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XML• XML stands for EXtensible Markup Language

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• XML is a markup language much like HTML

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• XML was designed to describe data

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• XML tags are not predefined. You must define your own tags

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• XML uses a Document Type Definition (DTD) or an XML Schema to describe the data

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• XML with a DTD or XML Schema is designed to be self-descriptive

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• XML with a DTD or XML Schema is designed to be self-descriptive

• XML is a W3C Recommendation

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XML

• XML does not DO anything

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XML


• XML is free and extensible

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XML



• XML is a complement to HTML

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XML




• XML is future Web development

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XML




• XML is future Web development

• XML is going to be everywhere.

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XML vs. HTML

HTML is about displaying information

XML is about describing information.

HTML was designed to display data and to focus on how data looks.

XML was designed to describe data and to focus on what data is.

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How can XML be Used

XML can Separate Data from HTML

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How can XML be Used


XML is used to Exchange Data

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How can XML be Used



XML can be used to Share Data

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How can XML be Used




XML can be used to Store Data

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How can XML be Used





XML can make your Data more Useful

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How can XML be Used





XML can make your Data more Useful

XML can be used to Create new Languages

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XML ComponentsComment

Declaration

Root Element

Element

Nested Element (child element)

Template Data

Empty Element

Attribute

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Comment



…………

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Declaration

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>

encoding=" UTF-7”encoding=" UTF-8”

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Root Element

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <note>

</note>

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Nested Elements

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <note><to></to> <from></from> <heading></heading> <body></body>

</note>

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Template Data

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <note><to>Waqas</to> <from>Nadeem</from> <heading>Meeting Reminder</heading> <body>Don’t forget me this weekend</body>

</note>

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Empty Element

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <note><to>Waqas</to> <from>Nadeem</from> <heading>Meeting Reminder</heading> <body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body><send />

</note>

<send /> or <send></send> both are valid

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Attribute

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <note id=“1101” date=“20-12-2006”><to>Waqas</to> <from>Nadeem</from> <heading>Meeting Reminder</heading> <body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body><send />

</note>

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All XML Components

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> 

<note id=“112”> <to>Waqas</to> <from>Nadeem</from> <heading>Meeting Reminder</heading> <body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>

<send /></note>

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Well Formed XML Documents

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All XML elements must have a closing tag.

Well-Formed Document Rules

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All XML elements must have a closing tag

XML tags are case sensitive


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All XML elements must be properly nested


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All XML documents must have a root element


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Attribute values must always be quoted

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Attribute values must always be quoted

Attributes can not be duplicated in one element.


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ExerciseCreate a well-formed XML document describing the mobile phone specification which is send by one mobile phone manufacture to different phone dealers.

You need to describe the following information with every mobile.

mobile-codebrand-namemodelcolorprice

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Solution<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<mobiles><mobile>

<mobile-code>11-258-745</mobile-code><brand-name>Nokia</brand-name><model>6630</model><color>silver</color><price>299.99</price>

</mobile><mobile>

<mobile-code>11-365-125</mobile-code><brand-name>Samsung</brand-name><model>D500</model><color>black</color><price>499.99</price>

</mobile></mobiles>

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XML Transformation

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XML TransformationXML does not use predefined tags and the meaning of these tags are

not well understood.

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A <table> element could mean an HTML table, a piece of furniture, or something else - and a browser does not know how to display it.

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We can transform XML files into other formats like HTML, Text, XML, DOC, PDF

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We can transform XML files into other formats like HTML, Text, XML, DOC, PDF

We use following technologies for transformation

• CSS

• XSL / XSLT

• XSLT-FO

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CSS

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in a markup languages.

Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML, XHTML or XML

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CSS



CSS define how to display HTML elements

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CSS



CSS define how to display HTML elements Styles are normally stored in Style Sheets

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CSS



CSS define how to display HTML elements Styles are normally stored in Style Sheets Styles were added to HTML 4.0

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CSS



CSS define how to display HTML elements Styles are normally stored in Style Sheets Styles were added to HTML 4.0External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files

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CSS



CSS define how to display HTML elements Styles are normally stored in Style Sheets Styles were added to HTML 4.0External Style Sheets are stored in CSS filesExternal Style Sheets can save you a lot of work

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catalog.xml<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><catalog>

<cd><title>Titanic</title><country>Pakistan</country><company>Columbia Pictures</company><price>100</price><year>2000</year>

</cd><cd>

<title>Jurassic Park</title><country>United Kingdom</country><company>Paramount Pictures</company><price>100</price><year>2002</year>

</cd></catalog>

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style.csscatalog {

background-color: #336699;width: 50%;font-size:12ptt;font-family:Arial;border-size:1;border-style:solid;border-color:#336699;

}

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style.csscatalog {


}cd{

display: block;background-color: #ffffff;

}

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style.csscatalog {


}cd{


}title{

width:100%;background-color: #336699;color:white;padding: 5px;

}

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style.csscatalog {


}cd{


}title{

width:100%;background-color: #336699;color:white;padding: 5px;

}country,price,year,company{

background-color: #ffffff;display: block;font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;color: #000000;margin-left: 5pt;

}

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Link CSS with XML<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="catalog.css"?><catalog>


</cd><cd>


</cd></catalog>

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XSL

XSL consists of three parts

XSLT - a language for transforming XML documents XPath - a language for navigating in XML documents XSL-FO - a language for formatting XML documents

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XSLT Transformation

XSLT stands for XSL Transformations XSLT is the most important part of XSL XSLT transforms an XML document into another document XSLT uses XPath to navigate in XML documents XSLT is a W3C Recommendation

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XML with XSLT<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><catalog>


</cd><cd>


</cd></catalog>

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Link XML with XSLT

We link the external style sheet with XML using the following line

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="cdcatalog.xslt"?><catalog> ....</catalog>

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XSLT DeclarationThe correct way to declare an XSL style sheet according to the W3C XSLT Recommendation is:

<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">

or

<xsl:transform version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">

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XSLT Templates<xsl-template>

An XSL style sheet consists of one or more set of rules that are called templates.

The <xsl:template> element is used to build templates.

The match attribute is used to associate a template with an XML element. The match attribute can also be used to define a template for the entire XML document.

<xsl:template match=“/”>

The value of the match attribute is an XPath expression.

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<xsl:value-of>

The <xsl:value-of> element can be used to extract the value of an XML element and add it to the output stream of the transformation.

<xsl:value-of select="catalog/cd/title"/>

The value of the select attribute is an XPath expression. An XPath expression works like navigating a file system.

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<xsl:for-each>

The <xsl:for-each> element allows you to do looping in XSLT.

<xsl:for-each select="catalog/cd"> <xsl:value-of select="title"/><xsl:value-of select="artist"/>

</xsl:for-each>

The XSL <xsl:for-each> element can be used to select every XML element of a specified node-set:

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<xsl:sort>

The <xsl:sort> element is used to sort the output.

<xsl:for-each select="catalog/cd"> <xsl:sort select="artist"/> <xsl:value-of select="title"/><xsl:value-of select="artist"/>

</xsl:for-each>

To sort the output, simply add an <xsl:sort> element inside the <xsl:for-each> element in the XSL file

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Complete XSLT File<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"><xsl:output method="html" version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" indent="yes"/>

<xsl:template match="/catalog">

<table align="center" width="70%" style="background-color:#f3f3f3;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10px"><tr style="background-color:#336699; color:white;">

<td>DVD Title</td><td>Country</td><td>Company</td><td>Price</td><td>Year</td>

</tr><xsl:for-each select="cd">

<xsl:sort order="ascending" select="year" /><tr>

<td> <xsl:value-of select="title"/> </td><td> <xsl:value-of select="country"/> </td><td> <xsl:value-of select="company"/> </td><td> <xsl:value-of select="price"/> </td><td> <xsl:value-of select="year"/> </td>

</tr></xsl:for-each>

</table>

</xsl:template>

</xsl:stylesheet>

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XML Validation

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XML Validation

We can use following two technologies two validate XML files.

• DTD

• Schema

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Document Type Definition

The purpose of a DTD (Document Type Definition) is to define the legal building blocks of an XML document.

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It defines the document structure with a list of legal elements.

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It defines the document structure with a list of legal elements.

A DTD can be declared inline in your XML document, or as an external reference.

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Benefits of DTD

With DTD, each of your XML files can carry a description of its own format with it.

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Benefits of DTD


With a DTD, independent groups of people can agree to use a common DTD for interchanging data.

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Benefits of DTD



Your application can use a standard DTD to verify that the data you receive from the outside world is valid.

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Benefits of DTD



Your application can use a standard DTD to verify that the data you receive from the outside world is valid.

You can also use a DTD to verify your own data.

DTD is old technology and replaced more powerful and latest technology XML Schema.

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XML Schema

An XML Schema:

1. defines elements that can appear in a document

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XML Schema

An XML Schema:

1. defines elements that can appear in a document 2. defines attributes that can appear in a document

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XML Schema

An XML Schema:

1. defines elements that can appear in a document 2. defines attributes that can appear in a document 3. defines which elements are child elements

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XML Schema

An XML Schema:

1. defines elements that can appear in a document 2. defines attributes that can appear in a document 3. defines which elements are child elements 4. defines the order of child elements

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XML Schema

An XML Schema:

1. defines elements that can appear in a document 2. defines attributes that can appear in a document 3. defines which elements are child elements 4. defines the order of child elements 5. defines the number of child elements

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XML Schema

An XML Schema:

1. defines elements that can appear in a document 2. defines attributes that can appear in a document 3. defines which elements are child elements 4. defines the order of child elements 5. defines the number of child elements 6. defines whether an element is empty or can include text

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XML Schema

An XML Schema:

1. defines elements that can appear in a document 2. defines attributes that can appear in a document 3. defines which elements are child elements 4. defines the order of child elements 5. defines the number of child elements 6. defines whether an element is empty or can include text 7. defines data types for elements and attributes

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XML Schema

An XML Schema:

1. defines elements that can appear in a document 2. defines attributes that can appear in a document 3. defines which elements are child elements 4. defines the order of child elements 5. defines the number of child elements 6. defines whether an element is empty or can include text 7. defines data types for elements and attributes 8. defines default and fixed values for elements and attributes

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XML Validation with XML Schema

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<note><to>Waqas</to><from>Nadeem</from><heading>Meeting Reminder</heading><body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>

</note>

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XML Validation with XML Schema


<note xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="Note.xsd">

<to>Waqas</to><from>Nadeem</from><heading>Meeting Reminder</heading><body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>

</note>

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Root Element <xs:schema>


<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">

</xs:schema>

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Simple Element

A simple element is an element that only contains template date.

<firstname>Waqas</firstname>

<salary>120000</salary>

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Complex Element

A complex element is an XML element that contains other elements and/or attributes.

There are four kinds of complex elements:

empty elements elements that contain only other elements elements that contain only text elements that contain both other elements and text

Note: Each of these elements may contain attributes as well!

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Complex Element<product pid="1345"/>

<employee> <firstname>John</firstname> <lastname>Smith</lastname>

</employee>

<food type="dessert">Ice cream</food>

<description> It happened on <date lang="norwegian">03.03.99</date> .... </description>

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Declare Simple Element <xs:element>

A simple element is an XML element that can contain only text. It cannot contain any other elements or attributes.

<xs:element name="xxx" type="yyy"/>

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<name>Ali</name><age>34</age><birthdate>1978-03-27</birthdate>

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<xs:element name="name" type="xs:string"/>

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<xs:element name="name" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="age" type="xs:integer"/>

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<xs:element name="lastname" type="xs:string"/> <xs:element name="age" type="xs:integer"/> <xs:element name=“birthdate" type="xs:date"/>

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Common Schema Data types

xs:string xs:decimal xs:integer xs:boolean xs:date xs:time

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Declare default and fixed valuefor simple elements

<xs:element name="color" type="xs:string" default="red"/>

<xs:element name="color" type="xs:string" fixed="red"/>

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Declare Attributes<xs:attribute>

<xs:attribute name="xxx" type="yyy"/>

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<lastname lang="EN">Waqas</lastname>

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<lastname lang="EN">Waqas</lastname>

<xs:attribute name="lang" type="xs:string"/>

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Declare default and fixed valuefor attributes

<xs:attribute name=“lang" type="xs:string" default=“EN"/>

<xs:attribute name=“lang" type="xs:string" fixed=“EN"/>

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Declare optional and required attributes

<xs:attribute name="lang" type="xs:string" use="optional"/>

<xs:attribute name="lang" type="xs:string" use="required"/>

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XSD Restrictions

Restrictions are used to control acceptable values for XML elements or attributes.

Restriction on Values

<xs:element name="age">

<xs:simpleType> <xs:restriction base="xs:integer">

<xs:minInclusive value="0"/> <xs:maxInclusive value="100"/>

</xs:restriction> </xs:simpleType>

</xs:element>

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Restriction on Set of Values

<xs:element name="car">

<xs:simpleType> <xs:restriction base="xs:string">

<xs:enumeration value="Audi"/> <xs:enumeration value="Golf"/><xs:enumeration value="BMW"/>


</xs:element>

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Restriction on Series of Values

<xs:element name="letter">


<xs:pattern value="[a-z]"/> </xs:restriction>

</xs:simpleType>

</xs:element>

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Restriction on Series of Values<xs:element name="initials">


<xs:pattern value="[A-Z][A-Z][A-Z]"/></xs:restriction>

</xs:simpleType></xs:element>

<xs:element name="initials"><xs:simpleType>

<xs:restriction base="xs:string"> <xs:pattern value="[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z]"/>


</xs:element>

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Restriction on Series of Values<xs:element name="choice">


<xs:pattern value="[xyz]"/> </xs:restriction>

</xs:simpleType></xs:element>

<xs:element name="prodid"><xs:simpleType>

<xs:restriction base="xs:integer"> <xs:pattern value="[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]"/>


</xs:element>

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Restriction on length

<xs:element name="password"><xs:simpleType>

<xs:restriction base="xs:string"> <xs:length value="8"/>


</xs:element>

<xs:element name="password"><xs:simpleType>

<xs:restriction base="xs:string"> <xs:minLength value="5"/> <xs:maxLength value="8"/>


</xs:element>