war fighting techniques

MCI 8203

MARINE CORPS INSTITUTE

STAFF NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS ADVANCED DISTANCE EDUCATION

PROGRAM

WARFIGHTING TECHNIQUES

MARINE BARRACKS WASHINGTON, DC

MCI Course 8203 i Course Introduction

WARFIGHTING TECHNIQUES (8203)

Course Introduction

Scope The responsibilities of senior staff noncommissioned officers (SNCOs)

increases with every rank reached. Continuing your education on a variety of subjects is required to master these additional responsibilities. Technical and tactical proficiency is the hallmark of the Marine gunnery sergeant. This course covers a wide range of subjects that will enhance your abilities to maintain the high standards of the SNCO ranks.

Table of Contents

This course contains the following study units:

Study Unit Title Page

-- Course Introduction i 1 Close Air Support 1-1 2 Combat Operations Center 2-1 3 Combat Service Support 3-1 4 Rear Area Security 4-1 -- Review Lesson Exercise R-1

Estimated Study Time

You will spend about 11 hours, 20 minutes completing this course. This includes the time to study the text, complete the exercises, and take the final exam.

Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203 ii Course Introduction

Course Introduction, Continued

Reserve Retirement Credits

You will earn three retirement credits for completing this course. You will earn reserve retirement credits at the rate of one credit for each 3 hours of estimated study time. Note: If you are awarded credits for drill attendance during drill periods,

reserve retirement credits are not awarded for the MCI study time.

Summary The all important gateways needed to successfully complete this course are

summarized in the table below:

Step When you… Then you will… 1 Enroll in the program Receive your program material. 2 Complete the self-paced text Arrange to take the final examination. 3 Pass the final examination Receive a course completion

certificate. Note: For more information, refer to the Program Introduction.

MCI Course 8203 1-1 Study Unit 1

STUDY UNIT 1

CLOSE AIR SUPPORT

Overview


3 hours

Unit Scope This study unit is designed to give you advanced knowledge of close air

support (CAS), as well as some basic information that must always be covered when addressing CAS. For example, the nine-line brief is a basic foundation of close air support. Without it, communication between the terminal controller and the aircraft would be difficult in an already difficult and potentially dangerous situation.

Learning Objectives

After completing this unit, you should be able to • State the functions of Marine aviation. • State the types of aircraft and ordnance. • Request air support. • Terminally control Marine air.

In This Study Unit

This study unit contains the following lessons:

Topic See Page

Lesson 1 Functions of Marine Aviation 1-3 Lesson 2 Aircraft and Ordnance 1-17 Lesson 3 Requesting Air Support 1-33 Lesson 4 Controlling Marine Air 1-47


(This page intentionally left blank.)

MCI Course 8203 1-3 Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

LESSON 1

FUNCTIONS OF MARINE AVIATION

Introduction


30 minutes

Lesson Scope Understanding the definition, purpose, and makeup of Marine aviation is

important to understanding close air support. This lesson describes basic missions and functions, as well as the types of support these functions provide.

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to • State the mission of Marine aviation. • Identify the six functions of Marine aviation. • Identify the two types of antiair warfare employment methods. • Identify the three types of offensive air support. • Identify the seven types of assault support.

In This Lesson This lesson contains the following topics:

Topic See Page Introduction 1-3 Missions and Functions 1-4 Antiair Warfare (AAW) 1-5 Offensive Air Support (OAS) 1-7 Assault Support 1-9 Air Reconnaissance 1-11 Electronic Warfare (EW) 1-12 Control of Aircraft and Missiles 1-13 Lesson 1 Exercise 1-14


Missions and Functions

Missions The primary mission of Marine Corps aviation is to participate as the

supporting air component of the Fleet Marine Force (FMF) in the seizure and defense of advanced naval bases and conduct of such land operations as may be essential for the prosecution of a naval campaign. A collateral mission is to participate as an integral component of naval aviation in the execution of other Navy functions as the fleet commanders so direct.

Functions The aviation combat element (ACE) provides the Marine air-ground task

force (MAGTF) with the assets to perform the six functions of Marine aviation: • Antiair warfare • Offensive air support • Assault support • Air reconnaissance • Electronic warfare • Control of aircraft and missiles


Antiair Warfare (AAW)

Description AAW serves two purposes: to protect the force and to gain and maintain air

superiority. AAW is used to defend the MAGTF and to destroy or reduce to an acceptable level, the enemy air and missile threat. It includes such measures as the use of interceptors, bombers, antiaircraft guns, surface-to-air and air-to-air missiles, electronic countermeasures, and destruction of the air threat or operation missile threat both before and after it is launched. The two types of antiair warfare are • Offensive • Defensive

Offensive AAW (OAAW)

OAAW consists of destroying or neutralizing hostile aircraft, airfields, radars, air defense systems, and supporting areas befo re they can be utilized by the enemy. Characterized by responsiveness, bold actions, and initiative to gain a decisive advantage over the enemy, OAAW is the preferred method of conducting antiair warfare. OAAW operations is categorized as • Preemptive measures • Suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) • Local air superiority measures • Reactive measures



Antiair Warfare (AAW), Continued

Defensive AAW (Air Defense)

Defensive AAW includes all defensive measures designed to destroy attacking enemy aircraft or missiles or to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of such attacks. However, air defense operations cannot be viewed as purely defensive. MAGTF air defense operations use the three principles of antiair warfare: • Destruction-in-depth • Mutual support • Centralized command and decentralized control These principles provide a responsive, integrated air defense capability to protect vital MAGTF assets.

Active and Passive Measures

Defensive AAW measures are active or passive: • Active measures use available aircraft, air defense weapons, and

electronic warfare to achieve its goal. • Passive measures include

• Early warning • NBC protection measures • Counter-surveillance • Deception • Camouflage • Concealment • Hardening • Electronic protection • Mobility dispersal • Redundancy • Recovery


Offensive Air Support (OAS)

Description Offensive air support employs effective firepower against selected enemy

targets and capabilities. The objectives of OAS are to destroy enemy resources and isolate the enemy’s military force.

Categories OAS is divided into three categories. Each category is determined by the

supported unit’s required degree of coordination and type of platform needed: • Close- in fire support (CIFS) • Close air support (CAS) • Deep air support (DAS)

Close-In Fire Support (CIFS)

Close- in fire support • Used against targets located close to friendly forces • Unique to attack helicopters (attack helicopters do not perform CAS) • Requires detailed integration with a friendly ground force’s fire and

maneuver • Can be used alone, but is most effective when combined with other

supporting fires

• May be the only OAS available in some situations (such as poor weather, intense jamming, etc.)

Close Air Support (CAS)

Close air support • Effective against hostile targets located close to friendly forces • Requires detailed integration with a friendly ground force’s fire and

maneuver. The ground commander requests and approves all CAS mission within his area of responsibility (AOR)

• Best employed when integrated with other supporting arms and the

MAGTF’s fire and maneuver



Offensive Air Support (OAS), Continued

Deep Air Support (DAS)

MAGTF commanders use DAS to attack enemy forces before they become a threat to MAGTF units. Attacking enemy forces with DAS can prevent them from becoming CAS or CIFS targets. Air interdiction and armed reconnaissance are DAS tasks. • Conducted on both sides of the fire support coordination lines (FSCL) • Requires a complete understanding of the MAGTF commander’s intent

and scheme of maneuver, but does not require detailed integration with a friendly ground force’s fire and maneuver

Employment Methods

OAS projects firepower to shape events in time and space. OAS allows the MAGTF commander to operationally influence the future battle and project his will upon the enemy. OAS missions are executed as preplanned or immediate.

Preplanned Preplanned missions are

• Performed according to a schedule • Planned far enough in advance to permit detailed mission coordination • Scheduled or on-call

• Scheduled missions are executed at a specific time and provide effective coordination and economical use of aircraft and ordnance.

• On-call missions are preloaded for a particular target and placed in

readiness.

Immediate Immediate missions

• Meet requests that arise during battle • Cannot be identified far enough in advance to permit detailed mission

coordination and planning. Response time, or the action cycle, begins with the request and ends with the attack. Response time is a prime consideration when requesting air support.


Assault Support

Definition Assault support involves the use of aircraft to provide

• Tactical mobility and logistical support for the MAGTF • Movement of high-priority cargo and personnel within the immediate

area of operations • In-flight refueling • Evacuation of personnel and cargo Assault support operations require detailed, coordinated, and concurrent planning between the MAGTF and the supporting unit. These support operations are tactical, administrative, or logistical in nature.

Types of Assault Support

Assault support employment strategy depends on the MAGTF’s mission and the enemy’s capabilities. The types of assault support are listed below: • Combat assault transport • Air delivery • Aerial refueling • Air evacuation • Tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel (TRAP) • Air logistical support • Battlefield illumination

Combat Assault Transport

Combat assault transport provides mobility for MAGTF forces. The purpose of combat assault transport is to rapidly deploy forces, bypass obstacles, or redeploy forces to meet the enemy threat.

Air Delivery Air delivery operations transport equipment and supplies to forward operating

bases or remote areas. Airdrops deliver equipment and supplies primarily via fixed-wing transport aircraft. Airdrops are conducted when surface or helicopter transport cannot fulfill resupply requirements due to range, closed lines of communication, lack of adequate airfields, a prohibitive ground tactical situation, high tonnage, or the need to reduce response time.



Assault Support, Continued

Aerial Refueling

KC-130 aircraft serves as airborne tankers for rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft with the probe and drogue system. Aerial refueling allows Marine aircraft to conduct flight- ferrying operations and extend time on station and mission range. Aerial refueling also aids in the recovery of damaged or low-fuel aircraft.

Air Evacuation Air evacuation is the transportation of personnel and equipment from forward

bases to secure rear areas. This movement includes • Flights from areas of operations to secure rear areas • MEDEVAC • Extraction of forces

Tactical Recovery of Aircraft and Personnel (TRAP)

TRAP missions facilitate the tactical recovery of personnel and equipment while avoiding additional losses. Specially trained and briefed aircrews with a tasked organized force are assigned these missions. TRAP missions are conducted when the tactical situation prevents the use of traditional search and rescue techniques and only when survivors and their locations are confirmed.

Air Logistical Support

Fixed-wing aircraft perform air logistical support by providing assault support to Marine ground forces in much the same manner as helicopters. Air logistical support delivers troops, equipment, and supplies to areas beyond helicopter range and lift capability or when surface transportation is slow or unavailable.

Battlefield Illumination

Fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft can be used to provide light (battlefield illumination) in the battlespace. Battlefield illumination can be visible or invisible to the naked eye (infrared spectrum) and can last for a few minutes or several hours.


Air Reconnaissance

Definition Air reconnaissance employs visual observation and/or sensors in aerial

vehicles to acquire intelligence information. It supports the intelligence function of warfighting and is employed tactically, operationally, and strategically.

Types The three types of aerial reconnaissance are listed below:

• Visual Reconnaissance • Multisensor Imagery Reconnaissance • Electronic Reconnaissance (ER)

Visual Reconnaissance

Visual reconnaissance

• May be conducted by any airborne platform • Consists of an observer or pilot visually searching a route, point, or area • Supports the delivery of offensive fires such as artillery, naval surface

fires support, or CAS

Multisensor Imagery Reconnaissance

Multisensor imagery reconnaissance

• Includes photography from standard cameras, photograph and radar imagery from the advanced tactical aerial reconnaissance system (ATARS), and infrared imagery

• Detects and pinpoints the location of enemy installations, facilities, and concentrations of forces

• Supports terrain analysis

Electronic Reconnaissance (ER)

Electronic Reconnaissance (ER)

• Detects, locates, identifies, and evaluates enemy electromagnetic radiation

• Performs with passive interception equipment that recovers signals and determines signal detection, source, and characteristics

• Gathers data that is processed into intelligence, which is used to update the electronic order of battle and technical intelligence

• Consists of three subdivisions


Electronic Warfare (EW)

Definition Electronic warfare (EW) is any military action involving the use of

electromagnetic and directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or attack the enemy. EW involves the use of electromagnetic energy to determine, exploit, reduce, or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum, and action that retains friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Subdivisions Electronic warfare has three major subdivisions:

• Electronic attack involves the use of electromagnetic energy, directed

energy, or antiradiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability.

• Electronic protection involves the actions taken to protect personnel,

facilities, and equipment from the effects of friendly or enemy employment of EW that degrade, neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capability.

• Electronic warfare support (EWS) is tasked by or under the direct control

of an operational commander and involves the actions needed to search for, intercept, identify, and locate sources of intentionally and unintentionally radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition.


Control of Aircraft and Missiles

Centralized Command and Decentralized Control

Control of aircraft and missiles is used to integrate the other five functions of Marine aviation by providing the means for the MAGTF commander to exercise command and control authority over Marine aviation assets. Control of aircraft and missiles involves the coordinated employment of facilities, equipment, communication, procedures, and personnel to plan, direct, and control the aviation combat element’s efforts. MAGTF aviation operates under the philosophy of centralized command and decentralized control, which are the two fundamental requirements of the aviation combat element commander.

MCI Course 8203 1-14 Study Unit 1, Lesson 1 Exercise

Lesson 1 Exercise


10 minutes

Directions Complete items 1 through 5 by performing the action required. Check your

answers against those listed at the end of this lesson.

Item 1 Which of the statements is the mission of Marine aviation?

a. Provide air defense for Marine units. b. Participate as the supporting air component of the FMF. c. Attack and defend opposing forces. d. Provide air support in the attack.

Item 2 Which of the following is one of six functions for Marine aviation?

a. Offensive air support b. Close- in fire support c. Close air support d. Deep air support

Item 3 Name the two types of antiair warfare employment.

a. Offensive and defensive b. Direct and indirect c. Surface-to-air and air-to-air d. Forward and rear

Item 4 Offensive air support missions are executed as

a. scheduled or unscheduled. b. fixed- or rotary-wing. c. preplanned or immediate. d. air-to-air or air-to-ground.



Lesson 1 Exercise, Continued

Item 5 An operation requiring detailed planning, briefed aircrews, and confirmation

of survivors is which type of assault support? a. Combat assault support b. Air evacuation c. Tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel d. Air logistical support




Answers The table below lists the answers to the lesson exercise items. If you have

questions about these items, refer to the reference page.

Item Number Answer Reference 1 b 1-4 2 a 1-4 3 a 1-5 4 c 1-8 5 c 1-10


LESSON 2

AIRCRAFT AND ORDNANCE

Introduction


30 minutes

Lesson Scope This lesson discusses the platforms and ordnance that Marine aviation uses to

accomplish the various missions and functions associated with CAS.

Learning Objectives

Upon completing this lesson, you should be able to • Identify the primary platforms used for CAS missions. • Explain the advantages and disadvantages of CAS platforms. • Identify the primary platforms used for CIFS missions. • Explain the advantages of CIFS platforms. • Identify the missions of CAS and CIFS platforms. • Describe the effects of each type of ordnance.


Topic See Page Introduction 1-17 Primary CAS Platforms 1-18 Primary CIFS Platforms 1-23 Ordnance 1-26 Lesson 2 Exercise 1-30


Primary CAS Platforms

Fixed-wing Platforms

Fixed-wing CAS aircraft provide OAS for the MAGTF. CAS operations deliver firepower against enemy installations, facilities, and personnel. The MAGTF commander uses CAS to achieve his objectives by destroying enemy resources and isolating the enemy’s military force.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fixed-wing CAS

The table below lists the advantages and disadvantages of fixed-wing CAS:

Advantage Disadvantage

• Carries more ordnance than CIFS assets

• More devastating effects on the

enemy in terms of

• Physical destruction • Destroys the enemy’s will to

fight • Carries several types of smart

ordnance that can be terminally guided by the pilot or Marines on the ground for greater accuracy

• Time on station due to fuel consumption

• Redeployment time • Safe effective execution requires

• Detailed planning • Coordination between aircrew

and ground units • Training of aircrew and

terminal controllers



Primary CAS Platforms, Continued

Effective Use For CAS to be delivered effectively, some basic conditions that optimize CAS

employment must be considered as described in the table below:

Basic Condition Benefit Air superiority • Permits CAS to function more freely

• Denies the enemy the capability to function freely in the air

Suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD)

Required for CAS aircraft to operate more effectively within areas defended by enemy air defense systems

Target marking • Improves CAS effectiveness • Helps in locating and attacking the proper

target Favorable weather • Improves aircrew effectiveness

• Minimum weather conditions are always considered

Prompt response • Streamlined requests and control procedures improve CAS responsiveness

• Forward operating bases (FOBs) reduce

distance to target area Aircrew and terminal controller skill

• Have a direct influence on mission success • Requires frequent practice

Weaponeering Load, arming setting, and fuse setting must be tailored for desired result

Communication and information

Communication between aircrew and terminal controller is a prerequisite for executing any CAS mission



AV-8B Harrier The AV-8B is a single-seat, transonic—near the speed of sound—vectored-

thrust (directional thrust), light attack aircraft. Its vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) capability provides increased responsiveness to MAGTF commander’s OAS requirements through basing flexibility and high sortie rates. Basing flexibility and high sortie rates are accomplished through the AV-8B’s ability to land and rearm/refuel in forward operating bases (FOB), expeditionary airfields, or amphibious ships closer to the battlefield vice returning to an airfield in a secure rear area. The AV-8B has night vision capability consists of a forward looking infrared (FLIR) system, night vision goggle (NVG) -compatible cockpit lighting, and a moving map display to allow ground attacks at night under all weather conditions. The AV-8B can carry up to 9,200 pounds of external ordnance and has a standard 6-barrel, 300-round, GAU-12 25mm gun system. The system has two pod- like structures (called paks) mounted to the bottom of the aircraft fuselage. The left pod contains the gun and the right pod contains the ammunition.

AV-8B Diagram

The AV-8B is shown below:




F/A-18C/D Hornet, F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, F/A-18G Growler

The F/A-18 (F/A-18D) is a multi-mission strike fighter, combining the capabilities of an interceptor and fighter with those of an attack and bomber aircraft. This aircraft comes in a single seat version (F/A-18C/E) and a dual seat (F/A-18D/F) version that is primarily used for training. The F/A-18E/F Super Hornet has 50 percent more endurance and 41 percent more mission range than the previous model. It can carry approximately 17,750 pounds of external load and fuel on eleven stations. The F/A-18E/F has night vision capability consisting of a FLIR system, NVG-compatible cockpit lighting, and moving map display to allow ground attacks at night under all weather conditions. Currently the most advanced aircraft in the naval aviation inventory is the E/F versions designed to be compatible with future advancements in sensor and weapon systems. In the early 1990s, a modified F/A-18E/F called the Growler, capable of providing close-in and standoff jamming began development to replace the aging EA-6B Prowler, which will start being retired around 2010.

F/A-18 (F/A-18D) Diagram

The F/A-18 (F/A-18D) is shown below:




Joint Strike Fighter

In an effort to reduce spending, the Department of Defense (DOD) has contracted for a single aircraft to meet each of the services’ (Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force) needs. The short takeoff and vertical landing joint strike fighter variant being designed for the Marine Corps and for the Royal Navy in Britain employs a direct lift system for short takeoffs and vertical landings with uncompromising performance. This aircraft will replace the AV-8B and is projected for service in 2010. Features of this future aircraft are • Internal and external payload capability • Supersonic flight • All-weather ordnance delivery • Reduced radar signature through the use of advanced reduced observable

design • Multiservice use emphasizing common parts, shared supply systems, and

joint repair facilities


Primary CIFS Platforms

Close-In Fire Support (CIFS)

CIFS is often referred to as rotary-wing CAS because it is exclusively a rotary-wing aircraft function. CIFS performance features are listed below: • Effective against hostile targets located close to friendly forces • Requires detailed integration with a friendly ground force’s fire and

maneuver (The supported commander integrates CIFS into his scheme of maneuver)

• Can be employed alone, but is most effective when combined with other

supporting arms • Provides the MAGTF commander with the capability to cover gaps

between ground weapon systems and CAS

CIFS Advantage

The advantage of CIFS is its flexibility, responsiveness, and time on station in some fast moving, fluid battle situations.



Primary CIFS Platforms, Continued

AH-1W Cobra The AH-1W Cobra is the Marine Corps’ primary attack helicopter designed

to provide CIFS to the MAGTF. The Cobra carries a 3-barreled, rotary action, 20mm gun system with a load of 300 rounds. Its night targeting system integrates the existing TOW and HELLFIRE missile systems with FLIR, laser range finder/designator, automatic targeting system, TV, and a video recorder. The AH-1 is also capable of air-to-air offense and defense as it can carry a compliment of Sidewinder and Sidearm air-to-air missiles. In the year 2003, the Marines will receive the upgraded AH-1Z, which will have a four-bladed, hingeless, bearingless, rotor system upgrade. This improvement will increase speed and payload as well as the flight altitude.

AH-1W Cobra Diagram

The AH-1W Cobra is shown below:



Primary CIFS Platforms, Continued

UH-1N The UH-1 is a utility helicopter (UH) that can conduct offensive operations

against enemy ground forces. However, the primary mission of the UH-1 is to provide combat utility support for the MAGTF. The performance features of the UH-1 are listd below: • Transports up to 13 passengers • Provides airborne command and control • Aids in local search and rescue • Provides aeromedical evacuation of causalities Like the AH-1, the UH-1 is currently being upgraded to a four-blade version (designated the UH-1Y), which will enter service in 2005. This upgrade will significantly increase the aircraft’s speed (by 32 percent), payload (by 44 percent), and altitude, which will improve survivability, durability, and performance.

UH-1 Diagram The UH-1 is shown below:


Ordnance

Factors Effecting Use

Marine aviation uses a variety of aircraft weapons and associated systems. The type of weapon or system will depend on the aircraft, mission, method of delivery, and desired result. To exploit the full capacity of any weapon system and properly employ CAS, you must understand some basic nomenclature and what weapons options are available.

Types and Effects

The table below describes some of the available ordnance and their effects:

Type Description Effect

MK-80 Series General Purpose (GP) High Explosive Bombs

• Low drag bombs • One of the most

widely used weapons in the inventory

• May use mechanical and electric fuses, and nose and tail fins

• Comes in several sizes

• MK-82: 500 lbs • MK-83: 1,000 lbs • MK-84: 2,000 lbs

When fused for instantaneous detonation, it provides good fragmentation effects against personnel and light equipment.

MK77 Firebombs • Contains approximately 75 gallons of fuel gel mixture that sticks to most surfaces

• Weighs about 500 lbs

• Previously known as napalm

• Designed for use on • Convoys • Dug-in troops • Supply

installations • Other structures

• On impact, it

releases burning fuel gel over the area in the direction of flight.



Ordnance, Continued

Types and Effects, continued

Type Description Effects

MK-20 Rockeye A dispenser/cluster bomb Effective against • Trucks • Radar vans • Missile sites • Fuel storage tanks • Surface ships

CBU-59/B Antipersonnel/ Antimaterial (APAM)

Consists of two modes:

• Hard target mode bomblets penetrate and detonate in the inside.

• Soft target mode bomblets hit the ground, eject aft part into the air where they detonate and cause more fragmentation.

Highly effective against personnel and lightly armored equipment under a wide variety of terrain conditions

2.75-inch Aircraft Rocket

• Fires from two pods: holding 7 or 19 rockets

• Fires singly or in ripple

• Consists of three types:

• Fragmentation

• Antiarmor shaped charge

• Smoke, flare, or flechette (arrow shaped projectiles) warheads

Can be used against a multitude of targets from dug in troops to fortified positions and light armor



Ordnance, Continued



5-inch Zuni Rocket • Fires from a four-tube LAU-10 rocket pod

• Similar to the 2.75- inch system

• Fires in single or ripple mode

• Antisubmarine warhead

Effective against • Concrete • Bunkers • Personnel • Heavy or lightly

armored vehicles • Submarines

Walleye Laser Guided Bomb

• Air-to-surface glide bomb

• Uses automatic video tracking for homing and guidance to surface targets

• Cannot be employed by AV-8B

Most effective against heavily structured, well-defined targets in daylight/clear weather

M-65 Airborne TOW Wire Guided Missile

• Maximum effective range: 3,750 meters

• Guided during its flight by receiving commands from two wires attached to the launch tube

• AH-1 Cobra uses TOW

Conducts a point target attack of armor

AGM-144C Helicopterborne Fire and Forget (HELLFIRE) Missile

• Uses radar frequency seeker to track targets

• Locks on target before and after firing

• Maximum speed of 950 mph

Pinpoint accuracy from a safe standoff distance of approximately 5 miles



Ordnance, Continued



AGM-65 Maverick Laser Guided Missile

• Consists of two types: • Laser-guided

variant (AGM-65E) • Imaging infrared–

seeker variant (AGM-65F)

• Employed from • F/A-18 • AV-8B

Effective against • Field fortifications • Armored vehicles • Surface combatants

Fuel Air Explosive (FAE) Bomb

Explosive force comes from the detonation of the fuel that forms an aerosol cloud on impact and then ignited, resulting in an overpressure that destroys the target.

• Effective against • Mines • Boobytraps • Tanks • Structures • Personnel

• Used to clear landing zones

Gun System • Variety ranges from the M60 machinegun to the GAU-12 gun system

• Provides offensive and defensive firepower • Air-to-air • Air-to-ground

Effective against • Personnel • Unfortified structures • Light and medium

armored surface targets

Flares All CAS aircraft can employ

Illuminate/mark target area up to 4 minutes


Lesson 2 Exercise


10 minutes



Item 1 Which is an advantage of a CAS platform?

a. Low fuel consumption b. Saves friendly lives c. Carries several types of smart ordnance d. Fills in offensive gaps

Item 2 Which aircraft is one of the Marines Corps primary CAS platforms?

a. AH-1W b. AV-8B c. UH-1N d. CV-22

Item 3 Which may be considered an advantage of a CIFS platform?

a. Responsiveness and flexibility b. Effective only when supported with other supporting arms c. Requires detailed, integrated planning with ground force’s fire and

maneuver d. Highly effective against targets located deep within enemy areas targets

Item 4 Which aircraft does the Marine Corps use primarily for CIFS?

a. AH-1W b. AV-8B c. F/A-18 d. CV-22




Item 5 Read the following statements and then answer the question below.

1. Combat utility support 2. Search and destroy 3. Search and rescue 4. Transportation Which statements best define UH-1 missions? a. 1, 2, and 3 b. 1, 3, and 4 c. 2, 3, and 4

Item 6 Which ordnance provides good fragmentation effects against personnel and

light equipment? a. Firebombs b. Fuel air explosive (FAE) weapons c. Air-to-surface guided missiles d. General purpose high explosive bombs




Answers The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any

questions, refer to the reference page listed for each item.

Item Number Answer Reference

1 c 1-18 2 b 1-20 3 a 1-23 4 a 1-24 5 b 1-25 6 d 1-26


LESSON 3

REQUESTING AIR SUPPORT

Introduction


40 minutes

Lesson Scope This lesson discusses the personnel, procedures, and communication involved

in requesting air support. Understanding how the process of requesting Marine air works will help increase your chance of receiving the CAS you want when you want it. Along with understanding the process, you must know the personnel handling your request and the role they play in processing air requests. Communication nets will close the lesson so you—the controller—can effectively communicate with the processing chain and obtain the CAS you requested.

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to • Identify the personnel involved in controlling Marine air. • Identify the purpose of a joint tactical airstrike request (JTAR). • Identify the communication nets involved in requesting Marine air.


Topic See Page Introduction 1-33 Command and Control Agencies 1-34 Joint Tactical Airstrike Request (JTAR) 1-37 Communication Nets 1-41 Lesson 3 Exercise 1-44


Command and Control Agencies

Amphibious Tactical Air Control System (ATACS)

CAS requires a command and control (C2) structure that can coordinate requirements, process requests, and control execution. The amphibious tactical air control system (ATACS) is organized and equipped to • Plan, direct, and control all air operations within an assigned area. • Coordinate air operations with the other components of a joint force.

Marine Tactical Command Center (TACC)

The Navy tactical command center (TACC) controls all aviation assets while afloat in support of the commander of landing forces. The Marine TACC and its other subordinate agencies • Manage MAGTF aviation assets. • Act as the senior Marine air command and control system (MACCS)

agency. • Provide centralized command and direction of subordinate activities

(tactical air operations center (TAOC) and aircraft squadrons).

Tactical Air Direction Center (TADC)

During the build up of landing force combat power ashore, the commander of landing forces establishes a tactical air direction center (TADC) to act as a coordination agency between the other MACCS agencies and the Navy TACC afloat. The Marine TACC remains subordinate to the Navy TACC until control of aviation has been passed ashore. The TAOC is under the operational control of the Marine TACC. In this lesson, we will direct our attention to the C2 elements that fall under the ground combat element (GCE) of the MAGTF.



Command and Control Agencies, Continued

Direct Air Support Center (DASC)

The DASC is the air control agency for the MACCS. It is primarily responsible for the direction and procedural control of air operations directly supporting the MAGTF’s ground combat element (GCE). DASC is usually the first principal MACCS agency ashore. It is the first C2 agency that has a direct impact on CAS responsiveness. DASC is directly supervised by the TACC. It is normally co- located or electronically linked with the senior fire support coordination agency ashore. The operations of the DASC are listed below: • Processes and coordinates requests for immediate air support • Coordinates air missions requiring integration with ground forces and

other supporting arms • Functions in a decentralized mode of operation • Manages terminal control assets such as forward air controller (airborne)

(FAC[A]) and assault support coordinator (airborne) (ASC[A]) as they support ground forces

• Provides procedural control

• Assigned aircraft • Unmanned aerial vehicles • Aircraft transiting through its assigned area

Fire Support Coordination Center (FSCC)

FSCCs exist at all levels of the GCE down to the battalion level. Through this agency, the commanders plan and coordinate the fire of supporting arms with the scheme of maneuver. The operations of the FSCC are listed below: • Provides a representative to work in the supporting arms coordination

center (SACC), which is located on board ship to coordinate naval surface fire support (NSFS)

• Plays a critical role in monitoring, coordinating, and deconflicting CAS

with other supporting fires (artillery, mortars)



Command and Control Agencies, Continued

Tactical Air Control Party (TACP)

The tactical air control party (TACP) is organic to the GCE down to the battalion level. It is located with the GCE and provides ground commanders with the means to access direct air support. TACP consists of the unit’s air officer (AO), a senior forward air controller, and some communicators. The operations of the TACP are listed below: • Establishes liaison and communications between parent units and

airspace control agencies • Informs and advises the ground unit commander on the employment of

supporting aircraft • Requests and controls air support • Provides terminal control for CAS aircraft at the battalion level The TACP is a MACCS agency, but administratively it is not part of the Marine Air Command Group (MACG).

Fire Support Team (FIST)

An infantry, armor, or light armored reconnaissance company will have a fire support team (FIST) to plan and coordinate all supporting fires available to the unit, including mortars, artillery, CAS, and NSFS.

Forward Air Controller (FAC)

A forward air controller (FAC) is normally the terminal controller for aircraft engaged in CAS and maintains radio communications with assigned CAS aircrews from a forward ground position within sight of target. The FAC is usually a naval aviator located with the TACP or with a FIST team. FAC terminal air control aids in target identification and greatly reduces the potential for fratricide.

Terminal Controller (TC)

A terminal controller (TC) is any person authorized to direct the maneuver of aircraft delivering ordnance, passengers, or cargo to a specific location or target. A terminal controller is a type of air control. For example, a FAC is a terminal controller for CAS; however, in extreme situations, a FAC may not be available and a Marine trained in CAS execution will need to fill the FAC role as a TC.


Joint Tactical Airstrike Request (JTAR)

Purpose All U.S. Armed Forces use the JTAR request form to request preplanned

CAS. The use of this form is mandatory unless otherwise authorized by a higher authority. Marine units submitting requests for immediate CAS transmit their JTARs on the tactical air request (TAR) net, directly to the DASC. The AOs at intermediate-echelon FSCCs monitor the requests for coordination purposes and indicate approval in the method prescribed by the commander. The AO’s operations are listed below: • Ensure the request meets the commander’s intent. • Reduce duplication. • Coordinate the fire support effort. • Deconflict with other supporting arms.

Diagram The JTAR request form, DD 1972 is identified below:



Joint Tactical Airstrike Request (JTAR), Continued

Content The information required to request CAS is passed by the requester to the

DASC using the Joint Tactical Airstrike Request (JTAR). The first eight blocks of the JTAR are required in requesting a CAS mission. The nine- line brief is contained in the remarks block. When making the request, the items in block 8 are transferred to the close air support brief form.

Transmission The request may be made in one transmission or in separate bursts, consistent

with the communications security situation, and should include pertinent lines from the JTAR. Requests for preplanned CAS missions are submitted using the same JTAR format, but are submitted in advance to the appropriate FSCC for consolidation, approval, and forwarding to higher echelon FSCCs. The FSCC is collocated with the DASC and must advise the DASC on whether the mission is approved or disapproved before final mission processing is completed and control of CAS aircraft is passed to the terminal controller. The diagram below shows the JTAR process as it is being passed forward: The TC requests immediate CAS up the chain to the DASC while the FSCC monitors the transmission.




Mission Processing

The DASC process is listed below: • Begin processing immediate CAS requests on receipt from a lower

echelon control agency (TACP, FACP, FIST, FAC, or TC). • Complete mission processing upon receiving clearance from the FSCC. • Identify what aircraft are available for the mission after examining assets

and priorities and coordinating with the TACC as required. The aircraft assigned may come from multiple sources—ground alert aircraft, airborne alert aircraft, and if required, aircraft diverted from another mission.

Note: The aircrew(s) will be provided with the final control data enroute to

the target. • Keep the CAS requester informed of the status of the aircraft filling the

request. • Assign a request number for the mission.




Procedural Control

Procedural control of assigned aircraft will be provided by the DASC to a point at which control will be assumed by the TC. The DASC determines aircraft routing in coordination with the senior (GCE) FSCC on the basis of the tactical situation and the threat. Aircraft are routed by using pre-established control points throughout the area. The TC will provide routing for the aircraft from the point at which initial contact is made with the aircraft. The diagram below shows the CAS being handed down to the TC.


Communications Nets

Purpose Information exchange by tactical communication is necessary to facilitate

CAS and allow the proper control of CAS events. Communications between aircraft and ground units are necessary to minimize the chance of fratricide and enhance mission effectiveness. Flexibility and responsiveness of CAS communications is possible using a variety of techniques, including secure, frequency-hopping equipment; appropriate countermeasures; disciplined emission control (EMCON); and standard communications nets.

Standard Nets C2 agencies and CAS aircraft conducting CAS use standard communication

nets. In addition to these standard nets, numerous alternative nets can be used in critical situations. Alternative nets are designed to provide communications redundancy in case a net is destroyed, jammed, or has too much radio traffic.

Direct Air Support Net

The direct air support net provides a means for the DASC to request direct air support aircraft from the TACC/TADC. Information pertaining to aircraft status and progress of direct air support missions may also be passed over this net. This net operates under HF and VHF.

Tactical Air Request (TAR) Net

The tactical air request (TAR) net provides a means for ground maneuver units to request immediate air support from an air control agency such as the DASC or TACC/SACC. The SACC/FSCCs monitor this net and may approve, disapprove, or modify specific direct air support requests. The DASC uses this net to brief the requesting unit. Multiple TAR nets may be required depending on the extent of CAS operations. The TAR net operates under HF and VHF; however a secondary VHF capability may be available for additional traffic.

Tactical Air Control Party (TACP) Local Net

The tactical air control party (TACP) local net provides a means for coordination between the battalion FSCC and his FACs. Coordination with TAC(A)s and FAC(A)s may also be conducted over this net. This net operates under VHF.



Communications Nets, Continued

Tactical Air Direction (TAD) Net

The tactical air direction (TAD) net provides a means for • Controlling aircraft conducting CAS • The TACC/TADC/DASC to brief CAS aircraft on

• Target information and handoff • Assignment to the FAC or FAC(A)

Multiple TAD nets are required and used by various air control agencies. The TAD net should be reserved for time-critical terminal control information only. The TAD net operates under UHF—VHF in some cases.

Helicopter Request Net

The helicopter request net provides a means for TACPs of helicopterborne forces to request immediate support from the DASC or the helicopter direction center. This net operates under HF/VHF.

Helicopter Direction Net

The helicopter direction net provides positive control of inbound and outbound helicopters in the amphibious objective area (AOA). It is a backup net that is available to coordinate rotary-wing CAS. This net operates under HF/VHF/UHF.



Communications Nets, Continued

Summary The different types of communication nets, frequencies, and activities that

participate on the specific nets are listed in the table below:

Net Freq TACC TADC TAOC DASC TACP Aircraft Direct Air Support HF

VHF X # X

Tactical Air Control Party Local VHF X #

Tactical Air Direction

UHF VHF X # # X # #

Tactical Air Request HF VHF # # X X

Helicopter Request HF VHF # # X X

Helicopter Direction HF VHF UHF

X # # X # #

Legend: X = Normal participation on the specified net

# = Participation when directed or as required

Controller Equipment

Controller communication equipment used for ground radio is listed in the table below:

Component Radio Frequency Hopping Secure Capability

AN/PRC-119 VHF-FM Yes Yes AN-PRC-104 HF No Yes AN/PRC-113 VHF-AM, UHF-FM No Yes


Lesson 3 Exercise


10 minutes



Item 1 Who is normally the terminal controller of aircraft engaged CAS?

a. DASC b. TACP c. FAC d. MACCS

Item 2 When filling out a JTAR, which box is completed for the close air support

briefing form? a. 2 b. 3 c. 6 d. 8




Items 3 Through 7

Matching: In the space provided, place the letter of the purpose from column 2 that matches the communication net in column 1. The answer in column 2 may be used only once.

Column 1 Communication Net

Column 2 Purpose

___ 3. Tactical air request net ___ 4. Tactical air direction net ___ 5. Tactical air control party

local net ___ 6. Helicopter request net ___ 7. Helicopter direction net

a. Control for TACPs of heliborne forces to request support from the DASC.

b. Coordination between the air officer in the battalion FSCC and the FACs.

c. For units to request immediate air support from an air control agency.

d. Provides positive control of inbound and outbound helicopters.

e. The air control agency can brief CAS aircraft on target information and handoff.





any questions about these items, refer to the reference page.

Item Number Answer Reference 1 c 1-36 2 d 1-38 3 c 1-41 4 e 1-42 5 b 1-41 6 a 1-42 7 d 1-42


LESSON 4

CONTROLLING MARINE AIR

Introduction


40 minutes

Lesson Scope In this lesson, we will cover the most critical aspect of CAS: engaging a

target and reporting the results of that engagement.

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to • Identify airspace control measures. • Identify the parts of a nine- line brief. • Identify the purpose of suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD). • Identify critical elements of battle damage assessment.


Topic See Page Introduction 1-47 Airspace Control Measures 1-48 Close Air Support Briefing Form 1-52 Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD) 1-60 Battle Damage Assessment 1-62 Lesson 4 Exercise 1-64


Airspace Control Measures

Definition Airspace control measures are procedural control measures designed to

maximize the effectiveness of combat operations by promoting the safe, efficient, and flexible use of airspace. Air control agencies, such as the DASC, use these measures in directing aircraft to and from the target area. Terminal controllers and observers must understand the meaning of each of these measures.

Control Point Control points are used to route aircrews to their targets and provide a ready

means of conducting fire support coordination. Control points must be easily identified from the air and support the MAGTF’s scheme of maneuver. The MAGTF FSCC and the ACE select control points based on MAGTF requirements. Control points are given names or numbers and are often used to facilitate the establishment of airspace coordination areas (ACAs) for aircraft operating in areas where flight routes or tactics can conflict with indirect- fire trajectories.

Multiuse Control Point

If possible, a variety of aircraft should be able to use control points. The Marine TACC identifies the specific use for each control point as the tactical situation dictates. The air tasking order (ATO) states the control points’ daily intended use.

Entry/Exit Point (EP)

Entry/exit points (EPs) are used to enter/exit the AOA. At EPs, the aircrew must contact the TACC—Navy or Marine—for further clearance.

En Route Point (ERP)

En route points (ERPs) are used to define routes of flight to and from the target area. ERPs allow specific routing of aircraft for C2, airspace limitation, or rules of engagement (ROE) requirements. For the ingress routes, ERPs are placed between the rendezvous point (RP) and the contact point (CP). For the egress routes, the ERPs are placed between the egress control point and the penetration point (PP).



Airspace Control Measures, Continued

Contact Point (CP)

A contact point is the position at which an aircrew makes radio contact with an air control agency. Normally, a contact point is outside the range of enemy surface-to-air (SAM) weapons. The aircrew contacts the terminal controller at the contact point during ingress. A contact point allows coordination of final plans before heavily defended airspace is entered.

Initial Point (IP)

Aircrews use initial points (IPs) to start their run to the target or their approach to a landing zone. IPs are well-defined, easily identified (visually or electronically), and located 5 to 15 nautical miles (NM) from the target area. TCs and aircrews use IPs to help establish an ingress route for aircraft executing CAS.

Egress Control Point (ECP)

An egress control point (ECP) is a well-defined, geographical control point outside the enemy air defense area. The ECP identifies a CAS aircrew’s egress from the target. Contact with TCs normally ends at the ECP. The DASC is the overall coordinator for the ECP. A FAC(A) or TAC(A) can control the ECP. An aircrew can use an ECP as a secondary CP to start a second attack.

Penetration Point (PP)

A penetration point (PP) is used for reentry into the friendly air defense network. PPs are located beyond the intercept zone of the friendly SAM network. Aircraft with operating identification, friend or foe (IFF) equipment or communications with the TACC continue with their recoveries from the PP. Aircraft without IFF execute prebriefed identification procedures at or before the IP or wait at the PP for rendezvous with friendly escort aircraft.

Holding Area (HA)

Holding areas (HAs) are well forward in the battlespace and provide for helicopter dispersion as well as cover and concealment from enemy observation and fires. HAs may be located near the maneuvering regimental or battalion headquarters or at the terminal controller’s position. CIFS aircrews occupy holding areas while awaiting targets or missions.




Battle Position (BP)

Battle positions (BPs) are maneuvering areas that rotary-wing aircraft maneuver in and engage targets from, both laterally and in depth. While awaiting the time-to-target (TTT), helicopters maneuver in BPs. The supported commander coordinates and selects BPs through his FAC. BP’s are usually designated as a grid intersection followed by the size of the BP, typically a 4-square kilometer area–for example, “8564, 2 by 2.” Once the terminal controller clears rotary-wing CAS aircraft into a BP, these aircraft should not exit until authorized. Aircrews have freedom of movement within the BP unless otherwise restricted.

CAS Control Points

The diagram below shows the control points CAS aircraft use:




CIFS Control Points

In addition to multiuse control points, the re are rotary-wing specific control points. Below is a diagram of control points used that are unique to planning and employment of CIFS aircraft.


Close Air Support Briefing Form

Nine -Line Brief The CAS brief, also known as the “nine- line brief”, is the standard brief used

for all aircraft conducting CAS/CIFS. The brief is used for all threat conditions and does not dictate the CAS aircrew’s tactics. The mission brief follows the numbered sequence (1 through 9) of the CAS brief form shown on the next page.

Purpose Use of a standard briefing sequence improves mission direction and control

by allowing terminal controllers to pass information rapidly and succinctly. This mission information and sequence may be modified to fit the tactical situation. The CAS briefing gives aircrews the information required to perform the mission.

Procedures The aircraft contacts the terminal controller at the contact point during

ingress. It is at this point that the terminal controller passes the nine-line brief to the aircrew. Giving the aircrew the nine- line brief at the contact point allows coordination of final plans before heavily defended airspace is entered. When the terminal controller wants confirmation the aircrew has correctly received critical items of the brief, the terminal controller will request a read back. When a read back is requested, the aircrew will repeat items 1, 6, 8, and any restrictions.



Close Air Support Briefing Form, Continued

Sample Form


Omit data not required: Do not transmit line numbers. Units of measure are standard unless otherwise specified. *Denotes minimum essential information required in a limited communication environment. Bold denotes read back when requested. Terminal controller: _______________ this is __________________ * 1. IP/BP: __________________________________

* 2. Heading: _____________________ Offset: ___________(left/right) * 3. Distance: ____________________________________ * 4. Target elevation: _________________________ (in feet above MSL) * 5. Target description: ___________________________________ * 6. Target location: ___________________________________________

(latitude/ longitude, grid coordinates, offsets or visual)

* 7. Type mark: ______________________ Code:________________ (WP/laser/IR/beacon) (actual code) Laser-to-target line: ______________________degrees * 8. Location of friendlies: ____________________________ * 9. Egress: ________________________________________ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Remarks (as appropriate): _______________________________________ (Threats, hazards, weather, restrictors, ordnance delivery, attack heading, danger close, or SEAD) Time on target: TOT ______________________________ -- or -- Time to target: standby ________ plus _________ …. hack



Line 1. IP/BP (Initial Point, Battle Position)

The IP is the starting point for the run- in to the target and normally is named or numbered. For CIFS, TCs establish the HA until the target attack phase begins and the aircraft enters the BP. For CIFS, the BP is where attacks on the target begin; however, CIFS can be performed with or without HAs or BPs.

Line 2. Heading

The heading is given in degrees magnetic from the IP to the target or from the center of the BP to the target. TCs determine this heading from the map and convert it to a magnetic heading for transmission in the brief. TCs give an offset (offset left/right) if a restriction exists. The offset is the side of the IP-to-target line on which aircrews can maneuver. The offset direction is used to ease fire support coordination, safeguard friendly forces, aid target acquisition, or align aircraft for the attack or egress.

Line 3. Distance

The distance is given from the IP/BP to the target. For fixed-wing aircraft, the distance is given in nautical miles and should be accurate to a tenth of an NM. For attack helicopters, the distance is given in meters from the center of the BP and should be accurate to the nearest 5m.

Line 4. Target Elevation

The target elevation is given in feet above mean sea level (MSL) and is necessary for rotary-wing.

Line 5. Target Description

The target description should be specific enough for the aircrew to recognize the target. The target should be described accurately and concisely.




Line 6. Target Location

The terminal controller can give the target location in several ways (grid coordinates, latitude and longitude, navigational aid fix, or visual description from a conspicuous reference point). Because of the multiple coordinate systems available for use, the data that will be used must always be specified in the JTAR as shown below:

If using… Give the… Grid coordinates 100,000-m grid identification An area target • Location of the target’s center

• Location of the greatest concentration A linear target Location of the ends of the target

Line 7. Mark Type

Mark type is the type of mark the terminal controller will use (smoke or laser) and the laser code (code) the terminal controller will use. Target marking helps aircrews locate the target to be engaged. Terminal controllers should provide a target mark whenever possible. The table below lists some forms of marking:

Marker Function Laser The most effective means of improving accuracy of

aircraft delivered ordnance Infrared (IR) • IR pointers and other IR devices now available to

help a terminal controller mark a target at night

• Effective for aircrews with night vision devices

• Cannot be used to guide or improve the accuracy of aircraft ordnance

Munitions • Artillery, NGF, or mortar fires(smoke or white phosphorous) effectively help aircrews visually acquire the target

• Cannot be used to guide or improve the accuracy of aircraft ordnance

Direct fire • May be more accurate and timely than indirect fire marking

• Use may be limited by range and visibility of the weapon’s burst effect on the battlefield

Aircraft FAC aircraft may mark with white or red phosphorous rockets, high explosive rockets, illumination, and/or lasers




Line 8. Locations of Friendlies

The distance of friendly forces from the target is given in meters and in a cardinal heading from the target (north, south, east, or west). If the friendly position is marked, identify the type of mark. The accuracy of air-delivered ordnance is subject to many variables. Therefore, unlike for indirect-fire weapons, a danger close distance for the safe separation of air-delivered ordnance is difficult to establish. Recommended minimum safe distances for troops can be found in the FAC Handbook in the unit SOP’s or local range regulations. When air-delivered ordnance is to be delivered near friendly forces (danger close), a careful analysis must be made. The air control agency must consider the situation when selecting and assigning aircraft. Once assigned, the pilot must incorporate this situation into the selection of his attack tactics. Finally, the terminal controller must provide data/instructions to assist the pilot in ensuring safe separation. As with all CAS missions, the supported commander must approve its delivery.

Line 9. Egress These are the instructions the aircrews use to exit the target area. Egress

instructions can be given as a cardinal direction or by using control points. The word egress is used before delivering the egress instructions.



Close Air Support Briefing FormContinued

Remarks If applicable, the remarks block should contain the information described in

the table below.

Information Description Laser-to-Target Line The attack heading must allow acquisition of the

reflected laser energy (the mark). Ordnance Delivery Recommendation on delivery that will have the

greatest effect-on-target Threat and Location Self explanatory Final Attack Heading Any adjustments to the initial attack heading Hazards to Aviation Advise on any antiair threats, including friendly

SEAD. ACAs Airspace Coordination Area

• Airspace that is reasonably safe from friendly, surface-delivery

• Provides a warning to CAS aircraft of the

parameters of surface-delivered fire in a specific area

Weather Self explanatory Restrictions Any off- limit area established by air control agencies Additional Target Information

Any added information that will help the aircrew cause the most damage to the target.

SEAD and location Indicate the presence of SEAD and the area it is being conducted.

Laser, Illumination, and Night Vision Capability

Indicate whether you have any that you can use to aid the aircrew in engaging the target.

Danger Close Indicate the presence of friendlies near the target.




Time on Target (TOT) Time to Target (TTT)

The terminal controller may give the aircrew a TOT or TTT depending on the situation. • TOT is the synchronized clock time when ordnance is expected to hit the

target. It is the timing standard for CAS missions. There is no time Hack statement when using TOT.

• TTT is the time in minutes and seconds after the time Hack statement is

delivered—when ordnance is expected to hit the target. The time Hack statement indicates the moment when all participants start the timing countdown.

Standard Transmission, DASC to TC

A standard transmission by the DASC informing the terminal controller of the mission status of the immediate request is shown below:

Transmission: DASC: “Tiger 14, this is Budworth, mission 10-2, Check, two F/A-18s inbound with

Rockeye ETA 15, contact on Orange.” Description of Transmission: Identification Tiger 14, this is Budworth Request number Mission 10-2 Call sign of flight1 Check Number of aircraft Two F/A-18s inbound Type of ordnance Rockeye Estimated time of arrival (ETA) in minutes

ETA 15

Frequency of terminal control Contact on Orange Legend: 1The aircraft flight is referred to collectively by call sign; individual aircraft in

the flight are referred to as “lead” (flight leader) and “dash (number)” (remaining aircraft in flight), for example, “dash 2.”



Close Air Support Briefing FormContinued

Initial Contact, Aircrew and TC

Below is the initial contact between the aircrew and the terminal controller:

Transmission: Flight leader: “Tiger 14, this is Check 10-2, two F/A-18s

inbound Chevy 12 Rockeye each, 0 + 30.” Terminal controller: “Roger, Check, proceed to Chevy, stand by for

brief.” Flight leader: “Ready to copy.” Description of Transmission: Identification Tiger 14, this is Check Mission number 10-2 Number of aircraft and type of ordnance1 Two F/A-18s inbound Chevy 12 Rockeye each Time on station 0 + 30 Legend: 1The ordnance may be referred to by a preestablished code, for example, D-22.

Nine -Line Brief Below is an example of a standard nine- line brief being issued to the aircrew:

Transmission: “Snake 045, left 12.3, 55, five armored vehicles moving north to south in column, SS 623 456, WP, south 1,000, egress south to Ford.” Description of Transmission: IP or battle position Snake Heading and offset 045, left Distance 12.3 is given in nautical miles to the nearest

tenth. Target elevation 55 is given in feet “ MSL” Target description Five armored vehicles moving north to south in

column Target location SS 623 456 Type of mark (if beacon or laser, include appropriate code)1

WP

Location of friendly forces1 South 1,000 Egress1 Egress south to ford

Legend: 1These elements may be omitted in a limited communications environment.


Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD)

Purpose Suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) neutralizes, destroys, or

temporarily degrades surface-based enemy air defenses by destructive or disruptive means. The MAGTF commander uses SEAD to increase effectiveness and flexibility of MAGTF operations as well as to protect MAGTF aircraft. SEAD allows friendly aircraft to conduct missions against targets defended by enemy air defenses.

Combined Arms

Aviation and ground forces conduct SEAD to protect specific air missions. Effective SEAD requires unity of effort to achieve a combined-arms effect. Combined arms enhances the results against the enemy air defenses while reducing the risk to friendly aircraft. The MAGTF performs SEAD by integrating air and ground combat power.

During Aircraft Vulnerability

SEAD can be effective during periods of aircraft vulnerability. For example, SEAD can support aircraft conducting CAS, helicopterborne forces en route to a landing zone and during insertion, or air reconnaissance aircrews collecting intelligence information. The MAGTF classifies SEAD as either preplanned or immediate. Fire support planning and coordination are essential to SEAD missions.

Requesting SEAD

The unit requesting an air mission begins by identifying known or suspected enemy air defenses that may effect the supported air mission. Requesters list threats in the remarks block of the JTAR, CAS brief form, or assault support request form along with organic SEAD assets available.

Preplanned SEAD

Preplanned SEAD is primarily a fire support planning issue that supports and is developed concurrently with the scheme of maneuver. Preplanned SEAD is a plan for the use of a weapon. The FSCC assesses SEAD requirements and assigns appropriate and available SEAD assets. When the preplanned air request reaches the Marine TACC, the ACE decides if more SEAD support is necessary. If the GCE cannot handle the request, the ACE passes the request to the MAGTF commander. The MAGTF commander may reorder priorities or request external SEAD support.



Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD), Continued

Immediate SEAD

Immediate SEAD is primarily a fire support coordination issue that involves the planning and execution of fires so that a suitable weapon or group of weapons adequately suppresses targets (i.e. enemy air defense assets). The terminal controller, together with other supporting arms controllers and FSCC personnel, begins planning immediate SEAD by considering available SEAD-capable assets and simple airspace control measures. If CAS platforms are appropriate for the SEAD mission, the terminal controller requests support from the DASC.

Method of Fire The method of fire and control includes instructions for timing and duration

of SEAD fires. To abbreviate the SEAD call- for- fire, two standard programs are established for typical SEAD scenarios: continuous SEAD and interrupted SEAD.

Continuous SEAD

Continuous SEAD is delivered before and during the aircraft’s period of vulnerability. Continuous SEAD suppresses enemy air defenses during the aircraft’s approach, attack/landing, and egress or where SEAD will not endanger friendly aircrews. The standard ordnance type for continuous SEAD is a high-explosive munition with variable time fuse. The duration of fire for cont inuous SEAD is 2 minutes, starting 1 minute before the supporting air mission event and ending 1 minute after the event.

Interrupted SEAD

Interrupted SEAD is temporarily interrupted at some time during the aircraft’s attack to protect the aircraft from the effects of SEAD. The timing of interrupted SEAD must be closely integrated with the aircraft’s attack or landing. Interrupted SEAD protects aircrews when SEAD is necessary only during the aircraft’s approach or where SEAD might endanger the aircrew during their attack or landing. The standard ordnance type for interrupted SEAD is a high-explosive munition with variable time fuse. The duration of fire for interrupted SEAD is 30 seconds, starting 1 minute before the supporting air mission event and ending 30 seconds before the event.


Battle Damage Assessment (BDA)

Purpose Battle damage assessment (BDA) is used to assess the effectiveness of the

CAS mission and to update the enemy order of battle after the CAS attack. Accurate BDA is critical for determining if a target should be re-attacked.

Contents The contents of the BDA should include

• Information relating the BDA being given to a specific target (e.g., target

coordinates, target number, mission number, munitions expended, or target description)

• Time of attack • Damage actually seen (e.g., secondary explosions or fires, enemy

casualties, or number and type of vehicles/structures damaged or destroyed)

• Mission accomplishment (were the desired effects achieved)



Battle Damage Assessment (BDA), Continued

Terminal Controller Responsibilities

Whenever possible, the TC provides attack flights with the BDA of their attack as they egress. The TC gives BDA for the flight, not for individual aircraft in the flight. At times it may not be possible to pass all BDA information. At a minimum, the TC should pass an assessment of mission accomplishment. Additionally, the TC should provide all available BDA information to the DASC or appropriate command and control agency. Below is an example of a BDA report:

Transmission: “SS619 456, 0905, 0906, 75 over 80, four armored vehicles destroyed, one turning east, 10 killed in action (KIAs), mission successful, T6G.” Description of Transmission: Target coordinates (location of target when attacked)

SS 619 456

Time on/off target (time of aircraft attack/time aircraft completed mission and departed)

0905, 0906

% of ordnance on target/ % of target destroyed

75 over 80

Results Four armored vehicles destroyed, one turning east, 10 KIAs, mission successful

Unit support by the mission T6G


Lesson 4 Exercise


10 minutes



Item 1 What is the control point where CIFS aircrews normally occupy while

awaiting targets or missions? a. Contact point b. Battle position c. Initial point d. Holding area

Item 2 The purpose of a nine-line brief is to

a. request logistical support. b. allow the pilot to communicate with the FAC. c. request close air support. d. request air evacuations.

Item 3 To suppress, disrupt, neutralize, destroy, or temporarily degrade enemy air

defenses in a specific area is an example of a. antiair warfare. b. SEAD. c. assault support. d. offensive air support.




Item 4 Who provides battle damage assessment?

a. DASC b. FAC c. Pilot d. Terminal controller





any questions about these items, refer to the reference page.

Item Number Answer Reference 1 d 1-49 2 c 1-52 3 b 1-60 4 d 1-63


STUDY UNIT 2

COMBAT OPERATIONS CENTER

Overview


1 hour, 20 minutes

Scope This study unit will cover the combat operations center and review its

procedures, personnel, communications set up, security, and situation maps.

Learning Objectives

After completing this study unit, you should be able to • Establish a main command post and its security. • Identify combat operations center staff and responsibilities. • Identify situation map terms, definitions, and symbols.

In This Study Unit


Topic See Page

Lesson 1 Establishing a Command Post 2-3 Lesson 2 Operations Center Staff 2-17 Lesson 3 Situation Map 2-27


LESSON 1

ESTABLISHING A COMMAND POST

Introduction


20 minutes

Lesson Scope This lesson will discuss how a command post would be established in a

tactical environment. The procedures for establishing any MEU- or MAGTF-level command post would be similar, although each would be done on a larger scale.

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to • Identify functions and characteristics of a tactical command post. • Identify measures for establishing security of a command post. • Identify considerations for establishing communications for a command

post.


Topic See Page Introduction 2-3 Elements of a Command Post 2-4 Command Post Functions and Characteristics 2-5 Command Post Location 2-7 Security for a Command Post 2-8 Communications for a Command Post 2-12 Tasks and Responsibilities 2-13 Lesson 1 Exercise 2-14


Elements of a Command Post

Importance of Command Post

The command post is the hub of the command and control facilities of the battalion where members of the staff supervise the operation, obtain information, and make recommendations to the commander so that appropriate and timely decisions can be made.

Types There are three types of command posts:

• Main • Tactical • Rear

Main The main command post is normally located to the rear of forward-deployed

forces. The main command post focuses on execution of current operations (maneuver, control and fire support coordination), reporting to higher headquarters, and planning for future operations. The focal point for current and future operations is the combat operations center (COC). The main command post operates under control of the battalion commander, the executive officer, or the S-3.

Tactical The tactical command post mirrors the main command post in capability and

sustainability. However, it has a greater flexibility in movement and structure. It encompasses the minimum requirements for sustainment in both equipment and personnel. The tactical command post is most often used during operations characterized by numerous movements and displacements and where duplication of command and control capabilities is required.

Rear The rear command post sustains the force during current operations, forecasts

future combat service support (CSS) requirements, and conducts rear operations. The personnel or manpower staff officer (S-1) controls the rear command post and normally collocates with the forward support battalion command post in the MAGTF support area.


Command Post Functions and Characteristics

Main Below are some of the functions and characteristics of the main command

post:

Primary Function Characteristics • Plans future operations • Coordinates operations

throughout the area of operations

• Coordinates combat support

and CSS assets as directed by higher echelons

• Executes planned deep

attacks • Monitors the close fight • Fights rear operations • Keeps higher headquarters

informed • Maintains operations for

extended periods • Assumes command and

control of close operations if the tactical command post is destroyed

• Organized in functional cells (S-1, S-2, S-3, S-4)

• Operates in mounted or dismounted

mode • Positioned in the MAGTF area



Command Post Functions and Characteristics, Continued

Tactical Below are some of the functions and characteristics of the tactical command

post:

Primary Functions Characteristics • Controls ongoing close

operations • Provides commander with

critical combat information • Maintains current close

operations situation • Disseminates commander’s

decisions

• Positioned forward in the area of operation

• Operates in mounted or dismounted mode

• Organized as a single cohesive cell • Small, highly mobile • Low electronic signature • Controlled by the battalion S-3 • Duplication of command and

control capabilities

Rear Below are some of the functions and characteristics of the rear command

post:

Primary Functions Characteristics • Tracks current battle • Sustains current deep and

close operations • Forecasts future CSS

requirements • Conducts detailed CSS

planning • Serves as entry point for units

entering the MAGTF area

• Positioned as directed by MAGTF commander

• Collocates with forward support

battalion • Operates in mounted or dismounted

modes


Command Post Location

Location The command post is located to facilitate the control of the battalion.

Considerations that influence the selection of a location are: • Troop dispositions—where are the friendly troops? • Routes of communications—where are roads and supply lines? • Communications requirements—what assets are required? • Type of tactical operation—what is the mission? • Space required—how much of an area is required? • Cover and concealment—is there plenty of cover? • Security—have security procedures been established?

Displacement To maintain effective control of a unit, the command post is displaced in a

manner that involves the least possible interruption of operations. When a displacement is necessary, the S-3 recommends to the commander a new general location and time for the displacement. The executive officer will control the displacement of the unit. Tactics involved in a displacement will be dictated by the situation.

Alternate Plans are prepared and units are trained to ensure continued command and

control in the event that the battalion command post is rendered inoperative through loss of command post personnel and equipment. Plans provide for the immediate assumption of command by the senior officer present and the formation of a new battalion command post. Portions of these plans can be found in the local standard operating procedures of a unit.


Security for a Command Post

Security The local security for the command post is the responsibility of the

Headquarters (HQ) commandant. He will establish a security detachment comprised of Marines assigned to Headquarters and Service company and from the various staff sections. The security detachment and the COC personnel not conducting normal duties will provide perimeter security under the direction of the HQ commandant. Observation posts (OP) and listening posts (LP) will be manned and security patrols will be conducted by the Marines assigned to the security detail.

Priority of Work

Priority of work and establishing and expanding security for a command post is the first task of setting up CP security. There are seven areas: • Establishing security • Positioning of crew-served weapons • Clearing fields of fire • Preparing primary positions • Constructing obstacles • Selecting and preparing alternate/supplementary positions • Constructing dummy positions Proceed to work on vital areas as time permits. Positions should be continually improved and expanded. You should not set up to defend everywhere at once, but should concentrate the available forces along likely avenues of approach on key terrain and around critical positions, such as the command post.



Security for a Command Post, Continued

Representation of Command Post Security

A representation of command post security is shown below:

Security Measures

To ensure proper security of a command post, a unit must implement security and control measures that provide for in-depth security that will nullify or reduce the effectiveness of enemy attacks. Security measures can be identified as either passive or active.




Passive Security Measures

Passive security measures involve building up a position and those structures inside an area. Four areas apply to passive security measures: • Use camouflage and concealment, dispersion, and natural cover. • Fortify key positions (the command post). • Position security units to be mutually supporting. • Establish redundant facilities to preclude capabilities from being rendered

ineffective if the primary facility is destroyed.

Active Security Measures

Active security measures deal with training, equipping, and positioning those Marines that will be providing the security for the command post. The areas that apply to active security measures are: • Train Marines in basic infantry skills to include air defense techniques. • Organize HQ personnel for defensive operations. • Equip security personnel with weapons and munitions required for local

defense. • Use patrolling, OP/LP and other local security techniques. • Establish defensive plans and positions to include barriers and obstacles. • Provide access rosters to command post. • Establish and coordinate security and reaction forces.

Access Access will be limited to only those who have a need to reach the command

post for operational purposes. ID cards and rosters will be used to confirm the identities of those who need to gain access. Security will be maintained on all avenues of approach. Communication between access areas and the command post will reduce the chances of miscommunication with supporting units and security personnel and will add to the security of the command post.




Specific Defensive Measures

There are specific measures available to a commander in establishing security for a command post: • Establishing identification procedures • Specifying area or base entry procedures • Planning and rehearsing immediate action drills • Enforcing noise and light discipline • Coordinating defensive fires


Communications for a Command Post

Communica-tions

Command post communications will utilize every means available to provide the commander with the ability to exert his authority and fulfill his responsibilities. It is the responsibility of the communications officer to make the commander aware of the capabilities and limitations of all communications inside and outside the command post.

Placement of the Antenna Site (Ant Farm)

The antenna site or ant farm will be placed a minimum of 500 feet from the command post and masked when possible.

Communica-tions Networks

Radio nets, call signs, and frequencies will be distributed for the command post and the operation in the form of communications–electronics operating instructions (CEOI). It is the responsibility of the holders of the CEOI to pass the information provided to all subordinates involved in the operation.

Considerations for Com-munications Equipment

All main and alternate command post radio equipment will be planned, installed, operated, and maintained with the ability to enhance the command post communications. Considerations for this ability will be reliability, flexibility, security, and responsiveness. The ability to communicate during any tactical situation is paramount to operational success.

Required Measures

When communications for a command post is established, safety is a required measure that can never be overlooked. Satisfactory grounds on all communication–electronic equipment will be required. These include the proper placement of switchboards, generators, and other terminal equipment.


Tasks and Responsibilities

Communica-tions Platoon

The tasks and responsibilities the communications platoon are required to complete during the establishment of command post operations are as follows: • Plan for, install, operate, and maintain all communications–electronic

equipment within the command post. • Ensure the power distribution system is properly grounded and that

backup power is available. • Ensure the displacement of the command post is executed with the

required equipment in accordance with the CEOI. • Ensure the communications for the command post, if lost, are restored

expeditiously with all internal and external systems required by the CEOI.

Fire Support Communica-tion

The fire support section within the command post is responsible for all fire support for that given unit. Communications responsibilities and assets (all communication–electronic equipment needed for fire support) will be provided by the fire support personnel that have been assigned to the command post.

Summary Communications for the command post is guided and established in

accordance with published CEOI and SOP. The commander is in charge; the communications officer is responsible for the efficient operation of all communication–electronic equipment and procedures within the command post and the unit as a whole.


Lesson 1 Exercise


10 minutes



Item 1 Identify a function of a tactical command post.

a. Establishes identification procedures b. Constructs obstacles c. Controls ongoing close operations d. Constructs dummy positions

Item 2 Identify a characteristic of a tactical command post.

a. Operates in a rear area b. Operates in a combat service support area only c. Collocates with forward support battalion d. Organized as a single cohesive cell

Item 3 Identify a security measure used when establishing a command post.

a. Executes planned deep attacks b. Establishes and coordinate security and reaction forces c. Establishes air patrols around command post d. Establishes booby traps and hasty ambushes




Item 4 Identify considerations for establishing communications for a command post.

a. Reliability , flexibility, security, and responsiveness b. Fluidity, dependability, security, and static squelch c. Responsiveness, interference squelch, security, and clarity d. Flexibility, security, dual modulation, and frequency hopping




Answers The table below provides the answers to the exercise items. If you have any


Item Number Answer Reference Page 1 c 2-6 2 d 2-6 3 b 2-10 4 a 2-12


LESSON 2

OPERATIONS CENTER STAFF

Introduction


10 minutes

Lesson Scope This lesson will give an overview of how the combat operations center (COC)

functions in a tactical environment. It will describe the tasks and responsibilities of the COC staff.

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to • Identify the functions of a COC. • Identify COC staff sections and their duties.


Topic See Page Introduction 2-17 COC Functions 2-18 COC Staff Tasks and Responsibilities 2-19 COC Message Traffic 2-22 Lesson 2 Exercise 2-24


COC Functions

Specific Functions

The COC is the hub of the battlefield. Decisions that are made effect the battle space almost immediately. Specific functions that are accomplished within the COC are listed below: • Supervise current operations and report significant events to the

commander. • Maintain communications with higher, adjacent, supporting units, and

maneuver elements of the battalion. • Maintain and display the current friendly and enemy situation. • Develop and disseminate the intelligence picture. • Direct and manage intelligence collection. • Prepare and submit operational reports to higher headquarters. • Issue orders and tactical decisions of the commander to subordinate

elements and higher headquarters. • Monitor the state of combat essential equipment/supplies and advise the

commander of short falls affecting the operation. • Coordinate all available supporting arms: air, naval gunfire, artillery, and

81mm mortars. • Serve as the principal point of contact for liaison personnel. • Develop deception plans. • Maintain continuous operations.

COC Organization

The COC is organized to facilitate the display, maintenance, and ease of access to critical information necessary to plan, monitor, and control the execution of combat operations.


COC Staff Tasks and Responsibilities

COC Staff The COC is made up of personnel that provide specific information to the

commander during operations. These personnel have certain tasks and responsibilities that must be executed in an environment that can be hectic and confusing. The following are found inside the COC: • Commanding officer • S-1 • S-2 • S-3 • S-4 • Fire support coordinator • Commanders of attached and supporting units • COC watch officer • Unit journal clerk

Commanding Officer

The commanding officer uses all available means to accomplish the mission. His plans, orders, and supervision ensure the actions of all units contribute toward that end. He goes where he can best direct and control the operation. He may be at the command post, at an observation post with the main element, or anywhere else in his area of operations where his presence is required.

The S-1 The S-1 is responsible for personnel activities and other administrative

matters not specifically assigned to another staff officer. He routes messages received from the message center to the other sections within the command post.

The S-2 The S-2 is responsible for producing combat intelligence and counter-

intelligence matters. He will keep the commander informed of the enemy situation and capability, terrain and weather, and their effect on the mission. As part of his counterintelligence tasks, he ensures that all internal security procedures are in place and being conducted properly.



COC Staff Tasks and Responsibilities, Continued

The S-3 The S-3 is responsible for matters pertaining to the organization, training, and

combat operations of the battalion. Included within the S-3 section is an assistant S-3, an artillery liaison officer, and an air liaison officer who coordinates the employment of aviation units in support of the battalion. The S-3 is responsible for establishing internal operating procedures for the COC and the efficient functioning therein.

The S-4 The S-4 has the responsibility for logistics, budgeting, and financial

management. He is responsible for the formulation of logistical policy and for planning, coordinating, and supervising the logistical effort.

Fire Support Coordinator

The fire support coordinator is responsible for the operation of the fire support coordination center, determining fire support requirements, assisting in the development of the fire support plan, and coordinating and integrating supporting fires.

Commanders of Attached and Supporting Units

Commanders of attached and supporting units and units under operational command are advisors to the battalion commander and staff on matters pertaining to their unit’s capabilities during an operation.

Unit Journal Clerk

The purpose of the unit journal clerk is to provide readily accessible, comprehensive, and accurate information of events and incidents that take place during operations. Each section in the COC will usually maintain a log or journal.



COC Staff Tasks and Responsibilities, Continued

COC Watch Officer

The watch officer will be assigned by the S-3 in order to supervise the operation of the COC permitting other section heads the needed time to prepare for further phases of an operation. The watch officer will receive and forward communications and messages and must at all times be prepared to brief the commander or supporting and attached commanders on the battlefield situation. S-3 will generally post a watch officer roster that shows the date, time, and what section will provide the watch officer.


COC Message Traffic

Message Routing

Most units use a standard report/message format (yellow canaries) for all messages. The messages will be forwarded, received, and destroyed in manners prescribed by a local SOP. The following is an example of how an incoming message would be routed in a COC: • The COC radio operator receives an incoming message and forwards the

message to the watch officer in the COC. • The watch officer and radio operator both initial the “yellow canary.” • The watch officer sends copies of the message to all other sections in the

COC. • The original is returned to the journal clerk to be logged into the journal

and filed.

Flash Messages An incoming flash message (a message needing urgent attention) or

operational immediate messages will be immediately referred to the watch officer for action.

Outgoing Messages

The originator of outgoing messages is responsible for the drafts of the messages and the encryption of those messages to ensure security of message traffic. The steps that should be followed are listed below: • The originator keeps a copy of the outgoing message and forwards the

original to the watch officer who assigns the precedence for the message, initials it, and passes it to the appropriate radio operator.

• The radio operator assigns the message a date–time group (DTG) and

transmits it. • The watch officer then hands the message to the appropriate journal clerk. • The journal clerk logs the message into the journal and files the message. The watch officer notifies the message originator the message has been sent or if there was trouble while transmitting the message.



COC Message Traffic, Continued

Emergency Destruction

All sections within the COC will have emergency destruction plans for all classified material and message traffic in accordance with OPNAVINST 5500.1. Only the commander or delegated personnel can order destruction.


Lesson 2 Exercise


10 minutes



Item 1 Which of the following is a function of a COC?

a. Constructing obstacles b. Placing radios out on observation posts c. Directing and managing intelligence collection d. Directing all air traffic for host country

Item 2 Which of the following is not a function of a COC?

a. Maintaining continuous operations b. Developing deception plans c. Developing rules of engagement d. Coordinating all available supporting arms

Item 3 Identify which section of the COC reports to the commander on the terrain

and weather during an operation. a. S-1 b. S-2 c. S-3 d. S-4




Item 4 Identify which section is responsible for combat operations.

a. S-1 b. S-2 c. S-3 d. The commanding officer






Item Number Answer Reference Page 1 c 2-18 2 c 2-18 3 b 2-19 4 c 2-20


LESSON 3

SITUATION MAP

Introduction


20 minutes

Lesson Scope This study unit will present information on the situation map (sitmap) that is

used in the COC and the symbols and colors associated with the sitmap.

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to • Identify the common operational symbols used on sitmaps and their

associated definitions. • Identify what colors are used on a sitmap.


Topic See Page Introduction 2-27 Operational Symbols 2-28 Symbols and Terms 2-29 Colors Used on a Situation Map 2-41 Items Displayed on Situation Map 2-42 Lesson 3 Exercise 2-44


Operational Symbols

Symbols on Situation Maps

Situation maps (sitmaps) provide a way to display operational plans, concepts, and friendly or enemy battle situations.

Unit Symbol To indicate a particular unit or installation, place the unit’s own designation

to the left of the symbol with the higher echelons of command to the right of the symbol. Slashes separate command echelons. To avoid cluttering the symbol, known units in the chain of command may be omitted.

Example

Standard Symbols

There are too many symbols used on sitmaps to mention in this lesson. A complete listing of symbols and their definitions used on sitmaps can be found in MCRP 5-12A. On the following pages are some of the more frequently used operational terms and symbols.


MCI Course 8203 2-29

Symbols and Terms

Examples of Terms and Symbols

Examples of operational terms and symbols used on sitmaps in the COC are shown below:

Study Unit 2, Lesson 3



Symbols and Terms, Continued

Unit Type Symbols

Examples of unit type symbols are shown below:




Obstacles Examples of symbols for obstacles used on sitmaps are shown below:




Weapons Symbols

The following are standard symbols for weaponry:




Armored Vehicle Symbols

Below are standard symbols for the types of armored vehicles:

Lines The following are some of the lines that would be found on a sitmap:, with

examples on the following page.

Line Definition Line of Departure (LD) A line for coordinating the departure of attack elements. Limit of Advance (LOA)

A recognized terrain feature beyond which attacking elements will not advance.

Line of Contact (LOC) A line showing the location of two opposing forces. Probable Line of Deployment (PLD)

A line selected on the ground, usually the last covered and concealed position prior to the objective.

Phase Line (PL) A line used for control and coordination of operations, usually a terrain feature extending across a zone of action.

Lateral Boundaries Control measures that define the left and right limits of a unit’s zone of action or sector.




Examples of Lines

The following are some examples of the lines that would be found on a sitmap:

Symbol Definition of Line

Probable line of deployment Line of departure Limit of advance

Line of contact

Phase line Lateral boundary




Symbols for Points

Below is a symbol definition table explaining points and maneuvers used on sitmaps:

Symbol Definition for Points

Contact Point—In land warfare, point on the terrain, easily identified, where two or more units are required to make contact.

Coordinating Point—Point at which, in all types of combat, adjacent units must make contact for purposes of control and coordination.

Checkpoint—Point used as a means of controlling movement.

Linkup—Easily identified point on the ground where two forces meet and link up.

Rally Point—Easily identifiable point on the ground at which units can reassemble and reorganize if they become dispersed.

Passage Point—Place where units will pass through one another while advancing or a withdrawing.



Symbols for Maneuvers

Below is a symbol definition table explaining symbols for maneuvers used on sitmaps:

Symbol Definition of Maneuvers

Attack Position—Last position occupied by the assault echelon before crossing the line of departure.

Main Attack— The principal attack into which the commander throws the full weight of the offensive power at his disposal.

Supporting Attack—Offensive operation in conjunction with a main attack and designed to achieve the mission of a main attack.

Objective—Clearly defined goal toward which operation should be directed.

Axis of Advance—Line of advance assigned for the purpose of control, often a road or a group of roads or a designated series of locations, extending in the direction of the enemy.

Air Axis of Advance—Line of advance assigned to aircraft for the purpose of control, often a road or a group of roads or a designated series of locations, extending in the direction of the enemy.

Direction of Attack—Specified direction or route that the main

attack or center of mass of the unit will follow during an attack.

Attack by Fire—Fires used to destroy an objective from a distance. Used when the objective would not be occupied.

Bypass—Maneuver around an obstacle, position, or enemy force to maintain momentum.





Fire Support Coordination Measures

Fire support coordination measures are used to facilitate timely and safe use of fire support. The application of fire support coordination measures varies with operation and target density. The measures simplify the battlefield and allow for more reactive support.

Coordination Lines

Several types of coordination lines are used on a map. They are located generally between units, battle boundaries, and operation phase lines. The table below provides examples of coordination lines used in conjunction with fire support:

Symbol Definition of Fire Lines

Coordinated Fire Line— Line beyond which conventional, direct and indirect surface fire support means may fire at any time within the boundaries of the establishing headquarters without additional coordination. Fire Support Coordination Line—Line established by appropriate land or amphibious force commander to ensure coordination of fire not under the commander’s control but affecting tactical operations. Restrictive Fire Line—Line established between converging friendly forces that prohibit fires or effects of fires across the line without coordination with affected force.

Note: Symbols are displayed farther apart on a map.




Fire Support Coordination Areas

Fire support coordination areas are designated for certain types of fire. Symbols for fire areas and their definitions are listed below:

Symbol Definition of Fire Areas

Free Fire Area—Specified area in which any weapon system may be fired.

No Fire Area—Area in which no fire or effects of fire are allowed, except self-defense fires.

Restrictive Fire Area—Area in which specific restrictions are imposed and into which fires that exceed those restrictions may not be delivered without prior coordination.

Targets Below are symbols and their definitions used for targets on a sitmap:

Symbol Definition of Targets

Group —Two or more targets on which fire is desired simultaneously. A group of targets is designated by letter/number combinations or a nickname.

Series—In fire support, a number of targets and/or groups of targets planned in a predetermined time sequence to support a maneuver phase of combat, indicated by a nickname.



Overlay Below is an example of a sitmap overlay of a battalion in the attack on a

single objective that could possibly be found in a battalion operations center:




Example of Company Defense

Below is an example of a company in the defense. Symbols inside the platoon sector are weapons covering the fields of fire, and the small “X”s and dashes around the areas are obstacles that have been erected to channel the enemy into the fields of fire.


Colors Used on a Situation Map

Standard Colors

MCRP 5-12 A establishes a standardized color code to differentiate symbols for friendly and enemy orders of battle and for specific events and objects. You may also have an explanatory legend or color key to eliminate any possibility of confusion; this is especially important if you depart from the standardized color code or use additional colors to portray symbols, events, or objects. The standardized color code is as follows: • Symbols in blue or black represent friendly units, equipment, and

activities. • Symbols in red represent enemy units, equipment, and activities. • Areas in yellow indicate areas that have been contaminated by friendly or

enemy nuclear, biological, or chemical (NBC) weapons. They can also represent unknown units.

• Symbols in green represent man-made obstacles of both friendly and

enemy construction.

Example of Standard Colors

The following is an example of standard sitmap colors:

Color Meaning

Blue or Black Friendly Red Enemy Yellow Contaminated, unknown, or pending units Green Manmade obstacles Blue Water


Items Displayed on Situation Map

Maintaining the Sitmap

The sitmap must be continually revised so that it displays the most current information. Every individual in the COC must assume responsibility for the accuracy of the sitmap’s information, although only one person per watch may actually be designated to maintain the information on the sitmap.

Items Displayed The following items are plotted on sitmap for prepared defensive positions

and field fortifications, including trench networks: • Automatic weapons • Supporting mortars • Antitank guns • Artillery positions • Air defense weapons • Minefields • Logistics and command facilities • Aircraft and helicopter staging areas and refueling points • All NBC areas contaminated or suspected of contamination • All emplaced obstacles, both friendly and enemy

Marginal Information

Marginal information is that information displayed on sitmaps to allow the viewer a quick reference for specialized information. The information is usually displayed in the margins. Specialized information that would be displayed would consist of the following: • Unit • Date-time group • Name of the operation • Who prepared the sitmap or maintained it



Items Displayed on Situation Map, Continued

Example of Marginal Information

24th MEU OPS SITMAP Operation Noble Cause

DTG//291429OCT01 Prepared by

GySgt J.H. Marine


Lesson 3 Exercise


10 minutes



Item 1 Identify this symbol.

a. Friendly position b. Friendly unit c. Enemy position d. Enemy unit

Item 2 Identify this symbol.

a. AT gun b. Mortar c. Machinegun d. Howitzer

Item 3 Identify the color red as it pertains to sitmaps.

a. Manmade obstacles b. Contaminated areas c. Enemy d. Unknown units




Item 4 Identify the color for manmade obstacles.

a. Blue or black b. Red c. Green d. Purple






Item Number Answer Reference Page 1 d 2-29 2 a 2-32 3 c 2-41 4 c 2-41


STUDY UNIT 3

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT

Overview


1 hour, 30 minutes

Unit Scope This study unit is designed to give you an overview of combat service support

(CSS). You will learn about the objective, purpose, principles, and functional areas of CSS. You will also receive knowledge on the mission and structures of the individual CSS elements.

Learning Objectives

After completing this study unit, you should be able to • State the fundamentals of combat service support. • Describe the mission of the force service support group (FSSG). • Describe the mission of the brigade service support group (BSSG). • Describe the mission of the Marine expeditionary unit (MEU) service

support group (MSSG). • Identify the structure of the force service support group (FSSG). • Identify the structure of the brigade service support group (BSSG). • Identify the structure of the MEU service support group (MSSG).

In This Study Unit


Topic See Page

Lesson 1 Fundamentals of Combat Service Support 3-3 Lesson 2 Combat Service Support within the MEF 3-15 Lesson 3 Combat Service Support within Other MAGTFs 3-27


LESSON 1

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT

Introduction


25 minutes

Lesson Scope In this lesson, you will learn about the objective and purpose of CSS, as well

as the seven principles and six functional areas of CSS. The lesson will conclude with an overview of the CSS operations center (CSSOC).

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to • State the objective of combat service support. • Match the six functional areas of combat service support with their sub-

functions. • Identify the seven principles of combat service support. • State the purpose of the combat service support operations center.


Topic See Page Introduction 3-3 Combat Service Support Element 3-4 Six Functional Areas of CSS 3-5 Seven Principles 3-6 Combat Service Support Operations Center 3-7 Lesson 1 Exercise 3-10


Combat Service Support Element

Definition The combat service support element (CSSE) is part of MAGTF designed to

support the continued readiness and sustainability of the force as a whole: • Task-organized by FSSG based on MAGTF’s mission • Provides functions not within the organic capability of the other elements

of MAGTF • Supports and sustains MAGTF (depending on the size) in a variety of

ways for a prescribed period of time by providing most classes of supply and a variety of other services

CSS Objective CSS is applied operational logistics. The objective of CSS is to sustain and

enhance the relative combat power of MAGTF at the tactical level of war.


Six Functional Areas of CSS

Focus of Functional Areas

CSS has six major functional areas that provide a basis for an integrated and analytic approach to planning and executing logistical support operations for MAGTF at the tactical and operational levels of war. The six functional areas focus on the readiness and sustainability aspects of military capability. The table below lists each functional area and their sub-functions:

Functional Area Sub-Function Functional Area Sub-Function Supply • Determination of

requirements • Procurement • Storage • Distribution • Salvage • Disposal

General Engineering

• Engineer reconnaissance • Construction • Facilities maintenance • Demolition and obstacle

removal • Explosive ordnance

disposal

Maintenance • Inspection and classification

• Servicing, adjustments, tuning

• Testing and calibration • Repair • Modification • Rebuild and overhaul • Reclamation • Recovery and

evacuation

Health Service • Health maintenance • Casualty collection • Casualty treatment • Temporary

hospitalization and evacuation

Transportation • Embarkation • Landing support • Port and terminal

operations • Motor transport • Air delivery • Freight/passenger

transportation

Services • Disbursing • Postal • Exchange services • Security support • Legal services support • Civil affairs support • Graves registration


Seven Principles

Purpose The principles of CSS are guides for planning, organization, management,

and execution. They are not to be construed as rigid rules applicable in every situation. Identifying those principles that have priority in a specific situation is essential for establishing effective CSS. The table below lists the principles and their definitions:

Principle Definition

Responsiveness The ability to provide the right support at the right time and in the right place. This is the most critical principle of CSS.

Simplicity The ability to avoid complexity, which fosters efficiency in the planning and execution of CSS operations.

Flexibility The ability to adapt CSS structure and procedures to the changing situations, missions, and concepts of operations.

Economy The ability to provide support at the lowest cost in terms of the resources available and necessary to accomplish the mission.

Attainability The ability to provide the essential supplies and services required to begin combat operations.

Sustainability The ability to maintain support throughout the operation. Survivability The inherent capacity of the organization and its

capability to prevail in the face of potential destruction.


Combat Service Support Operations Center

Definition The combat service support operations center (CSSOC) is located within

CSSE’s command post. It controls and coordinates the day-to-day operations of the CSS organization by focusing on meeting the needs of the supported units.

CSSOC Functions

The CSSOC has several functions that require close communication with subordinate units, supported units, and higher headquarters. The normal functions of CSSOC are listed below: • Monitor non-aviation CSS operations and report significant events to the

commander. • Be the principal point of contact for liaison between senior, supported, and

adjacent units regarding CSS-related issues. • Transmit orders and decisions. • Provide dedicated communication channels to control CSS operations. • Receive and record operational reports. • Advise interested staff sections of events or information of immediate

concern. • Prepare and submit operational reports to higher headquarters. • Maintain current plots of friendly and enemy situations on display. • Maintain rear area security overlay:

• Preplanned targets • Active security measures for CSS installation • Main supply routes within the rear area

• Coordinate security of CSS installations and main supply routes within the rear area with higher and adjacent elements of MAGTF.

CSSOC Organization

The CSSOC is not a separate organization. The staff is composed of operations and communications personnel from each CSS unit in MAGTF. Generally, the commander chooses one of two methods to configure the organization of his CSSOC—centralized or decentralized.



Combat Service Support Operations Center, Continued

Centralized CSSOC Advantage

The advantage of the centralized CSSOC is the watch officer’s immediate access to technical advice from the functional representatives of the CSS elements represented in MAGTF as shown in the diagram below:

The centralized CSSOC option is appropriate when tactical considerations do not require dispersal.

Centralized CSSOC Disadvantage

A disadvantage to the centralized CSSOC is the confusion generated by large number of personnel communicating with each other and others via radio in a confined facility. The centralized CSSOC is used in higher-level CSS organizations and those further to the rear.



Combat Service Support Operations Center, Continued

Decentralized CSSOC

The advantage of the decentralized CSSOC is its mobility and versatility as shown in the diagram below:

Smaller CSS organizations and those further forward use the decentralized CSSOC. In situations when not enough personnel are present to operate a centralized CSSOC, a decentralized CSSOC is required.


Lesson 1 Exercise


10 minutes



Item 1 State the objective of a combat service support unit.

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 2 List three of the six sub-functions for supply.

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 3 List four of the eight sub-functions for maintenance.

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________




Item 4 List three of the six sub-functions for transportation.

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 5 List three of the five sub-functions for general engineering.

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 6 List two of the four sub-functions for health service.

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 7 List four of the seven sub-functions of service support.

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________




Item 8 List the seven principles of combat service support.

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 9 State the purpose of the combat service support operations center.

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________




Answers The table below lists the answers to the lesson exercise. If you have any


Item Number Answer Reference Page1 • Sustain and enhance the relative

combat power of MAGTF at the tactical level of war.

• Support the missions and concepts of

operations of the units they are tasked to support.

3-4

2 • Determination of requirements • Procurement • Storage • Distribution • Salvage • Disposal

3-5

3 • Inspection and classification • Servicing, adjustments, tuning • Testing and calibration • Repair • Modification • Rebuild and overhaul • Reclamation • Recovery and evacuation

3-5

4 • Embarkation • Landing support • Port and terminal operations • Motor transport • Air delivery • Freight/passenger transportation

3-5




Answers, continued

Item Number Answer Reference Page

5 • Engineer reconnaissance • Construction • Facilities maintenance • Demolition and obstacle removal • Explosive ordnance disposal

3-5

6 • Health maintenance • Casualty collection • Casualty treatment • Temporary hospitalization and

evacuation

3-5

7 • Disbursing • Postal • Exchange services • Security support • Legal services support • Civil affairs support • Graves registration

3-5

8 • Responsiveness • Simplicity • Flexibility • Economy • Attainability • Sustainability • Survivability

3-6

9 Controls and coordinates the day-to-day operations of the CSS organization by focusing on meeting the needs of the supported units

3-7


LESSON 2

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT WITHIN THE MEF

Introduction


20 minutes

Lesson Scope In this lesson, you will learn about the mission of the FSSG and the seven

battalions of an FSSG and their services.

Learning Objective

After completing this lesson, you should be able to • State the mission of the FSSG within the Marine expeditionary force

(MEF). • List the seven organic battalions of the FSSG.


Topic See Page Introduction 3-15 Force Service Support Group (FSSG) 3-16 Structure of FSSG 3-17 Lesson 2 Exercise 3-21


Force Service Support Group (FSSG)

FSSG Mission To MEF

The mission of the FSSG is to provide sustained combat service support to MEFs. FSSGs are also tasked to provide services to other joint and combined forces and federal agencies, as well as personnel and equipment to sustain MAGTFs below the MEF level. As the CSSE of MEF, the FSSG supports • The ground combat element (GCE)—comprised of one division • An air combat element (ACE)—comprised of one Marine aircraft wing

(MAW) • The surveillance reconnaissance intelligence group (SRIG)

Seven Organic Battalions

The FSSG is a permanently structured command that consist of seven organic battalions: • Headquarters and service • Maintenance • Supply • Engineer support • Transportation • Medical • Dental


Structure of FSSG

Economy of Operations

The FSSG embodies one of the fundamental principles of CSS—economy of operations—through • Centralization of logistic resources • Decentralization of support operations The FSSG organizations are structured to provide task-organized detachments to support independently deployed battalions, regiments, MAGTFs, and geographically separated units.

Headquarters and Service Battalion

The headquarters and service battalion consists of four companies: • Headquarters • Service • Communications • Military police

Headquarters and Service Battalion Mission

The headquarters and service battalion provides • Command and control • Administration • Communications • Security support to the FSSG



Structure of FSSG, Continued

Maintenance Battalion

The maintenance battalion consists of these companies: • Headquarters and service • Ordnance maintenance • Engineer maintenance • Electronics maintenance • Motor transport maintenance • General support maintenance

Maintenance Battalion Mission

The maintenance battalion provides • Intermediate-level and third- and fourth-echelon maintenance support for

• Tactical ordnance • Engineer • Motor transport • Communications-electronics equipment • General support equipment of the MEF

• Evacuate equipment to repair facilities

Supply Battalion

The supply battalion consists of these companies: • Headquarters and service • Supply • Ammunition • Medical logistics

Supply Battalion Mission

The supply battalion provides • General supply support for class II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX items • Organizational and intermediate maintenance on medical and dental

equipment • Packing, preservation, and packaging capabilities




Engineer Support Battalion

The engineer support battalion consists of these companies: • Headquarters and service • Engineer support • Bridge (only located within 2d FSSG) • Bulk fuel • Engineer

Engineer Support Battalion Mission

The engineer support battalion provides • General engineering support of an expeditionary nature, to include

survivability and mobility and counter mobility enhancements • Explosive ordinance disposal • Horizontal and vertical landing zones • Utilities support • Engineer reconnaissance

Transportation Support Battalion

The transportation support battalion consists of these companies: • Headquarters and service • Support • Beach and terminal operations • Landing support • General support motor transport • Direct support motor transport

Transportation Support Battalion Mission

The transportation support battalion provides • Motor transport, air delivery, and landing support for MEF • Coordination of ship-to-shore movement transportation • Terminal operations coordination • Medium and heavy lift transportation




Medical Battalion

The medical battalion consists of these companies: • Headquarters and service • Surgical

Medical Battalion Mission

The medical battalion provides • Initial resuscitation • Temporary casualty holding • Ground evacuation support • Preventive medical support

Dental Battalion

The dental battalion consists of these companies: • Headquarters and service • Dental The mission of the dental battalion is to provide dental services.


Lesson 2 Exercise


10 minutes



Item 1 State the mission of the force service support group.

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 2 List the seven organic battalions of FSSG.

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________




Item 3 List the missions of the headquarters battalion.

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 4 List the missions of the maintenance battalion. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 5 List the missions of the supply battalion.

______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 6 List the missions of the engineer support battalion.

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________




Item 7 List the missions of the transportation support battalion.

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 8 List the missions of the medical battalion.

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 9 List the mission of the dental battalion.

______________________________________________________________






Item Number Answer Reference1 Provide sustained combat service support to

Marine Expeditionary Forces. Force Service Support Groups are also tasked to provide services to other joint and combined forces and federal agencies along with providing personnel and equipment to sustain MAGTFs below the MEF level.

3-16

2 • Headquarters and Service Battalion • Maintenance Battalion • Supply Battalion • Engineer Support Battalion • Transportation Support Battalion • Medical Battalion • Dental Battalion

3-16

3 • Command and control • Administration • Communications • Security support to the FSSG

3-17




Answers, continued

4 • Provide intermediate level, third and

fourth echelon maintenance support for: • Tactical ordnance • Engineer • Motor transport • Communications-electronics equipment • General support equipment of the MEF • Evacuate equipment to repair facilities

3-18

5 • General supply support for class II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX items

• Organizational and intermediate

maintenance on medical and dental equipment

• Packing, preservation, and packaging

capabilities

3-18

6 • General engineering support of an expeditionary nature, to include survivability, counter mobility and mobility enhancements

• Explosive ordinance disposal • Horizontal and vertical landing zones • Utilities support • Engineer reconnaissance

3-19

7 • Motor transport, air delivery, and landing support for the MEF

• Coordination of ship-to-shore movement transportation

• Terminal operations coordination • Medium and heavy lift transportation

3-19

8 • Initial resuscitation • Temporary casualty holding • Ground evacuation support • Preventive medical support

3-20

9 Provide dental services. 3-20


LESSON 3

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT WITHIN OTHER MAGTFs

Introduction


15 minutes

Lesson Scope In this lesson, you will learn about the mission of the brigade service support

group (BSSG) and MEU service support group (MSSG), along with their respective structures.

Learning Objective

After completing this lesson, you should be able to • State the primary mission of the BSSG within the Marine expeditionary

brigade (MEB). • List the nine components of the BSSG. • State the primary mission of a MSSG within the MEU. • List the eight platoons of the MSSG.


Topic See Page Introduction 3-27 Brigade Service Support Group Within the MEB 3-28 MEU Service Support Group Within the MEU 3-29 Lesson 2 Exercise 3-30


Brigade Service Support Group Within the MEB

Mission To MEB

The primary mission of the BSSG is to provide sustained combat service support for a 30-day combat period to the MEB. Other missions include • Provide the MEB with the tactical logistics capabilities it needs to conduct

operations across the spectrum of conflict anywhere in the world. • Serve as the advance echelon of the FSSG, if required. • Perform additional tasks as assigned by the MEB commander.

Supported Elements of the MEB

As the CSSE of the MEB, the BSSG supports the • Ground combat element (GCE)—comprised of two to five battalion-size

maneuver elements • Aviation combat element (ACE)—comprised of a composite Marine

aircraft group (MAG) • Command element (CE)

BSSG Mission The BSSG provides the nucleus of the landing force support party and, with

appropriate attachments from the GCE and the ACE, is responsible for the landing force support function when the landing force shore party is activated.

BSSG Structure

BSSGs are structured from personnel and equipment of the FSSG. It is task-organized to meet the mission of the MEB, its structure may vary from one task to the next. A standard BSSG is composed of eight companies and one detachment: • Headquarters company • Transportation company • Supply company • Maintenance company • Engineer support company • Bulk fuel company • Collecting and clearing company • Surgical support company • Dental detachment


MEU Service Support Group within the MEU

Mission Within the MEU

The primary mission of the MSSG is to provide sustained combat service support for a 15-day combat period to MEU. Other missions include • Limited-line haul transportation (long-distance hauling) • Limited third-echelon repairs • Arrival and departure airfield control group functions

Supported Elements of the MEU

As the CSSE of MEU, the MSSG supports the • GCE—comprised of a battalion landing team • ACE—comprised of a Marine medium helicopter squadron • CE

MSSG Mission The MSSG is tasked-organized to meet the mission of MEU. MSSGs are

tailored to provide a full-range of CSS necessary for the MEU to accomplish all assigned missions. MSSGs are well suited to support • Amphibious operations • Security operations • Noncombatant evacuation operations • Humanitarian assistance operations • Other special operations

MSSG Structure

MSSGs are structured from personnel and equipment of the FSSG and consists of two support platoons and six service platoons: • Headquarters • Communications • Engineer • Maintenance • Motor transport • Landing support • Supply • Medical


Lesson 3 Exercise


10 minutes



Item 1 The primary mission of the BSSG is to provide sustained combat service

support for a _______ combat period to the a. 1-year; CSSE. b. 5-month; MSSG. c. 10-week; MEU. d. 30-day; MEB.

Item 2 List the eight companies and the one detachment of a BSSG.

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________




Item 3 The primary mission of the MSSG is to provide sustained combat service

support for a ______ day combat period to the a. 15-day; MEU. b. 10-week; MEB. c. 5-month; CSSE. d. 1-year; BSSG.

Item 4 List the eight platoons of the MSSG.

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________






Item Number Answer Reference: 1 d 3-28 2 • Headquarters company

• Transportation company • Supply company • Maintenance company • Engineer support company • Bulk fuel company • Collecting and clearing company • Surgical support company • Dental detachment

3-28

3 a 3-29 4 • Headquarters

• Communications • Engineer • Maintenance • Motor transport • Landing support • Supply • Medical

3-29


STUDY UNIT 4

REAR AREA SECURITY

Overview


2 hours

Unit Scope This study unit is designed to give you an overview of rear area security

(RAS), including operations, organization, security measures, and base defense.

Learning Objectives

After completing this study unit, you should be able to • Identify rear area operations. • Identify rear area security organization. • Identify security measures and base defense.

In This Study Unit


Topic See Page

Lesson 1 Rear Area Operations 4-3 Lesson 2 Rear Area Security Organization 4-17 Lesson 3 Security Measures and Base Defense 4-29


LESSON 1

REAR AREA OPERATIONS

Introduction


40 minutes

Lesson Scope In this lesson, you will learn the eight functions of rear area operations and

the responsibilities of the joint force, joint rear area, and Marine Corps component commanders.

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to • Define rear area. • Identify the eight functions of rear area operations. • Identify the responsibilities of the joint force commander. • Identify the responsibilities of the joint rear area coordinator. • Identify the responsibilities of the Marine Corps component commander. • Identify who is responsible for RAS in the Marine Air-Ground Task Force

(MAGTF) area.



Introduction, Continued


Topic See Page Introduction 4-3 Rear Area 4-5 Joint Environment 4-8 Rear Area Security Personnel Responsibilities 4-9 Marine Air-Ground Task Force Rear Area Security 4-11 Lesson 1 Exercise 4-12


Rear Area

Definition The rear area for any particular command is the area extending forward from

its rear boundary to the rear of the area assigned to the next lower level of command. Look at the illustration below. The rear of a regiment’s rear area is extended forward to the rear area of the next subordinate battalion. -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1st Marine Regiment Rear Area --------------------------------------------------------------------

Operations While rear area operations provide security for personnel, material, and

facilities, their main purpose is to provide uninterrupted support to the force as a whole. Rear area operations consists of eight broad functions. • Security • Communications • Intelligence • Sustainment • Area management • Movements • Infrastructure development • Host nation support


1st Marine Regiment

BLT 2/1


Rear Area, Continued

Security Rear area security are measures taken before, during, or after an enemy

airborne attack, sabotage action, infiltration, guerrilla action, or initiation of psychological or propaganda warfare to minimize the effects thereof. The protection and security of any unit’s rear area is the first priority.

Communications Good communications throughout the battle space enables command and

control. Conversely, effective rear area support operations ensure that a communications system is redundant, reliable, and secure. To ensure operational effectiveness, the communications system must be linked to the rear area operations center, if established. The communications network should include higher, adjacent, and subordinate commands as well as supporting organizations.

Intelligence Effective and timely intelligence and counterintelligence are essential to the

planning and conduct of operations in the rear area. Accurate intelligence is particularly important in the rear area so that the limited combat forces available for security operations can respond to threats in a timely manner. Continuous, integrated IPB is important to the rear area commander and staff. IPB allows them to maintain situational awareness on the effects of enemy capabilities, terrain, and weather on the operations over time.

Sustainment Fully integrated logistic support enables tactical operations, but force

sustainment must be balanced with protection of the force and accomplishment of the overall mission. The combat service support element plans, executes, and manages sustainment operations throughout the Marine commander’s battlespace.

Area Management

Area management affects the successful conduct of rear area operations as well as the overall mission. While the commander is ultimately responsible for area management within his or her battlespace, he or she normally conducts area management through the G-3. The G-3 must integrate and balance deep, close, and rear operations to conduct a single battle.



Rear Area, Continued

Movements Per Joint Pub 3-10, Joint Doctrine for Rear Area Operations, “movements

within a joint rear area involve the receipt of combat forces and their movement to forward areas.” The ability to control movements into, within, and out of the rear area is critical. Movements can be tactical, operational, or administrative and are conducted as part of the tactical, logistic, force protection, or deception plan.

Infrastructure Development

Infrastructure development generally refers to fixed and permanent installations, fabrications, or facilities used for the support and protection of forces. Infrastructure development normally focuses on facility security modification and battle damage repair.

Host Nation Support

The use of host nation support is intended to enhance the overall effectiveness of Marine Corps forces. The Marine Corps normally plans for use of personnel, vehicles, supplies, and facilities. If the host nation support is sufficiently developed, it can include petroleum products, electricity, and water.


Joint Environment

Operations Often in major large-scale operations or conflicts, Marine Corps forces

participate as one component in a joint U.S. force. A joint force commander commands the entire force. These operations usually have large rear areas due to the size of supporting forces and support structure of the other services. All joint operations with Marine Corps forces include a Marine Corps component commander. Regardless of how the joint force commander conducts operations, the Marine Corps component commander provides command and control, administrative support, and logistical support to Marine Corps forces. Missions are assigned to the Marine Corps component commander by the joint forces’ commander. In turn, the Marine Corps component commander assigns missions to Marine units involved in the operations such as the MAGTF, the Marine Corps logistics command, and the rear area command.

Army and Marine Corps Doctrine

Marine Corps and Army doctrine are similar in many ways. They both agree that rear area functions are interrelated and impact operations throughout the battle space. However, there are tangible differences: • Army doctrine contributes significantly to resources of the rear area as

standardized organization and force structure. • Given the Marine Corps expeditionary character and its employment of

task-organized forces tailored to accomplish a wide variety of missions, the Marine Corps doctrine focuses on concepts that will assist commanders and staffs in planning, organizing, and employing forces for rear area operations. This offers a great degree in flexibility in organization and execution while placing a greater demand on planners and decision makers.


Rear Area Security Personnel Responsibilities

Joint Force Commander

The joint force commander is responsible for the successful conduct of rear area operations within the joint operations area. His or her responsibilities include • Establishing a joint rear area • Planning and executing rear area operations • Establishing command relationships • Assigning responsibilities to subordinate commanders for the conduct of

rear area operations • Establishing a command and control network • Establishing measures and procedures for the planning and execution of

force protection • Establishing the classification of bases (single service or joint) • Assigning local defense responsibilities for bases • Establishing host nation support agreements

Joint Rear Area Coordinator

The joint rear area coordinator is responsible for command and control of operations in the joint rear area. His or her responsibilities include • Coordinating the overall security of the joint rear area • Ensuring continuous support to all forces • Coordinating with the appropriate commanders in the rear area • Establishing secure and survivable communications • Ensuring a reliable network exists • Ensuring all commands practice effective area management and

movement control within the area of operations that support theater policies and requirements

• Coordinating host nation support for commands operating within the joint area

• Accomplish other tasks assigned by the joint force commander • Coordinating all area operations with forces located in or transitioning

through the joint rear area; in particular, coordinating security operations, including the use of theater level security forces

• Establishing a communications and intelligence network to support all commanders within the joint rear area

• Establishing or implementing joint rear area policies and procedures for the joint force commander



Rear Area Security Personnel Responsibilities, Continued

Marine Corps Component Commander

The Marine Corps component commander coordinates the rear area activities with the joint rear area coordinator. Depending on tasks assigned by the joint force commander, he or she may position support forces such as Marine Corps logistics command and some MAGTF forces in the joint rear area. The Marine Corps component commander’s responsibilities include • Planning and coordinating tasks within the rear area • Conducting rear area operations in support of all Marine Corps forces in

the theater • Advising the joint force commander on the proper employment of Marine

Corps forces • Selecting and nominating specific Marine Corps units or forces for

assignment to other forces of the joint force commander • Informing the joint force commander on changes in logistic support issues

that could affect the joint force commanders ability to accomplish the mission

• Coordinating service related area operations issues • Balancing the need to support the force with the need to protect it • Evaluating requirements versus capabilities, identifying shortfalls, and

comparing associated risks with ability to accomplish the mission


Marine Air-Ground Task Force Rear Area Security

Responsibilities The MAGTF is a separate component and in a joint environment. The

MAGTF receives all commands from the Marine Corps component commander. The MAGTF commander is responsible for operations throughout the entire battle space. He or she provides command and control to fight a single battle. The commander establishes rear area security by placing priority in local defense and provisional security forces capable of reacting to any threat. He or she must also clearly define the roles of the ground combat, aviation combat, and combat service support elements.

Joint RAS Structure

The chart illustrates the structure of a typical joint rear area command as it relates to a theater of operations.

Joint Force Commander

Joint Rear Area

Coordinator

Marine Corps Commander

Area Commander


Lesson 1 Exercise


10 minutes



Item 1 What is the rear area?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Item 2 What are four of the eight functions of rear area operations?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Item 3 What is rear area security?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________




Item 4 What are five of the nine responsibilities for the joint force commander?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Item 5 What are six of the eleven responsibilities for the joint rear area coordinator?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Item 6 What are four of the eight responsibilities for the Marine Corps component

commander? ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________




Item 7 The ____________________ receives all commands from the Marine Corps

component. a. joint rear area coordinator b. joint force commander c. Marine Corps component commander d. MAGTF commander






Item Answer Reference Page

1 The area extending forward from its rear boundary to the rear of the area assigned to the next lower level of command

4-5

2 Any four of the following: • Security • Communications • Intelligence • Sustainment • Area management • Movements • Infrastructure development • Host nation support

4-5

3 Measures taken before, during, and/or after an enemy airborne attack, sabotage action, infiltration, guerrilla action, and/or initiation of psychological or propaganda warfare to minimize the effects thereof

4-6

4 • Establishing a joint rear area • Planning and executing rear area operations • Establishing command relationships • Assigning responsibilities to subordinate

commanders for the conduct of rear area operations

• Establishing a command and control network

• Establishing measures and procedures for the planning and execution of force protection

• Establishing the classification of bases (single service or joint)

• Assigning local defense responsibilities for bases

• Establishing host nation support agreements

4-9




Answers, continued

Item Number Reference Page

5 • Coordinating the overall security of the joint rear area

• Ensuring continuous support to all forces • Coordinating with the appropriate

commanders in the rear area • Establishing secure and survivable

communications • Ensuring a reliable network exists • Ensuring all commands practice effective

area management and movement control within the area of operations that support theater policies and requirements

• Coordinating host nation support for commands operating within the joint area

• Accomplishing other tasks assigned by the joint force commander

4-9

6 • Planning and coordinating tasks within the rear area

• Conducting rear area operations in support of all Marine Corps forces in the theater

• Advising the joint force commander on the proper employment of Marine Corps forces

• Selecting and nominating specific Marine Corps units or forces for assignment to other forces of the joint force commander

• Informing the joint force commander on changes in logistic support issues that could affect the joint force commanders ability to accomplish the mission

• Coordinating service related area operations issues

• Balancing the need to support the force with the need to protect it

4-10

7 d 4-11


LESSON 2

REAR AREA SECURITY ORGANIZATION

Introduction


30 minutes

Lesson Scope In this lesson, you will learn factors to determine command relationships in

the rear area within the Marine Corps component, factors considered by commanders assigning rear area commanders and coordinators, and components of rear area operations and logistics cells.

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to • Identify the three command and staff relationships. • Identify the factors Marine Corps commanders use when assigning rear

area commanders and coordinators. • Identify the components that an operation and logistic cell of a command

and control facility coordinates.


Topic See Page Introduction 4-17 Marine Corps Component–Marine Air-Ground Task Force Relationship

4-18

Commanders and Coordinators 4-19 Command and Control 4-22 Lesson 2 Exercise 4-24


Marine Corps Component–Marine Air-Ground Task Force Relationship

Introduction Combat is an environment that changes constantly. With this in mind, the

Marine Corps utilizes command relationships and staff organizations that can adapt.

Command Relationship

There are three command relationships and staff organizations. The Marine Corps component and MAGTF command relationships and staff organizations depend largely on the mission, size, scope, and duration of the operation. The table below identifies the three command and staff relationships:

Configuration Organization Advantage Used One commander One staff

Commander is both USMC Component and MAGTF commander with one staff

Least personnel

During small scale contingencies

One commander Two staffs

Commander is both USMC component and MAGTF commander with two staffs

Allows each staff to remain focused on mission

When joint force commander is geographically separated

Two commanders Two staffs

One commander for the USMC component, one for MAGTF, and each with individual staffs

Most personnel to develop the plans

During major operations or wars


Commanders and Coordinators

Introduction The rear area and the operations conducted will typically expand or contract

based on the character and progress of the assigned mission and the operating environment. The Marine commander may retain command and control of the rear area operations during the initial stages of an operation. As the missions increase and assets become more available, he or she may assign a rear area commander or a rear area coordinator.

Marine Corps Commander

There are several situations when a Marine Corps commander may retain control of rear area operations and not delegate his or her responsibilities: • Scope, duration, or complexity of the operation is limited. • Battle space is restricted (small area of operations). • Nature of the mission is fundamentally linked to the rear area, such as

humanitarian assistance or disaster relief. • Enemy threat to rear area operation is low. • During the initial phase of operational planning.



Commanders and Coordinators, Continued

Rear Area Commander

The Marine Corps commander assigns a rear area commander when they determines that there is a need to delegate his or her control of some or all of the rear area operations. By assuming command, the rear area commander receives the authority and responsibility for effectively using available resources for planning the employment, organization, direction, coordination, and control of military forces for the accomplishment of the missions assigned to the rear area. A rear area commander may be assigned if some or all of the following factors exists: • The scope, duration, or complexity of the operation reaches a level that

rear area operations demand a commander’s full time attention or exceeds the scope of a rear area coordinator’s authority.

• The size of the assigned battle space must be subdivided to effectively

command and control. • The enemy threat level in the rear area is significant enough that it

requires a combined arms task force to counter. • There is a need to assign authority for any or all of the rear area functions

under a subordinate commander, with the customary authority and accountability inherent to command.

The designation of a rear area command is the next phase of the evolutionary process in a major operation such as an expansion of the battle space.



Commanders and Coordinators, Continued

Rear Area Coordinator

The Marine Corps commander assigns a rear area coordinator to coordinate and execute specific functions or activities. Assignments may be similar to those assigned to a rear area commander. The main difference in the two assignments is that a rear area coordinator consults and carries out the directives from the Marine Corps commander while having no authority to change them. The rear area commander, while carrying out the directives of the Marine Corps commander, may also modify and make changes as required. A rear area coordinator may be assigned if some or all of the following factors exist: • The scope, duration, or complexity of the operation increases. • The assigned battle space increases in size. • The enemy threat level in the rear area increases, thereby requiring a

greater degree of coordination, supervision, and leadership. • One person needs to focus on rear area operations so the commander can

concentrate on the close and deep fight. The delegation of control over the rear area is the next logical phase of an evolutionary process.


Command and Control

Introduction The rear area coordinator or commander normally establishes a facility from

which to command, control, coordinate, and execute rear area operations. These facilities can be located within or adjacent to an existing facility.

Facility An operations cell and a logistics cell exist within the command and control

facility. These cells coordinate the following components: • Security forces (military police, tactical combat forces) • Fire support agencies • Support units (supply, engineer, medical) • Movement control agencies • Other command and control facilities • Bases and control facilities • Other organizations as necessary (counterintelligence team, civil affairs

group)



Command and Control, Continued

Organization The rear area command and control facility integrates and coordinates its

activities with the main and forward command posts to ensure the Marine Corps component or MAGTF commander has an understanding of the entire battle space to include the rear area and can better influence and orchestrate the battle. The facility does this by establishing various rear area command and control organizations at the component and MAGTF command echelons. The table below shows what command and control facilities would support rear area coordinators and commanders at the component and MAGTF levels:

Echelon Title Facility

Marine rear area coordinator (MRAC)

Marine rear area operations center (MRAOC)

Marine Corps component

Marine rear area commander (MRACOM)

Marine rear area command post (MRACP)

Rear area coordinator (RAC)

Rear area operations center (RAOC)

MAGTF or major subordinate commander

Rear area commander (RACOM)

Rear area command post (RACP)

Tasks The rear area coordinator or rear area commander executes assigned tasks to

ensure that rear area operations support the conduct of tactical operations in the close and deep battle. The rear area command and control facility integrates and coordinates its activities with the main and forward command posts to ensure that the Marine Corps component or MAGTF commander has a better understanding of the battle space and can influence and orchestrate the single battle.


Lesson 2 Exercise


10 minutes



Item 1 What are the three command and staff relationships?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Item 2 What are three of the four factors a Marine Corps commander considers when

assigning a rear area commander? ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________




Item 3 What are the four factors a Marine Corps commander considers when

assigning a rear area coordinator? ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Item 4 What are the seven components that an operation and logistics cell of a

command and control facility coordinate? ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________


Lesson 2 Exercise, ContinuedContinued



Item Answer Reference Page1 • One commander one staff

• One commander two staffs • Two commander two staffs

4-18

2 • The scope, duration, or complexity of the operation reaches a level that rear area operations demand a commander’s full time attention or exceeds the scope of a rear area coordinator’s authority.

• The size of the assigned battle space must be subdivided to effectively command and control.

• The enemy threat level in the rear area is significant enough that it requires a combined arms task force to counter.

• There is a need to assign authority for any or all of the rear area functions under a subordinate commander, with the customary authority and accountability inherent to command.

4-20




Answers, continued

Item Answer Reference Page

3 • The scope, duration, or complexity of the operation increases.

• The assigned battle space increases in size.

• The enemy threat level in the rear area increases, thereby requiring a greater degree of coordination, supervision, and leadership.

• One person needs to focus on rear area operations so the commander can concentrate on the close and deep fight.

4-21

4 • Security forces (military police, tactical combat forces)

• Fire support agencies • Support units (supply, engineer,

medical) • Movement control agencies • Other command and control facilities • Bases and control facilities • Other organizations as necessary

(counterintelligence team, civil affairs group)

4-22


LESSON 3

SECURITY MEASURES AND BASE DEFENSE

Introduction


20 minutes

Lesson Scope In this lesson, you will learn the objectives of rear area security (RAS), types

of RAS operations, and the types of security measures and threat levels.

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to • Define the objectives of RAS. • Identify the types of RAS operations. • Identify the types of active and passive measures used to provide security. • Identify the three threat levels. • Identify the local security response force for the three threat levels.

In This Lesson This lesson contains the following topics.

Topic See Page Introduction 4-29 Objectives 4-30 Security Measures 4-31 Threat Levels 4-32 Security Operations 4-33 Lesson 3 Exercise 4-34


Objectives

Security Objectives

Component commanders and MAGTF commanders are ultimately responsible for the security of their assigned rear areas. While the rear area may be divided into smaller geographic areas to enhance overall command and control, units are responsible for their local security. In the rear area, security objectives include • Preventing or minimizing disruption of support operations • Protecting personnel, supplies, equipment, and facilities • Protecting lines of communication (LOC) • Preventing or minimizing disruption of command and control • Defeating, containing, or neutralizing any threat in the rear area


Security Measures

Types Commanders employ both active and passive measures to provide security.

Active Measures

Active measures are activities that include action or movement. They include • Organizing units for defensive operations • Coordinating reconnaissance and surveillance • Providing security to convoys • Positioning air defense units in the rear area • Establishing liaison with fire support organizations • Employing close air support • Establishing reaction forces • Developing defensive plans with deployed assets for support • Patrolling defensive and training in the defensive skills

Passive Measures

Passive measures are activities that relate to the detection of forces. They include • Camouflage • Dispersion • Cover • Harden installations • Position rear area units to be mutually supporting


Threat Levels

Combat Operations

Combat operations are planned for and conducted to counter a threat to operations in the rear area. All forces must look carefully at their vulnerabilities to ascertain the level of risk each presents and to be able to constantly reassess how they might be better protected.

Threat Levels The table below illustrates the level of threats likely to be encountered in

combat operations in the rear area and suggested probable responses from appropriate tactical forces.

Threat Level Possible Threat Response Force

Level I Agents, sympathizers, terrorists, and saboteurs

Unit, base, and base cluster self-defense measures

Level II Small tactical units, unconventional forces, and guerillas

Self-defense measures and local response forces with organic supporting arms

Level III Large tactical units (air, helicopter borne, amphibious)

Tactical combat forces


Security Operations

Introduction Security operations require detailed planning and aggressive execution. They

must be integrated with all operations. Subordinate units are responsible for the conduct of local security operations, but must coordinate with the overall rear area coordinator or rear area commander.

Types There are six types of security operations that must be coordinated with the

overall rear area coordinator or commander. They are • Populace and resource control operations • Enemy prisoner of war operations • Noncombatant evacuation operations • Civilian control operations • Area damage control operations • Combat operations

Other Operations

While the above are the main security operations, the following operations are conducted within the rear area to facilitate the conduct of security operations. • Deception operations • Civil affairs operations • Nuclear, biological, and chemical defense operations • Psychological operations


Lesson 3 Exercise


10 minutes



Item 1 What are the objectives of RAS?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Item 2 What are the two types of security measures?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Item 3 What are five of the nine active measures?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________




Item 4 What are the five passive measures?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Item 5 What are four possible threats at threat level I?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Item 6 What type of response force is used to combat threat level III?

a. Tactical combat forces b. Base cluster c. Unit d. Local response force






Item Number Answer Reference1 • Preventing or minimizing disruption of

support operations • Protecting personnel, supplies,

equipment, and facilities • Protecting line of communications (LOC) • Preventing or minimizing disruption of

command and control • Defeating, containing, or neutralizing any

threat in the rear area

4-30

2 • Active • Passive

4-31

3 • Organizing units for defensive operations • Coordinating reconnaissance and

surveillance • Providing security to convoys • Positioning air defense units in the rear

area • Establishing liaison with fire support

organizations • Employing close air support • Establishing reaction forces • Developing defensive plans with

deployed assets for support • Patrolling defensive and training in the

defensive skills

4-31

4 • Camouflage • Dispersion • Cover • Harden installations • Position rear area units to be mutually

supporting

4-31




Answers, continued


5 • Agents • Sympathizers • Terrorists • Saboteurs

4-32

6 a 4-32

MCI Course 8203 R-1 Review Lesson Examination

WARFIGHTING TECHNIQUES

REVIEW LESSON EXAMINATION

Review Lesson

Introduction The purpose of this lesson examination is to prepare you for your final

examination. We recommend that you try to complete your review lesson without referring to the text, but for those items (questions) you are unsure of, restudy the text. When you finish your review lesson and are satisfied with your responses, check your responses against the answers provided at the end of this review lesson examination.

Directions Select ONE answer that BEST completes the statement or that answers the

item. For multiple choice items, circle your response. For matching items, place the letter of your response in the space provided.

Item 1 To participate as an integral component of naval aviation is a collateral

mission of a. assault support. b. offensive air support. c. Marine corps aviation. d. close air support.

Item 2 Electronic warfare is a function of

a. air reconnaissance. b. air surveillance. c. offensive air support. d. Marine aviation.

Item 3 Tactical mobility and logistical support is a function of

a. assault support. b. offensive air support. c. tactical air support. d. combat air support.



Review Lesson, Continued

Item 4 Force protection and air superiority are two purposes of

a. close air support. b. Marine aviation. c. tactical air support. d. anti-air warfare.

Item 5 Which of the following performs air logistical support?

a. Fixed-wing aircraft b. Rotary-wing delivery c. Rapid deployment of forces d. Air drops from fixed-wing aircraft

Item 6 Which aircraft is one of the primary strike fighters for the Marine Corps?

a. AH-1W b. Joint strike fighter c. KC-130 d. F/A-18

Item 7 The AH-1W is exclusive to which of the following missions?

a. CAS b. OAS c. SEAD d. CIFS

Item 8 Which type of ordnance is directed by wire to the target?

a. MK77 b. MK-20 Rockeye c. TOW missile d. Walleye laser-guided bomb




Item 9 Which of the following statements is a description of the DASC?

a. Provides a representative to work in the SACC b. Aids in target identification and greatly reduces the potential for fratricide c. Provides control of unmanned vehicles and of aircraft transiting its

assigned area d. Normally the terminal control agency for CAS aircraft

Item 10 What type of information is required on line 6 of the JTAR form?

a. Target location b. Target description c. Ordnance information d. Time and date

Item 11 Which of the following statements best describes the TACP net?

a. Reserved for time critical terminal control information only b. Provides a means of coordination between the air officer and his FACs c. Ground maneuver elements use to request immediate air support d. Air control agency can brief support aircraft on target information and

handoff

Item 12 The control measure that is located beyond the intercept zone is the

a. en route point. b. contact point. c. initial point. d. penetration point.




Item 13 Which line on the nine-line brief would you find “target elevation?”

a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 7

Item 14 When marking for SEAD, laser marks are considered to be the

______________ method of marking. a. least effective b. most effective c. standard d. recommended

Item 15 Read the following statements and then answer the question below.

1. BDA information (target number, mission number, munitions expended,

target description) 2. Mission accomplishment (were the desired effects achieved?) 3. Re-attack method 4. The time of attack What kind of information is included on the BDA? a. 1, 2, and 3 b. 1, 2, and 4 c. 1, 3, and 4 d. 2, 3, and 4




Item 16 A rear command post function tracks

a. current battle. b. host country support. c. all air in host country. d. all host country medical.

Item 17 Rear command post collocates with

a. host country commander. b. forward support battalion. c. CSS rear elements. d. main air support.

Item 18 Which security measure is used to establish a command post?

a. Establish redundant facilities to use along with working facilities to

confuse the enemy on which is real. b. Establish redundant facilities to support capabilities from being rendered

ineffective should the primary facility be destroyed. c. Establish redundant facilities to promote capabilities of supporting units

and render all others obsolete. d. Establish responsive facilities to support capabilities from being rendered

ineffective should the primary facility be destroyed.

Item 19 Which of the following considerations is used to establish communications

for a common post? a. Conductivity b. Cohesiveness c. Forward d. Flexibility




Item 20 Monitoring the state of __________________________ is a function of a

combat operations center. a. retreat of essential equipment/supplies and advise the commander of

shortfalls effecting the operation b. combat essential equipment/supplies and advise the commander of

shortfalls effecting the operation c. essential personnel/supplies and advise the commander of shortfalls

effecting the operation d. combat essential personnel and their dependents and advise the

commander of shortfalls effecting the operation

Item 21 Which section has the responsibility for logistics, budgeting, and financial

management? a. S-4 b. S-3 c. S-2 d. S-1

Item 22 Identify the symbol below:

a. Air defense unit b. Air service unit c. Artillery unit d. Amphibious unit

Item 23 What does the color yellow pertains to on the sitmap?

a. Contaminated or unknown units b. Contaminated area or mines c. Contaminated area or man-made obstacles d. Contaminated area or friendly forces




Item 24 The objective of combat service support is to

a. sustain and enhance the relative combat power of the MEF at the

operational level of war. b. sustain all elements of operating forces in a theater at all levels of war. c. enhance the relative combat power of the MEF at tactical levels of war. d. sustain and enhance the relative combat power of the MAGTF at the

tactical level of war.

Items 25 A sub-function of transportation is

a. repair. b. postal. c. landing support. d. storage.

Item 26 Disbursing, exchange services, and civil affairs support are sub-functions of

a. supply. b. services. c. general engineering. d. maintenance.

Item 27 A sub-function of health services is

a. casualty treatment. b. salvage. c. construction. d. disposal.




Item 28 A sub-function of supply is

a. casualty treatment. b. reclamation. c. construction. d. disposal.

Item 29 Which principle of CSS provides the essential supplies and services required

to begin combat operations? a. Attainability b. Flexibility c. Survivability d. Simplicity

Item 30 The inherent capacity of the organization and its capability to prevail in the

face of potential destruction is a. attainability. b. flexibility. c. survivability. d. simplicity.

Item 31 Controlling and coordinating the day-to-day operations of the CSS

organization by focusing on meeting the needs of the supporting units is the a. MAGTF. b. BSSG. c. FSSG. d. CSSOC.




Item 32 Providing sustained combat service support to the _____________ is the

mission of the FSSG. a. MEU b. MEB c. MEF d. CSS

Item 33 FSSG is composed of headquarters and service, maintenance, supply,

engineer support, medical, dental, and _____________ battalions. a. communications b. military police c. transportation d. landing support

Item 34 To evacuate equipment to repair facilities and to provide intermediate-level,

and third- and fourth-echelon maintenance is the mission of which battalion? a. Transportation support b. Maintenance c. Engineer support d. Medical

Item 35 The mission of the BSSG is to provide

a. limited combat service support to the MEB. b. sustained combat service support for 30 days to the MEB. c. permanent combat service support to MEB. d. initial combat service support to MEB.




Item 36 Headquarters, transportation, supply, maintenance, engineer support,

____________, collecting and clearing, and surgical support companies, along with a dental detachment are all units of a BSSG. a. communications b. landing support c. military police d. bulk fuel

Item 37 To provide sustained combat service support for 15 days to the Marine

expeditionary unit is the mission of a. FSSG. b. BSSG. c. CSSG. d. MSSG.

Item 38 Headquarters, communications, engineer, maintenance, motor transport,

landing support, supply, and __________ are all platoons of a MSSG. a. dental b. medical c. service d. bulk fuel




Item 39 Rear area is defined as the area-extending forward from its rear boundary to

the ________ of the area assigned to the next lower level of command. a. front b. rear c. side d. flank

Item 40 Security, communications, intelligence, area management, movements,

infrastructure development, host nation support, and _______________ are all functions of rear area support. a. planning b. command and control c. consolidations d. sustainment

Item 41 The measures taken before, during, and/or after an enemy airborne attack,

sabotage action, infiltration, guerrilla action, and/or initiation of psychological or propaganda warfare to minimize the effects thereof is a. rear area. b. rear area security. c. security measure. d. intelligence.

Item 42 Planning and executing rear area operations in joint operations is the

responsibility of the a. MAGTF commander. b. Marine Corps component commander. c. joint rear area coordinator. d. joint force commander.




Item 43 Coordinating the overall security of the joint rear area is the responsibility of

a. MAGTF commander. b. Marine Corps component commander. c. joint rear area coordinator. d. joint force commander.

Item 44 The Marine Corps component commander is responsible for

a. coordinating the overall security of the joint rear area. b. conducting rear area operations in support of all Marine Corps forces in

the theater. c. assigning local defense responsibilities to bases. d. establishing host nation support agreements.

Item 45 The _______________ is responsible for rear area security within the

MAGTF. a. MAGTF commander b. Marine Corps component commander c. joint rear area coordinator d. joint force commander

Item 46 A one commander and two staff command relationship is used

a. during a small scale contingencies. b. during a large scale contingencies. c. during a major operations of war. d. when the joint force commander is geographically separated.




Item 47 A rear area coordinator could be assigned when the

a. scope, duration, or complexity of the operation increases. b. size of the assigned battle space must be subdivided to effectively

command and control. c. enemy threat level in the area is significant enough that it requires a

combined arms task force to counter. d. Marine Corps commander will not except the responsibility.

Item 48 Which of the following is not a component that a command and control

facility coordinates? a. Security forces b. Fire support agencies c. Command post d. Movement control agencies

Item 49 Protecting personnel, supplies, equipment, and facilities is an objective of

a. security levels. b. RAS operations. c. RAS. d. security.

Item 50 An active measure is

a. camouflage. b. cover. c. employing close air support. d. hardening installations.




Item 51 Small tactical units, unconventional forces, and guerillas are possible threats

on which threat level? a. I b. II c. III d. IV

Item 52 Tactical combat forces are response forces on which threat level?

a. I b. II c. III d. IV




Answers The table below lists the answers to the review lesson examination items. If

you have questions about these items, refer to the reference page of the course text.


1 c 1-4 2 d 1-4 3 a 1-9 4 d 1-5 5 a 1-10 6 d 1-21 7 d 1-24 8 c 1-28 9 c 1-35 10 c 1-37 11 b 1-41 12 d 1-49 13 a 1-53 14 b 1-61 15 b 1-62 16 a 2-4 17 b 2-4 18 b 2-10 19 d 2-12 20 b 2-18 21 a 2-20 22 a 2-30 23 a 2-41 24 d 3-4 25 c 3-5 26 b 3-5 27 a 3-5 28 d 3-5 29 a 3-6 30 c 3-6




Answers, continued


31 d 3-7 32 c 3-16 33 c 3-16 34 b 3-18 35 b 3-28 36 d 3-28 37 d 3-29 38 b 3-29 39 b 4-5 40 d 4-5 41 b 4-6 42 d 4-9 43 c 4-9 44 b 4-10 45 a 4-11 46 d 4-18 47 a 4-21 48 c 4-22 49 d 4-30 50 c 4-31 51 b 4-32 52 c 4-32

Summary Now that you’ve completed the review lesson examination, it’s time to show

that you have mastered this course by completing the final examination. Take your final examination booklet and the DP-37 to your training NCO or any authorized proctor so that you can complete the course.

war fighting techniques

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