wall chart flowmeasure(dcg10 06)
TRANSCRIPT
Transit Time (Pulsed type)
Relatively clean liquids (somedesigns for flare gas)
Wetted transducers; 1000 psigup, Clamp-on; pipe rating
- 300°F to 500°F
Typically to 40 ft/sec
Linear
Analog electronic or digital
± 1% of rate of ± 5% of fullscale depending on type andcalibration
Up to 40:1
Flanged and clamp-on design
1/2" up
No flow obstruction; can bebidirectional; use with practi-cally any relatively clean liquid.Versions for gas. Clamp-onversions available.
Straight upstream pipingrequired to provide uniformflow profile; clean liquids only.
Service:
Design Pressure:
Design Temperature:
Flow Velocity:
Scale:
Signal:
Accuracy:
Rangeability:
End Connections:
Sizes:
Advantages:
Limitations:
Doppler (Frequency shift)
Liquids with entrained gas orsuspended solids
Wetted transducers; 1000 psigup, Clamp-on; pipe rating
- 300°F to 500°F
Typically to 40 ft/sec
Linear
Analog electronic or digital
± 5% of full scale or better
Typically 10:1
Clamp-on; body versions avail-able (Sampling type available)
1/4" up
Can handle inorganic slurriesand aerated liquids; clamp-onversion can be installed with-out process shut-down.
Not suitable for clean liquids;requires straight upstreamupstream piping.
Coriolis Effect
Liquids and slurries (limited gas service)
Up to 6500 psig
Up to 400°F
Up to 23,000 Ib/min
Linear
±0.25% of rate or better
10:1 or better
Threaded, flanged, Tri-Clover®
1/16" to 6"
Measures mass flow and fluid density directly. Handles difficult applications.Unaffected by changes in fluid density, viscosity and temperature
Moderate to expensive cost. Recommendedinstallation requirements. Head loss may behigh. Be careful with 2-phase flows.Sensitive to plant vibrations and pulsations.
Thermal
Gas (some designs for liquid)
500 psig and higher
Up to 150°F and higher
Up to 4000 gpm liquid Up to 1500 scfm of gas
Exponential
± 1% of full scale
10:1 or better
Threaded, flanged, hose
1/8" to 10"; Sampling types available; by-pass type available.
Measures mass flow directly. Very low pressure loss. Good for low velocity gasmeasurement.
Affected by coatings. Some designs are fragile.
Service:
Design Pressure:
Design Temperature:
Flow Range:
Scale:
Accuracy:
Rangeability:
End Connections:
Sizes:
Advantages:
Limitations:
Service: Electrically conductive liquids or slurries (>0.05µs/cm)
Design Pressure: Up to 3600 psig
Design Temperature: Up to 360°F
Flow Range: 4 cc/min to 1,200,000 gpm
Scale: Linear
Signal: Analog electronic; digital; Smart protocols
Accuracy: up to ± 0.25% of rate; factory calibrated
Rangeabillty: 75:1
End Connections: Flanged, sanitary, or wafer; Dresser and Victaulic endsavailable in larger sizes.
Sizes: 1/25" to 120"
Advantages: Excellent for slurry measurement. Unaffected by change in fluiddensity, viscosity; zero head loss; bi-directional; no flow obstruction; easy torespan; versions for dc power.
Limitations: Moderate cost; liquids or slurries only; required minimumelectrical conductivity varies with manufacturer; larger sizes big and heavy.
Service: Clean liquids and gases
Design Pressure: Up to 60,000 psig
Design Temperature: - 450° to 1200°F
Flow Range: 0.001 through 40,000 gpm liquids; to10,000,000 scfh gases
Scale: Linear when Reynolds number is 10,000 orhigher
Signal: Frequency or analog electronic
Accuracy: ±0.25% of rate liquids; ±1% of rate gas;factory calibration should simulate operating viscosityand lubricity for liquids.
Rangeabillty: 10:1 to 50:1
End Connections: Flanged, threaded,Tri-Clover®,Grayloc
Sizes: Up to 24" (sampling types available); alsoused as by-pass meter around mainline orifice.
Advantages: One of the most accurate liquidmeters; good operating range, easy-to-install andmaintain, very low flowrate designs available; smallin size; lightweight. Versions optimized for gas; sam-pling types for steam. Some versions do not requireexternal power.
Limitations: Sensitive to increasing viscosity; avoiduse where state may change from liquid to gas; gasversions require care when used in varying flow rateapplications straight upstream pipe is required; flowstraighteners may be recommended.
Service: Clean liquids and gases
Design Pressure: Up to 1400 psig for liquid or gas
Design Temperature: Up to 600°F liquids; up to250°F gas
Flow Range: 0.1* to 9000 gpm liquid; 0 to 100,000scfh gas.
Scale: Linear
Signal: Pulse or analog electronic
Accuracy: ± 1/2% of rate on liquid; ± 1% of fullscale on gas; factory calibrated
Rangeability: Typically 10:1
End Connections: Flanged or threaded
Sizes: Up to 12"
Advantages: Ideal for viscous liquids; good for cus-tody transfer, batching, blending; simplest versionsdon’t require electrical power; very little straightupstream pipe required.
Limitations: Subject to mechanical wear; requiresperiodic proving; sensitive to dirt and may requireupstream filters; larger sizes are excessive in sizeand weight, may require special installation care.
*Ultra-low flow rate versions also available.
Service: Liquids and gases including steam
Design Pressure: Up to 10,000 psig
Design Temperature: Up to 750°F
Flow Range: 0.07 gpm and up liquid; 0.3 scfm and up gas
Scale: Square root
Signal: Analog electronic or pneumatic
Accuracy: ± 1/2% to ±5% of full scale; factory calibrated
Rangeability: 3:1*
End Connections: Flanged, threaded, flared tube
Sizes: Up to 8" (sampling types available)
Advantages: No moving parts; relatively inexpensive; good for hot, tarry andsediment bearing fluids.
Limitations: Need 20 diameters upstream and 10 diameters downstream ofstraight pipe to maintain accuracy; reading is per cent of scale; limited range.
* 10:1 span adjustment plus 3:1 range for any given span setting.
Service:
Design Pressure:
Design Temperature:
Flow Range:
Scale:
Signal:
Accuracy:
Rangeability:
End Connections:
Sizes:
Advantages:
Limitations:
Vortex Shedding (Bluff body)
Liquids and gases including steam
Up to 3600 psig
Up to 750°F
3 to 10,568 gpm liquid; 15,000,000 scfh gases
Linear at high Reynolds No.
Frequency or analog electronic
±.75% of rate or better on liquid; factory calibrated; ±1% of rate on gas
20:1
Flanged, threaded, wafer or insert;also can be used as by-pass meteraround mainline orifice.
1/2" thru 16"; larger sizes available(sampling and by-pass types avail-able)
No moving parts; suitable for widevariety of fluids; excellent combina-tion of price and performance.
Straight piping required; sensitive toincreasing viscosity below a givenReynolds number.
Swirlmeter
Liquids, gases, and steam
Up to 2400 psig
- 40°F to 608°F
1 to 7925 gpm liquid; 88 thru 706,300 acfh gases
Linear at high and low Reynolds Nos.
Pulse or analog output
±.5% of rate or better; liquids, gas orsteam
25:1 turn down average (determinedby size, application)
Flanged only 150 thru 600 pound
0.5" thru 16"
No moving parts, 3 upsteam pipediameters, ideal for light gases, works with entrained liquid.
Viscosity
Fluidic (Coanda Effect)
Liquids
Up to 600 psig
0 to 250°F
1 to 1000 gpm
Linear at high Reynolds No.
Analog electronic or pneumatic;pulse
± 1% of rate or better; factory calibrated
Up to 30:1
Mounts between flanges
1" thru 4"; by-pass types available
No moving parts; suitable for widevariety of liquids; excellent combi-nation of price and performance.
Straight piping required; sensitiveto increasing viscosity below agiven Reynolds number.
Service: Liquids and gases including steam
Design Pressure: Up to 300 psig (glass tube); to720 psig (metal tube)
Design Temperature: Up to 250°F (glass tube); to1000°F (metal tube)
Flow Range: Liquids 0.01 cc/min to 300 gpm; gases0.3 cc/min to 2000 scfm
Scale: Linear
Signal: Visual; electronic or pneumatic analog
Accuracy: ± 0.5% of rate to ± 10% of full scaledepending on type, size, and calibration
Rangeability: 5:1 to 12:1
End Connections: Female pipe threaded or flanged
Sizes: Up to 4"; also used as a by-pass meteraround a mainline orifice for larger pipe sizes.
Advantages: inexpensive; somewhat self-cleaning;insensitive to viscosity variations below a giventhreshold; direct indicating; no power required; canbe direct mass device; minimum piping require-ments. Versions available with Teflon® liners.
Limitations: Requires accessories for data transmis-sion; must be vertically mounted; gas use requiresminimum backpressure.Service: Liquids in open channels
Flow Range: From 1/2 gpm up
Scale: Proportional to the measured head to the 3/2 power for rectangular and trapezoidal weirsand Parshall flumes; proportional to the measured head to the 5/2 power for V-notch weirs.
Signal: Analog electronic
Accuracy: 2% to 5% full scale
Rangeabilfty: 75:1 rectangular, trapezoidal weirs, Parshall flumes; 500:1 V-notch weirs; Palmer-Bowlus flumes 10:1
Sizes: From 1 " up
Advantages: ideal for water and waste flows, flumes have low head loss, low cost
Limitations: Weirs are more accurate than flumes but require cleaning; flumes are self-cleaning.
Wedge
Liquids and gases
Determined by transmitter
Determined by materials
Determined by pipe size
Square root
Analog electronic or pneumatic
± .5% of actual flow when operated inthe calibrated range
4:1 for given transmitter span setting
Mounts between flanges
Up to 48"
Very economical; easy-to-install; usesone transmitter regardless of pipe size;can be bi-directional; low pressure loss.Minimum upstream piping required
Not good for low flow velocity; as accurate as other ∅ P types.
Service:
Design Pressure:
Design Temperature:
Flow Range:
Scale:
Signal:
Accuracy:
Rangeabillty:
End Connections:
Sizes:
Advantages:
Limitations:
Orifice
Liquids and gases including steam
Determined by transmitter
Determined by materials
From 0.1 cc/min up* or gas equivalent
Square root
Analog electronic or pneumatic
± 0.6% of max flow uncalibrated andincludes transmitter; sizes smaller than2" usually calibrated
4:1 for given transmitter span setting
Mounts between flanges
Determined by pipe size
Easy-to-install; uses one transmitterregardless of pipe size; low cost; widevariety of types and materials available;easy-to-change capacity. Versions avail-able that do not require power.
Use eccentric orifices or segmentalplates for very dirty fluids or slurries;quadrant orifice for viscous liquids; ven-turi, flow tube, pitot, or elbow taps toreduce energy consumption; straightrun of upstream and downstream pipingrequired. Some fluid must leave pipeexcept when chemical seal protectorsare used.
Venturi
Liquids and gases including steam
Determined by transmitter
Determined by materials
From 5 gpm liquid; 20 scfm gas; determined by pipe size
Square root
Analog electronic or pneumatic
±1% of max flow or better; uncalibratedand includes transmitter
4:1 for given transmitter span setting
Flanged
To 72" and larger
Low permanent loss; good for slurriesand dirty fluids; uses one transmitterregardless of pipe size.
Most expensive ∅ P producer; generallylimited to air and water; big and heavyespecially in larger pipe sizes.
Flow Nozzles and Tubes
Liquids and gases including steam
Determined by transmitter
Determined by materials
From 5 gpm liquid; from 20 scfm gasequivalent
Square root
Analog electronic or pneumatic
±1% full scale including transmitter;flow calibration recommended
4:1 for given transmitter span setting
Flanged or mounted between flanges
3” to 48”
Economical, low permanent loss; usesone transmitter regardless of pipe size;nozzle commonly used for steam andhas higher capacity for same generated∅ P.
Flow tubes lack extensive backgrounddata compared to orifice plates; applica-tion on viscous liquids limited.Calibration recommended for optimumperformance.
* Note: For less than 1" pipe size use integral orifice ∅ P transmitter.
Pitot
Liquids and gases
Determined by transmitter
Determined by materials
Determined by pipe size
Square root
Analog electronic or pneumatic
±5% full scale or better including trans-mitter
4:1 for given transmitter span setting
Insert probe
Unlimited probe length
Very low cost; uses one transmitterregardless of pipe size. Averaging typesavailable.
Doesn't sample full stream; limited accu-racy. Low differential pressure for givenflow rate.
1 MAGNETIC 4 POSITIVEDISPLACEMENT
9 VARIABLEAREA (Rotameter)
6 TURBINE
5 TARGET
7 ULTRASONIC
10 WEIRS and FLUMES
8 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
2 MASS 3 OSCILLATORY
GUIDE TO FLOW MEASUREMENT
© 2000, 2006 ABB Inc. Printed in USA Wall Chart_Measurement_2 DCG 10/06 2K
ABB Instrumentation125 E. County Line Road, Warminster, PA 18974800-829-6001 • 215-674-6000 • Fax: 215-674-7183email: [email protected]
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Clean Dirty Corrosive Viscous Abrasive Fibrous Low Velocity Vapor Hi Temp. Cryogenic Semi-Filled Non- OpenLiquids Liquids Liquids Liquids Slurries Slurries Flows or Gas Service Service Pipes Newtonians Channel
MAGNETIC
MASS
OSCILLATORY
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
TARGET
TURBINE
ULTRASONIC
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
VARIABLE AREA
WEIRS and FLUMES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Coriolis
Thermal
Vortex Shedding
Fluidic
Swirlmeter
Transit Time
Doppler
Orifice
Venturi
Flow Nozzles &Tubes
Pitot Tubes
Wedge
FLOWMETER APPLICATIONS Designed for this service Applicable for this service under certainconditions, consult manufacturer
Normally applicablefor this service
Not applicablefor this service