForest

Wet Heath

Avoid 3 or more consecutive fires, with each of the fires < 8years apart.Avoid 3 or more consecutive fires, with each of the fires > 15years apart.Avoid inter-fire periods of > 30 years.Avoid 2 or more successive fires that consume < 10 t/ha ofsurface fuel.

c Wet SclerophyllForest

Avoid more than 1 fire every 30 years.Avoid inter-fire periods of > 200 years.

d Rainforest

Sedgeland /Rushland

Riparian Forest

Any fire occurrence (a limited recovery ability exists).

na ClearedSand/Rock/BareGround/Water

Not applicable.

Within the Reserves, sites with a concentration of significant plant or animal species and sitesdominated by a single significant species are, wherever possible, to be provided with special firemanagement appropriate to the species.

However, it is often difficult to provide special fire management attention to the significantspecies found in small, localised populations, and obviously those as yet unrecordedpopulations. As a general rule, these are to be provided a fire regime similar to the surroundingvegetation group (see Table 6). Application of this strategy will nevertheless consider therecorded locations of threatened species by reference to the relevant GIS database and willadopt fire management strategies that minimise threat to these species (see Appendix 1).


Table 6. Threatened or significant species management strategies to be applied in the reserves(see Maps 9 – 10).

ID Fire Management Strategies Species Status1

Flora:fl1 • Exclude prescribed fire

• Fire regime type ‘b’ most appropriate

Acacia georgensis Vulnerable

fl2 • No more than one fire every 100 years Eucalyptus parvula Vulnerable

fl3 • Fire regime type ‘b’ most appropriate Allocasuarina nana Rare

Acacia blayana Rare

Acacia kydrensis Rare

Acacia lucasii RareAcacia subtilinervis RareBaeckea denticulata RareDaviesia suaveolens RareDodonaea rhombifolia RareEucalyptus badjensis RareEucalyptus baeuerlenii RareEucalyptus latiuscula RareEucalyptus olsenii RareEucalyptus paliformis RareEucalyptus spectatrix RareEucalyptus wilcoxii Rare

Grevillea acanthifoliasubsp. paludosa

Endangered

Haloragodendronbaeuerlenii

Rare

Haloragodendronmonospermum

Rare

Hibbertia hermanniifolia RareNematolepis elliptica RarePomaderris brogoensis RarePomaderris pallida VulnerablePomaderris parrisiae VulnerablePomaderris virgata Rare

Pultenaea parrisiaesubsp. parrisiae

Vulnerable

Pultenaea villifera var.villifera

Rare

Rulingia hermanniifolia RareWestringia kydrensis

fl4 • Manage for fire regime similar to the surroundingvegetation biodiversity threshold

Westringia lucida Rare


Fauna:Phascogale tapoatafaBrush-tailed Phascogale

Vulnerable

Tyto novaehollandiaeMasked Owl

Vulnerable

Scoteanax rueppelliiGreater Broad-nosedBat

Vulnerable

fa1 • Protect large and hollow bearing trees in locationswhere these species are known to occur.

Petaurus australisYellow-bellied Glider

Vulnerable

Calyptorhynchus lathamiGlossy Black Cockatoo

Vulnerable

Tyto tenebricosaSooty Owl

Vulnerable

Dasyurus maculatusSpotted-tailed (Tiger)Quoll

Vulnerable

fa2 • Protect large and hollow bearing trees in locationswhere these species are known to occur.

• Avoid interfire intervals of < 10 years in locations wherethese species are known to occur.

• Avoid high intensity fires that consume canopies andfallen logs in locations where these species are knownto occur.

Ninox strenuaPowerful Owl

Vulnerable

fa3 • Avoid constructing major control lines within 100m ofknown roost sites.

• Avoid placing other infrastructure within 200m of knownroost sites.

Myotis adversusLarge Footed Myotis

Vulnerable

fa4 • Habitat unlikely to be effected by fire.• Protect large and hollow bearing trees in locations

where these species are known to occur.• Maintain a 50m wide vegetation buffer around roosting

sites when establishing new infrastructure (eg.temporary utilities, re-routing trails, etc.)

FalsistrellustasmaniensisEastern False Pipistrelle

Vulnerable

fa5 • Avoid burning areas of known populations (generallynesting in shrub layer) during the breeding season(September to January).

Pachycephala olivaceaOlive Whistler

Vulnerable

fa6 • Avoid burning known or potential habitat in breedingseason (summer and autumn).

• Avoid the use of earth moving machinery in areaswhere these species are known to occur.

Heleioporus australiacusGiant Burrowing Frog

Vulnerable

fa7 • As far as possible, exclude all fire from wetland habitatswhere these species are known to occur.

• Avoid the use of earth moving machinery from wetlandhabitats where these species are known to occur.

• Avoid the use of retardant in wetland habitats wherethese species are known to occur.

Mixophyes balbusStuttering Frog

Vulnerable

Phascolarctos cinereusKoala

Vulnerablefa8 • Avoid high intensity fires that consume tree canopies.

Miniopterus schreibersiiCommon Bent-wing Bat

Vulnerable

fa9 • As far as possible, exclude all fire from locations wherethese species are known to occur.

• Avoid the use of earth moving machinery in locationswhere these species are known to occur.

Kerivoula papuensisGolden-tipped Bat

Vulnerable

1. As per the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995.


Table 7 provides a description of each SWC and HAM Zone and specifies the strategies to be applied in each zone.

Table 7. The fire management strategies to be applied in each SWC and HAM Zone (see Map 9).Zone Area (ha) 1 Area (%) by Biodiversity Threshold

Class1 (Table 5)Zone Zone Name

InsideReserves

OutsideReserves

a b c d na

ThreatenedFlora

(Table 6)

ThreatenedFauna

(Table 6)

Strategies

SWCZ Double Creek 2161.8 180.7 59 5 36 0 0SWCZ Dessert Creek 2254.3 217.7 45 1 53 0 1SWCZ Yankees Gap 761.7 581.8 57 1 36 0 6SWCZ Werrinook 99.5 24.0 15 0 85 0 0SWCZ Puen Buen 1018.8 467.9 42 1 57 0 0SWCZ Brogo Dam 154.3 21.6 18 0 79 0 3SWCZ Murrabrine Mt

(East)363.0 522.5 54 0 32 6 8

SWCZ Little Creek 139.8 415.5 40 1 45 0 14SWCZ Illawambra 96.5 61.1 77 0 23 0 0SWCZ Belowra Rd Nth 336.9 55.2 72 0 28 0 0SWCZ Belowra Rd Sth 6.8 16.9 99 0 1 0 0SWCZ Barron Jumbo 935.8 63.6 88 1 11 0 0SWCZ Brogo East 1926.0 11.6 64 9 27 0 0SWCZ Yowrie West 4276.4 21.0 60.6 7.1 32.3 0 0SWCZ Spring

Mountain890.8 87.4 81 0 19 0 0

SWCZ Murrabrine Mt(West)

304.2 97.8 57 0 42 0 1

SWCZ Galoon Creek 1563.6 0 52 9 39 0 0SWCZ Bemboka 1303.9 210.7 54 6 40 0 0HAMZ Wadbilliga 267’981 0 61 7 31 0 1 R

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• Suppress or monitor bushfiresand conduct prescribed burnsas appropriate to maintain fireregimes within the biodiversitythresholds specified in Table 6.

• Implement the threatened speciesmanagement strategiesspecified in Table 7 asrequired.

• Implement cultural heritagemanagement strategiesconsistent with the NPWS FireManagement Manual

1 All areas generated by GIS and hence may differ slightly from gazetted areas


3.3. Radiation Zones and Strategic Fuel BreaksDue to large area covered by the Reserves and the many and varied examples of existingboundary / fencing protection or cleared areas designed to reduce the impact of running fire, it isimpractical to comprehensively identify all such areas or predict the placement of those in thefuture.

This strategy advocates the importance of property and building protection principles, includingcleared/reduced setback areas and building standards, as outlined in Planning for Bush FireProtection (PFBP).

Bush fire hazard potential modelling undertaken as part of this strategy has been done so toincorporate the respective slope and vegetation classifications consistent with PFBP. Apartfrom providing the basis for estimating potential fire risk or intensity, this method will alsoprovide the strategy’s practioners, Local Council or adjacent neighbouring property owners witha quick guide to recommended asset protection setback distances for their specific properties.

However, the setback estimates outlined in this strategy are based on broad scale data and25m resolution terrain models. Individual site assessments should still be undertaken to verifyestimated distances.

For the purpose of this strategy, Inner Protection and Outer Protection Zones described byPlanning for Bushfire Protection are equivalent to Radiation zones and Strategic Fuel breaksrespectively.


3.4. Fire Management Trails and RoadsTable 8 lists the fire management trails and roads that will be maintained or constructed duringthe life of this strategy. Roads and trails classified as ‘Category 1’ will be maintained to astandard sufficient to allow the passage of Category 1 fire tankers (4wd Heavy Tanker up to3500 litre capacity) while roads and trails classified as ‘Category 9’ will only be maintained to astandard sufficient to allow the passage of Category 9 fire tankers (4wd Ute/Cab Chassis withup to 400 litre capacity).

Table 8. The fire management trails and roads that will be maintained or constructed in andaround the reserves.

Reserve Trail Name Tenure Shire CategoryAccess

SEF Bemboka River Rd Bega Valley Shire Bega Valley 1SEF Cochrane Dam SEF/Glenbog Bega Valley 1SEF Fastigata Rd SEF/Glenbog Bega Valley 1SEF Fraxinoides Rd Glenbog State

ForestBega Valley 1

SEF Jumping Ck Tk Glenbog StateForest

Bega Valley 1

SEF Nitens Rd SEF/Glenbog Bega Valley 1SEF Xi Rd SEF/Glenbog Bega Valley 1WNP Back Creek Link Rd Cooma-Monaro 9-7WNP Bandy Ck WNP Bega Valley 9-7WNP Barren Jumbo WNP/Private Eurobodalla 9-7WNP Barren Jumbo WNP/Private Bega Valley 9-7WNP Belowra West WNP Eurobodalla 9-7WNP Bemboka Peak SEF/Bemboka Bega Valley 9-7WNP Brassknocker WNP Bega Valley 9-7WNP Brogo WNP Bega Valley 9-7WNP Brogo Dam Bega Valley Shire Bega Valley 1WNP Bumbery CK WNP Bega Valley 1WNP Bumbery CK WNP Cooma-Monaro 1WNP Green Hills WNP/Private Eurobodalla 9-7WNP Green Hills WNP/Private Bega Valley 9-7WNP Jillicambra WNP/Private Eurobodalla 9WNP Jillicambra WNP Bega Valley 9WNP Kybean Dog Fence WNP Cooma-Monaro 1WNP Kydra WNP Cooma-Monaro 9-7WNP Mistake SEF/Bemboka Bega Valley 9WNP Murrabrine Rd WNP Bega Valley 1WNP Nambugga Walls SEF/Bemboka/

PrivateBega Valley 9

WNP Nelson Ck WNP Bega Valley 9WNP New Englnad WNP Bega Valley 9-7WNP Ooranook SEF/Bemboka/

PrivateBega Valley 9

WNP Razorback WNP Bega Valley 9WNP Razorback WNP Cooma-Monaro 9WNP Smith's SEF/Bemboka Bega Valley 9WNP Tin Hut SEF/Bemboka Bega Valley 9WNP Tuross Falls Rd Badja State Forest Cooma-Monaro 1WNP Wadbilliga Rd WNP/Private Cooma-Monaro 1WNP Wadbilliga Rd WNP/Private Bega Valley 1


WNP Warrigal SEF/Bemboka Bega Valley 9-7WNP Werri Berri SEF/Glenbog Bega Valley 9WNP White Rock WNP/Private Bega Valley 9WNP Yankee's Flat WNP Bega Valley 9-7WNP Yankee's Gap WNP Bega Valley 9-7WNP Yowrie West WNP Bega Valley 1

3.5. Other Fire Control AdvantagesOther fire control advantages are features that may be used to support bushfire suppressionoperations and include water points (both helicopter and vehicle accessible), helipads, landinggrounds, refuge areas or lookouts.

3.6. Education, Co-operation and EnforcementNPWS will undertake the following during the life of this strategy:• Support the Rural Fire Service to establish Community Fireguard Groups or Fire Protection

Plans in the following communities / locations to increase awareness of fire:− Bemboka− Numbugga− Brogo− Murabrine− BrassKnocker Ck− Yowrie, and− Belowra Rd Inholdings.• Assist landholders/occupiers to undertake prescribed burns on private property adjacent to

the reserves where this burning will help protect assets on neighbouring property frombushfires that may exit the reserves or will help prevent fires entering the reserves fromadjacent land.

• Develop Memorandums of Understanding for all jointly maintained fuel breaks and fire trailsas specified in Table 8.

• Erect signs at major camping and picnic areas advising reserve visitors of the actions theyshould undertake in the event of bushfire.

• Investigate all fires believed to have been deliberately lit and actively pursue legal actionagainst those responsible where evidence permits.

3.7. Research and MonitoringNPWS will undertake the following during the life of this strategy:• Establish sites in all Strategic Fire Management Zones to monitor Overall Fuel Hazard

(McCarthy et al. 1999) to identify the need for prescribed burning.• Establish sites in major vegetation communities to monitor the effect of implemented fire

regimes on biodiversity.


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Bradstock, R.A., Gill, A.M., Kenny, B.J. and Scott, J. 1998. Bushfire risk at the urban interfaceestimated from historical weather records: consequences for the use of prescribed fire in theSydney region of south-eastern Australia. Journal of Environmental Management. 52: 259-271.

Bradstock, R.A., Keith, D.A. Auld, T.D. 1995. Fire and Conservation: Imperatives andconstraints on managing for diversity, in Conserving Biodiversity: Threats and Solutions, edsR.A. Bradstock, T.D. Auld, D.A. Keith, R.T. Kingsford, D. Lunney and D.P. Sivertsen. SurreyBeatty & Sons, Chipping Norton.

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Bell, A. (ed) 1991. Planning for bush fire protection: a guide for land use planners, fireauthorities, developers and home owners. Department of Bush Fire Services discussiondocument. The New South Wales Government, Rosehill.

Brown, K.L., Gadd, L.S., Norton, T.W., Williams, J.E., Klomp, N.I., 1998. The effects of fire onfauna in the Australian Alps National Parks: a database. A report to the Australian Alps LiaisonCommittee by the Johnstone Centre of Parks, Recreation and Heritage, Albury.

Cheney, P. 1981. Fire Behaviour. A.M. Gill, R.H. Groves and I.R Noble (eds.) In: Fire and theAustralian Biota. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra. Pp: 151-175.

Claridge, A.W., Robinson, A.P., Tanton, M.T., Cunningham, R.B. 1993a. Seasonal production ofhypogeal fungal sporocarps in a mixed-species eucalypt forest stand in south-eastern Australia.Australian Journal of Botany 41:145-167.

Clout, M.N. 1989. Foraging behaviour of Glossy Black-cockatoos. Australian Wildlife Research16:467-73.

Cockburn, A. 1995. Smoky Mouse Pseudomys fumeus. In Strahan, R (ed.) The Mammals ofAustralia, The Australian Museum & Reed Books, Sydney.

Conroy, B. 1993. Fuel management strategies for the Sydney region. In: The burning question:fire management in New South Wales. Conference proceedings, Coffs Harbour, August 1993,Department of Continuing education, the University of New England, Armidale.

Debus, S.J.S., Chafer, C.J. 1994. The Powerful Owl Ninox strenua in New South Wales.Australian Birds 28 (Supplement - Large Forest Owls of New South Wales): 21-39.

Debus, S.J.S., Rose, A.B. 1994. The Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae in New South Wales.Australian Birds 28 (Supplement - Large Forest Owls of New South Wales): 40-64.

Dovey, S. 1994. Improving Bushfire Management for Southern New South Wales, SouthernRegional Fire Association.

Dwyer, P.D., 1995. Common Bentwing-bat Miniopterus schreibersii. In Strahan, R. (ed.) TheMammals of Australia, The Australian Museum and Reed Books, Sydney.


Edgar, R., Belcher, C. 1995. Spotted-tailed Quoll Dasyurus maculatus. In: Strahan, R. (ed.). TheMammals of Australia, The Australian Museum and Reed Books, Sydney.

Gill, A.M., Bradstock, R. 1995. Extinction of biota by fires In: R.A. Bradstock, T.D. Auld, D.A.Keith, R.T. Kingsford, D. Lunney, D.P. Sivertsen. (eds.) Conserving biodiversity: threats andsolutions Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton.

Gill, A.M., Moore, P.H.R. 1990. Fire intensities in Eucalyptus forests of southeastern Australia.Proceedings of the International Conference on Forest Fire Research. Coimbra, Portugal.

Gilmour, P. 1983. Vegetation of Deua National Park. Unpublished report to Narooma District,National Parks and Wildlife Service.

Gilmore, A., Parnaby, H. 1994. Vertebrate fauna of conservation concern in north-east NSWforests. North East Forests Biodiversity Study Report No. 3e. Unpublished report to NSWNational Parks and Wildlife Service.

Goldingay, R.L., Kavanagh, R.P. 1993. Home-range estimates and habitat of the Yellow-belliedGlider (Petaurus australis) at Waratah Creek, New South Wales. Wildlife Research 20:387-404.

Good, R.B. 1981. The role of fire in conservation reserves. In: Fire and the Australian Biota.Australian Academy of Science, Canberra. Pp: 529-549.

Happold, D.C.D. 1995. Broad-toothed Rat Mastacomys fuscus. In Strahan, R (ed.) TheMammals of Australia, The Australian Museum and Reed Books, Sydney.

Harden, G.J. (ed.) (1990). Flora of New South Wales. Volume 1. New South Wales UniversityPress, Kensington.

Harden, G.J. (ed.) (1991). Flora of New South Wales. Volume 2. New South Wales UniversityPress, Kensington.

Hoye, G.A., Richards, G.C. 1995. Greater Broad-nosed Bat Scoteanax rueppellii. In Strahan, R(ed.) The Mammals of Australia, The Australian Museum and Reed Books, Sydney.

Jackett, I., Wong, V. 1997. Draft Recovery Strategy for the Shoalhaven population of Brush-tailed Rock-wallabies. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Nowra District.

James, S. 1999. Effectiveness of prescribed burning, a brief overview of results of field studies,1993-1997. Unpublished report to the Blue Mountains Bushfire Management Committee,Katoomba.

Johnston, P.G. 1995. Long-nosed Potoroo Potorous tridactylus. In Strahan, R (ed.) TheMammals of Australia, The Australian Museum and Reed Books, Sydney.

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Keith, D.A., Bedward, M. 1999. Native vegetation of the South East Forests region, Eden, NewSouth Wales. Cunninghamia 6(1):1-218.

Kowal, C. 1996. Vegetation mapping of Wadbilliga National Park. Unpublished report forNarooma District, National Parks and Wildlife Service.

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Lunney, D. 1995. White-footed Dunnart Sminthopsis leucopus. In Strahan, R (ed.) TheMammals of Australia, The Australian Museum and Reed Books, Sydney.

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NPWS 1993. Draft cooperative arrangements for fuel management on common boundaries.NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Central Coast District.

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NPWS, 1999a. Draft strategy of management for South East Forests National Park and EganPeaks Nature Reserve. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service.

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Wilcox, D. 1999. Fire Control Officer, Tallaganda Shire Council.


NATIONALPARKS AND

WILDLIFESERVICE

43 Bridge StreetHurstville NSWAustralia 2220


Appendix 1 – Bush Fire Hazard Analysis

Bush Fire Potential Hazard Analysis for the Reserves was developed using the below model /matrix incorporating slope and vegetation categories consistent with Planning for BushfireProtection, Planning NSW (2001).

Bush Fire PotentialHazard Level

Veg.Category

Slope* APZ IPA OPA

1 - Negligible 3 - 20 - -

2 - Minor 2 0-5 35 25 10

1 0-5 40 30 103 - Intermediate2 5-10 40 30 101 5-10 50 40 104 - Significant2 10-15 50 40 101 10-15 60 50 105 - Major2 15-18 60 50 10

6 - Extreme 1 15-18 70 60 10

7 - Catastrophic 1&2 >18 N/A N/A N/A

* Model assumes all potential hazard areas down slope of asset

Vegetation Description – Category Table

Vegetation Type VegetationStructure

VegetationCategory

BiodiversityThreshold

Acacia Scrub Open Scrub 2 bBasalt Wet Herb Forest Tall Open Forest 1 cBega Dry Grass Forest Open Forest 1 aBega Wet Shrub Forest Tall Open Forest 1 cBrogo Wet Vine Forest Tall Open Forest 1 cCandelo Dry Grass Forest Open Forest 1 aCentral Tablelands / ACT Montane Dry ShrubForest

Low OpenForest

1 a

Cleared / Pasture / Non-Forested Sown Pasture 3 n/aCoastal Dry Shrub Forest Open Forest 1 aCoastal Escarpment and Hinterland Dry Shrub /Fern Forest

Open Forest 1 a

Coastal Foothills Dry Shrub Forest Open Forest 1 aCoastal Gully Shrub Forest Open Forest 1 aCoastal Hinterland ecotonal Gully Rainforset Closed Forest 3 dCoastal Lowlands Riparian erb / Grass Forest -various eucalypts

Open Forest 1 a

Coastal Range Dry Shrub Forest Open Forest 1 aCoastal Shrub / Grass Forest Open Forest 1 aCoastal Warm Temperate RF Closed Forest 3 dCool Temperate Rainforest Closed Forest 3 dDry Rainforest Closed Forest 3 dEastern Tableland Dry Shrub / Grass Forest Open Forest 1 aEastern Tableland Fern / Herb / Grass Moist Forest Tall Open Forest 1 cEastern Tableland and Escarpment Shrub / FernDry Forest

Open Forest 1 a

Eastern Tablelands Acacia / Herb / Grass Forest Woodland 2 aEastern Tablelands Dry Heath Open Heath 2 bEastern Tablelands Shrub / Grass Moist Forest Tall Open Forest 1 cEden Dry Shrub Forest Open Forest 1 a


Escarpment Dry Grass Forest Open Forest 1 aEstuarine Wetland Scrub Open Heath 2 bFloodplain Wetlands Closed

Sedgeland3 n/a

High Mountain Wet Layered Forest Tall Open Forest 1 cHinterland Dry Grass Forest Open Forest 1 aHinterland Warm Temperate RF Closed Forest 3 dHinterland Wet Fern Forest Closed Forest 1 cHinterland Wet Shrub Forest Closed Forest 1 cInland Intermediate Shrub Forest Open Forest 1 aKydra Flats Grass Forest Woodland 2 aLowland Dry Shrub Forest Open Forest 1 aLowland Gully Shrub Forest Open Forest 1 aMonaro Basalt Grass Woodland Woodland 2 aMontane Heath Closed Heath 2 bMontane Wet Heath / Bog and Montane WetSedgeland

Closed Heath 2 b

Mountain Dry Shrub Forest Open Forest 1 aMountain Intermediate Shrub Forest Open Forest 1 aMountain Rock Scrub Open Forest 1 aMountain Wet Fern Forest Tall Open Forest 1 cMountain Wet Herb Forest Tall Open Forest 1 cMountain Wet Layered Forest Tall Open Forest 1 cMumbulla Dry Shrub Forest Open Forest 1 aNorth East Tablelands Shrub / Herb / Grass DryForest

Open Forest 1 a

Northern Riparian Scrub Open Forest 1 aNumeralla Dry Shrub Woodland Woodland 2 aRainshadow Dry Shrub / Tussock Grass Forest Open Forest 1 aRiparian Acacia Shrub / Grass / Herb Forest Open Forest 1 aRiverine Forest Open Forest 1 aRock 0 n/aSouth Coast and Byadbo Acacia Scrubs Open Scrub 2 bSouth Eastern Tablelands Dry Shrub / Grass / HerbForest

Open Forest 1 a

South East Tablelands Dry Shrub / Tussock GrassForest

Open Forest 1 a

Southern Coastal Foothills Dry Shrub Forest Open Forest 1 aSouthern Coastal Hind Dune / Headland Scrub andSouthern Coastal Dune Scrub Complex

Closed Heath 2 b

Southern Coastal Hinterland Dry Gully Rainforest Closed Forest 3 dSouthern Coastal Hinterland Moist Shrub / Vine /Grass Forest

Tall Open Forest 1 c

Southern Coastal Hinterland Shrub / Tussock GrassDry Forest - E. agglomerata - E. muelleriana

Open Forest 1 a

Southern Coastal Lowlands Shrub / Grass DryForest

Open Forest 1 a

Southern East Tableland Edge Shrub / Grass / DryForest

Open Forest 1 a

Southern Escarpment (Wadbilliga) Moist Heath Closed Heath 2 bSouthern Escarpment Cool / Warm TemperateRainforest

Closed Forest 3 d

Southern Escarpment Edge Dry Shrub Forest Open Forest 1 aSouthern Escarpment Edge Moist Shrub / FernForest


Southern Escarpment Herb / Grass Dry Forest Open Forest 1 aSouthern Escarpment Herb / Grass Moist Forest Tall Open Forest 1 cSouthern Escarpment Shrub / Fern / Herb MoistForest



Southern Hinterland Shrub / Herb / Grass RiparianForest

Open Forest 1 a

Southern Numeralla Dry Shrub Forest Open Forest 1 aSouthern Riparian Scrub Open Scrub 2 dSub-Alpine Bog Sedgeland 3 n/aSubalpine Dry Shrub Forest Open Forest 1 aTableland Dry Herb / Grass Woodland Woodland 2 aTableland Dry Shrub Forest Open Forest 1 aTableland and Escarpment Moist Herb / Fern GrassForest


Tableland and Escarpment Wet Layered ShrubForest


Tablelands Acacia Moist Herb Forest Tall Open Forest 1 cTablelands Dry Shrub / Grass Forest Open Forest 1 aTablelands Shrub / Tussock Grass Fores Open Forest 1 aTantawangalo Wet Shrub Forest Tall Open Forest 1 cWadbilliga Dry Shrub Forest Open Forest 1 aWadbilliga Gorge Dry Forest Open Forest 1 aWadbilliga Heath Forest Closed Scrub 2 bWadbilliga Range Shrub Forest Open Forest 1 aWadbilliga River Valley Forest Open Forest 1 a


Appendix 2 – Remote Area Fire Management

wadbilliga fire management...

Documents