WARM UP WARM UP

NOTES CH 29NOTES CH 29

Lymphatic System and Lymphatic System and ImmunityImmunity

IntroIntro

PARTS:PARTS:

Lymph, lymphocytes, lymph nodes, Lymph, lymphocytes, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsilsspleen, thymus, tonsils

FUNCTIONS:FUNCTIONS:

1.1. FLUID BALANCE FLUID BALANCE

2.2. FAT ABSORPTIONFAT ABSORPTION

3.3. DEFENSE **DEFENSE **

* filter microorganisms in lymph * filter microorganisms in lymph nodes and spleennodes and spleen

* destroy micro. in tissues* destroy micro. in tissues

LYMPHOCYTESLYMPHOCYTES

Cells that destroy microbesCells that destroy microbes

LYMPHLYMPH

• Clear fluid that is in tissues after Clear fluid that is in tissues after leaving the bloodleaving the blood

• Made of ions, water, nutrients, Made of ions, water, nutrients, gases, hormones, wastesgases, hormones, wastes

• Circulates through lymph vessels Circulates through lymph vessels and into nearest lymph nodeand into nearest lymph node

LYMPH NODELYMPH NODE

About small seed to almond sizeAbout small seed to almond size

Lymph passes through here before Lymph passes through here before returning to bloodreturning to blood

1.1. Stimulates lymphocytes to divide Stimulates lymphocytes to divide and go into bloodstreamand go into bloodstream

2.2. Destroy microorganism thereDestroy microorganism there

3 main places of nodes3 main places of nodes

1.1. INGUINALINGUINAL

2.2. AXILLARYAXILLARY

3.3. CERVICALCERVICAL

TONSILSTONSILS

• Areas in the mouth that collect Areas in the mouth that collect and destroy microbesand destroy microbes

1.1. Palantine – sidesPalantine – sides

2.2. Adenoid – back top of throatAdenoid – back top of throat

3.3. Lingual – back of tongueLingual – back of tongue

SPLEENSPLEEN

• Size of fist, let upper sideSize of fist, let upper side

FUNCTION:FUNCTION:

1.1. Filters blood – cells detect microbes or Filters blood – cells detect microbes or old rbc in blood and destroyold rbc in blood and destroy

2.2. Stores extra blood for emergenciesStores extra blood for emergencies

3.3. Makes lymphocytesMakes lymphocytes

THYMUSTHYMUS

• Lower neck areaLower neck area

( after 60 decrease in size)( after 60 decrease in size)

FUNCTION:FUNCTION:

1. Produce lymphocytes1. Produce lymphocytes

NOTES Ch 29NOTES Ch 29

ImmunityImmunity

IMMUNE SYSTEMIMMUNE SYSTEM

PARTS: white blood cells, antibodiesPARTS: white blood cells, antibodies

FUNCTION: to destroy microbes in FUNCTION: to destroy microbes in tissues and protect body from tissues and protect body from diseasedisease

LEUKOCYTES – white blood LEUKOCYTES – white blood cellscells

Leave the blood vessels and go into Leave the blood vessels and go into infected area to destroy microbeinfected area to destroy microbe

TYPES:TYPES:1.1. neutrophilsneutrophils2.2. macrophagesmacrophages3.3. lymphocyteslymphocytes

NEUTROPHILSNEUTROPHILS

• 11stst to enter infected area to enter infected area• Die after killing a microbeDie after killing a microbe• Phagocytosis – engulfing the Phagocytosis – engulfing the

microbe or cell to destroy itmicrobe or cell to destroy it

PUS – fluid, dead neutrophils, PUS – fluid, dead neutrophils, bacteria, dead cellsbacteria, dead cells

MACROPHAGEMACROPHAGE

• 22ndnd to enter an infected area to enter an infected area• Can digest more and live longerCan digest more and live longer• Can wait in uninfected tissueCan wait in uninfected tissue

B CELLSB CELLS

• Secrete antibodiesSecrete antibodies

T CELLST CELLS

IMMUNITYIMMUNITY

Ability to resist damage from foreign Ability to resist damage from foreign substancessubstances

ANTIGEN ANTIGEN

Foreign substance in Foreign substance in the bodythe body

EX: virus, bacteria, EX: virus, bacteria, allergen (pollen, allergen (pollen, animal hair, foods, animal hair, foods, etc.)etc.)

ANTIBODY ANTIBODY

Protein that Protein that destroys a specific destroys a specific antigenantigen

2 TYPES2 TYPES

1.1. INNATEINNATE

Body born with Body born with ability to ability to recognize and recognize and destroy foreign destroy foreign moleculesmolecules

2.2. ADAPTIVEADAPTIVE

Body learns to Body learns to recognize and recognize and destroydestroy

(each time exposed, (each time exposed, destroy better)destroy better)

INNATEINNATE

Protections such as Protections such as Skin, mucus, tears, salivaSkin, mucus, tears, saliva

Chemicals:Chemicals:Histamine, lysozyme, prostoglandins, Histamine, lysozyme, prostoglandins,

leukotrienesleukotrienes

These promote inflammation and cause These promote inflammation and cause white blood cells to rush therewhite blood cells to rush there

2 TYPES OF ADAPTIVE 2 TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYIMMUNITY

1.1. NATURALNATURAL

a. Passive – mother to child a. Passive – mother to child (umbilical cord or milk)(umbilical cord or milk)

b. Active – natural exposureb. Active – natural exposure

(exposed to a virus, etc.) (exposed to a virus, etc.)

2.2. ARTIFICIALARTIFICIAL

a. Passive – antibodies placed into a. Passive – antibodies placed into person (from another organism)person (from another organism)

* won’t last long (antiserum is * won’t last long (antiserum is an example)an example)

b.b. Active – antigen deliberately Active – antigen deliberately introduced into individ. to introduced into individ. to stimulate their immune systemstimulate their immune system

EX: VACCINATIONEX: VACCINATION * dead organism or live altered * dead organism or live altered

one (produces no symptoms)one (produces no symptoms)

2 main types of 2 main types of vaccinationsvaccinations

DTPDTP

DiptheriaDiptheria

TetanusTetanus

Pertussis (whooping Pertussis (whooping cough)cough)

MMRMMR

MumpsMumps

MeaslesMeasles

RubellaRubella

HOW IMMUNITY WORKSHOW IMMUNITY WORKS

Every cell has surface marker on the Every cell has surface marker on the cell membrane.cell membrane.

When body does not recognize these When body does not recognize these markers, it will respond to it.markers, it will respond to it.

THE RESPONSE:THE RESPONSE:

• B cell exposed to antigenB cell exposed to antigen• Binds to itBinds to it• B cell starts to divide to formB cell starts to divide to form

1) memory B cells1) memory B cells

2) plasma cells2) plasma cells

PLASMA CELLSPLASMA CELLS

• Produce antibodies – Produce antibodies – takes 3-14 days to takes 3-14 days to make enough to make enough to destroy itdestroy it

• Antigen can cause Antigen can cause symptoms in the symptoms in the meantimemeantime

MEMORY B CELLSMEMORY B CELLS

• When exposed to When exposed to antigen already in antigen already in the body, these the body, these divide and from divide and from plasma cells which plasma cells which make the antibodies make the antibodies fastfast

• No time for No time for symptoms to developsymptoms to develop