warm-up 1. what is a tissue? 2. the study of tissues is called ______. 3. what are the 4 main types...
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Warm-Up
1. What is a tissue?2. The study of tissues is called ______.3. What are the 4 main types of
tissues?
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Warm-UpWhat type of epithelial cell is shown below?
1. 2.
3.
4.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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Chapter 4
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Tissue: group of cells that are similar in structure and function
Histology: study of tissues
Types of Tissues:1. Epithelium (covering)2. Connective (support)3. Muscle (movement)4. Nervous (control)
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Preparing tissues for microscopy
Specimen is fixed (preserved) Cut into thin sections (slices) Stained with colored dyes
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Part I: Epithelial Tissue
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Epithelial Tissue
“epithe” = laid on, covering Structure:
1. Covering and lining epithelium2. Glandular epithelium
Function: Protection Absorption Filtration Secretion
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Special Properties1. Polarity
Apical surface = exposed free surface or edge (some with microvilli, cilia)
Basal surface = lower, attached surface
2. Specialized contacts Fits close together to form continuous
sheets
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Special Properties3. Supported by connective tissue
Rests on basement membrane 4. No blood supply (avascular)
Rely on diffusion and underlying connective tissue for food/O2
5. Regeneration – Replace lost cells
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Classification Two names = (# cell layers) + (shape of cells) Cell Layers: simple or stratified Shapes: squamous, cuboidal, or columnar
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Simple Epithelium
Absorption, secretion, filtration Very thin
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Simple Epithelium
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Simple Epithelium
Simple squamous Filtration, rapid diffusion Capillary walls, air sacs in lungs, kidney
filtration Serous membranes: slick layer lining
ventral body cavity and its organs
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Simple Epithelium Simple cuboidal
Secretion & absorption Lines ducts of glands (salivary), kidney
tubules, ovary surface
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Simple Epithelium
Simple columnar Absorption and
secretion Lines digestive tract Microvilli, cilia Mucous
membranes: lubricating mucus
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Simple Epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar Rests on basement membrane – false
impression (pseudo) of being multi-layered
Secretes or absorbs Respiratory tract – cilia propels mucus
from lungs
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Stratified Epithelium
2+ layers, more durable Main function = protect
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Stratified Epithelium
Stratified squamous Withstand abuse, friction Esophagus, mouth, outer portion of skin
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Stratified Epithelium
Stratified cuboidal Usually 2 layers Mainly in ducts of large glands (sweat,
mammary, salivary)
Sweat Gland Esophageal Gland
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Stratified Epithelium
Stratified columnar Thick, waterproof layer Pharynx, male urethra, lining ducts
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Transitional Epithelium
Able to change shape (cuboidal squamous)
Lining of hollow urinary organs (bladder, ureter, urethra)
Stretches when filled with urine
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Glandular Epithelium
Gland: make and secrete a particular product
2 Types: Endocrine gland: produce hormones
secreted into tissue fluid or bloodstream
Exocrine gland: secrete products into ducts onto body surfaces or body cavities Eg. mucous, sweat, oil, saliva, bile
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Exocrine Glands
Unicellular Multicellular Mucus cells or
goblet cells Duct structure
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Warm-UpWhat type of connective tissue is shown below?
1. 2.
3. 4.
Cartilage
Blood
Adipose Tissue (Loose
Connective Tissue)
Bone
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Chapter 4
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Part II: Connective Tissue
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Connective Tissue Most abundant and widely distributed tissue Main classes:
1. Connective tissue proper (loose & dense)2. Cartilage3. Bone4. Blood
Functions:1. Binding and support2. Protection3. Insulation4. Transport substances
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Classification Variations in blood supply
Avascular (no blood) – cartilage Poorly vascular – tendons, ligaments
Extracellular matrix Produced by cells, secreted to exterior Ground substance: “glue” - fills space
between cells & fibers water + adhesion proteins + polysaccharides
Fibers: provide support Collagen - strength Elastic – stretch Reticular – fine network, “skeleton” of organs
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Loose Connective Tissue Universal packing material Subclasses: areolar, adipose, reticular Structure: softer, fewer fibers, gel-like
matrix Functions:
Cushion & protect organs (areolar, fat) Store nutrients (fat) Internal framework (reticular) Fight infection (areolar)
Cells: fibroblasts, adipocytes (fat cells) Locations: under skin, lymph nodes, hips,
behind eyeballs
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Dense Connective Tissue
Tendons & ligaments Subclasses: dense regular, dense
irregular, elastic Structure: mainly collagen fibers Functions:
Elastic Resist tension
Cells: fibroblasts Locations: tendons (muscle-bone),
ligaments (bone-bone), lower layers of skin
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Cartilage
Subclasses: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Structure: flexible, no nerves or blood Functions:
Support Compression
Cells: chondroblasts, chondrocytes Locations: larynx, joints, tip of nose,
ear, intervertebral discs, rib-breastbone, knee joint
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Bone
Osseous tissue Subclasses: compact, spongy Structure: hard, calcified matrix;
blood vessels Functions:
support & protect Store calcium Blood cell formation (marrow)
Cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes Locations: bones
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Blood
Vascular tissue Subclasses: blood cells, plasma Structure: fluid within blood vessels,
no fibers Functions:
Transport vehicle (nutrients, wastes, gases, hormones)
Cells: white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), platelets
Locations: blood vessels
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Part III: Muscle Tissue
3 types: Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle
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Skeletal Muscle Description:
Long, cylindrical Multinucleate (2+ nuclei) Striated (banded appearance)
Function: Muscles contract, pull on bones or skin
cause body movements Location in the body:
Attached to skeleton Other features:
Voluntary control
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Cardiac Muscle Description:
Striated Uninucleate (1 nucleus) Branching cells – fit at junctions called intercalated
discs Function:
Propel blood through blood vessels to all parts of body
Locations in the body: Walls of the heart
Other features: Involuntary control
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Smooth Muscle Description:
No visible striations 1 central nucleus Spindle-shaped (pointed ends)
Function: Propel substances through hollow organs
Locations in the body: Walls of organs (stomach, bladder, uterus, blood vessels)
Other features: Involuntary control Contracts slowly Peristalsis: wavelike motion that moves food through SI
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Part IV: Nervous Tissue Main component of nervous system Structure: neuron = dendrite + cell
body + axon Function: regulates and controls body
functions Location in the body: brain, spinal
cord, nerves
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Part IV: Nervous Tissue 2 Major Cell Types:
Neurons Respond to stimuli Transmit electrical impulses
Other cells Support, insulate, protect neurons
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Tissue Repair
Wound healing Two ways:
1. Regeneration: replace destroyed tissue by same kind of cells
2. Fibrosis: form scar tissue (dense fibrous connective tissue)
Depends on: Type of tissue damaged Severity of injury
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Steps to Tissue Repair:
1. Inflammation Capillaries become very permeable WBC’s and clotting proteins seep into
injured area Clot prevents loss of blood (surface dries,
forms a scab)
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Steps to Tissue Repair:
2. Granulation tissue forms Delicate pink tissue with new capillaries Connective tissue produces collagen
fibers Epithelial cells multiply over granulation
tissue
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Steps to Tissue Repair:
3. Surface epithelium regenerates Surface epithelium thickens Fibrous tissue matures – forms scar
tissue
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Regenerative Capacity of Different Tissues
Extremely Well
Moderate
Weak
Virtually None
(mostly scar
tissue)• Skin epidermis
• Mucous membranes
• Fibrous connective
• Blood• Bones
• Smooth muscle
• Tendons, ligaments
• Skeletal muscle
• Cartilage
•Cardiac muscle
•Nervous tissue