warm up what was the james-lange theory? what was the james-lange theory? what was the cannon bard...
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Warm Up Warm Up What was the James-Lange Theory?What was the James-Lange Theory? What was the Cannon Bard Theory?What was the Cannon Bard Theory? What was the Schacter Theory?What was the Schacter Theory? What is a polygraph? What is a polygraph? What is Catharsis?What is Catharsis? What is the feel- good, do –good What is the feel- good, do –good
Phenomenon?Phenomenon? What is Subjective Well Being?What is Subjective Well Being?
Persistent Day to Day Persistent Day to Day Stress May Lead to BurnoutStress May Lead to Burnout Burnout:Burnout: physical, physical,
emotional, and emotional, and mental exhaustionmental exhaustion brought on by brought on by persistent job-related persistent job-related stress.stress.
Often common in Often common in teachers, nurses, teachers, nurses, and police officersand police officers..
Stress and Heart DiseaseStress and Heart Disease
Although relatively rare in 1900, by Although relatively rare in 1900, by the 1950s coronary heart disease the 1950s coronary heart disease has become the has become the leading cause of leading cause of death in Americadeath in America..
Coronary Heart Disease:Coronary Heart Disease: when when vessels of heart are cloggedvessels of heart are clogged which stops heart muscles from which stops heart muscles from being nourished. being nourished.
Many behavioral factors help Many behavioral factors help contribute to this disease but contribute to this disease but stress stress is also a major factor. is also a major factor.
Hopelessness and Heart Hopelessness and Heart DiseaseDisease
Hopelessnessscores
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Heart attack Death
Low risk Moderate risk High risk
Men who feel extreme hopelessnessare at greater risk for heart attacksand early death
Personality Type and Heart Personality Type and Heart DiseaseDisease
Type A Personality:Type A Personality: competitive, competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressiveaggressive, and anger prone , and anger prone people.people.
Type B Personality:Type B Personality: easy-going easy-going and relaxed people. and relaxed people.
Whose at greater risk for heart Whose at greater risk for heart disease?disease?
Stress Related IllnessesStress Related IllnessesPsychophysiological Psychophysiological
Illnesses:Illnesses: “mind-body” “mind-body” illnesses. illnesses. Physical illnesses Physical illnesses caused by stress.caused by stress.
Ex: Ex: Hypertension and some Hypertension and some headachesheadaches. .
Blood pressureBlood pressure also increased also increased by too much stress. by too much stress.
Are also referred to as Are also referred to as Psychosomatic disorders. Psychosomatic disorders.
Somatoform Disorders (Not In Somatoform Disorders (Not In Book)Book)
Somatoform Disorder:Somatoform Disorder: illnesses illnesses where you have some physical where you have some physical symptoms without an apparent symptoms without an apparent physical causephysical cause. Illnesses are said . Illnesses are said to be psychological in nature. to be psychological in nature.
Theories about causes of Theories about causes of somatoform disorders are often somatoform disorders are often rooted in rooted in psychoanalytic theorypsychoanalytic theory..
Illnesses are often referred to as Illnesses are often referred to as ““Hysteria.”Hysteria.”
Examples of Somatoform Examples of Somatoform DisordersDisorders
Conversion:Conversion: when a person when a person converts intense emotional converts intense emotional difficulties into the loss of a specific difficulties into the loss of a specific physiological functionphysiological function. .
Ex:Ex: blindness or paralysis without a blindness or paralysis without a physical cause.physical cause.
Symptoms often have Symptoms often have sudden onsets, sudden onsets, terminations, and reappearancesterminations, and reappearances. .
Behavior is unintentional and and Behavior is unintentional and and outside of the conscious control of the outside of the conscious control of the patient. patient.
Examples of Somatoform Examples of Somatoform DisordersDisorders
HypochondriasisHypochondriasis: : is is when a healthy when a healthy person becomes person becomes preoccupied with preoccupied with imaginary imaginary ailmentsailments. Person is . Person is genuinely convinced genuinely convinced they are ill.they are ill.
Often associated Often associated with with OCD and OCD and anxiety disorders anxiety disorders
Examples of Somatoform Examples of Somatoform DisordersDisorders
Factitious Disorder:Factitious Disorder: an an illness whose symptoms illness whose symptoms are either are either self-induced or self-induced or falsified by the patientfalsified by the patient. .
Sometimes patients lie Sometimes patients lie about disorder to about disorder to get get attention or sympathy;attention or sympathy; others are often interested others are often interested in receiving drugs or other in receiving drugs or other benefits associated with benefits associated with the feigned illness.the feigned illness.
Factitious Ulcer
Fighting Disease With Fighting Disease With Immune SystemImmune System
Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes: Main defender against disease in Main defender against disease in
immune system made up of two immune system made up of two types of white blood cells.types of white blood cells.
B lymphocytesB lymphocytes form in the bone form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infectionsfight bacterial infections
T lymphocytesT lymphocytes form in the thymus form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses and foreign substancescells, viruses and foreign substances
Fighting Disease with Fighting Disease with Immune SystemImmune System
Macrophage:Macrophage: other agent of other agent of immune system which immune system which identifies, pursues, and identifies, pursues, and ingests harmful invaders.ingests harmful invaders.
Problems with Immune Problems with Immune SystemSystem
Immune System can either Immune System can either react too react too strongly or under react to harmful strongly or under react to harmful bodiesbodies. .
Over-reaction causes body to attack its Over-reaction causes body to attack its own tissues. own tissues. Ex:Ex: arthritis, allergies, arthritis, allergies, lupus, M.S.lupus, M.S.
Under-reaction causes harmful bodies to Under-reaction causes harmful bodies to spread. spread. Ex:Ex: cancercancer
Stress can divert energy away from the Stress can divert energy away from the immune system immune system making illnesses more making illnesses more likelylikely. .
Conditioning the Immune Conditioning the Immune SystemSystem ExperimentExperiment
s have s have been been conducted conducted illustrating illustrating power to power to condition condition the immune the immune system to system to respond in respond in certain certain ways. ways.
UCS(drug)
UCR(immunesuppression)
UCS(drug)
UCR(immunesuppression)
CS(sweetenedwater)
CS(sweetenedwater)
CR(immunesuppression)
Negative Emotions in Negative Emotions in General Have Negative General Have Negative
Health RisksHealth Risks
Unhealthy behaviors(smoking, drinking,
poor nutrition and sleep)
Persistent stessorsand negative
emotions
Release of stresshormones
Heartdisease
Immunesuppression
Autonomic nervoussystem effects
(headaches,hypertension)
Promoting HealthPromoting Health Aerobic ExerciseAerobic Exercise
has positive has positive psychological psychological and physical and physical benefitsbenefits. .
Increases heart Increases heart and lung fitness and lung fitness and may also help and may also help alleviate alleviate depression and depression and anxietyanxiety. .
Depressionscore
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
Before treatmentevaluation
After treatmentevaluation
No-treatmentgroup
Aerobicexercise
group
Relaxationtreatment
group
Using Biofeedback to Using Biofeedback to Improve HealthImprove Health
Biofeedback:Biofeedback: system for system for electronically electronically recording, recording, amplifying, and amplifying, and feeding back feeding back informationinformation regarding a subtle regarding a subtle physiological state physiological state like blood pressure like blood pressure and muscle tension.and muscle tension.
Promoting HealthPromoting Health A strong social network which offers A strong social network which offers
support strongly support strongly promotes health promotes health during an illness and when during an illness and when healthyhealthy. .
% with high support
Promoting HealthPromoting HealthSpirituality and Faith Spirituality and Faith CommunitiesCommunities has a strong has a strong correlation with positive correlation with positive health and enhancing health and enhancing medical treatment. medical treatment.
Possible reasons behind Possible reasons behind correlation with religion?correlation with religion?
Promoting HealthPromoting Health Smoking is a lifestyle decision Smoking is a lifestyle decision
that offers serious health that offers serious health risksrisks..
33,348
1,686 1,135 556 202
Smoking Suicide Vehicle HIV/ Homicide crash AIDS
Cause of death
Numberof deaths
per 100,000
Weight and Health RisksWeight and Health RisksReview Biological Influences on Review Biological Influences on
Weight:Weight:Body Chemistry influences?Body Chemistry influences?
– Hunger HormonesHunger Hormones– Hypothalamus issuesHypothalamus issues
Genetic Influences?Genetic Influences?– Set PointSet Point– MetabolismMetabolism
Weight and Weight and DiscriminationDiscrimination
When When women women applicants applicants were made were made to look to look overweightoverweight, subjects , subjects were less were less willing to willing to hirehire
Willingnessto hire scale
(from1:definitely
not hire to7: definitely
hire)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Women Men
Normal Overweight
Long Term Weight Loss Is Long Term Weight Loss Is DifficultDifficult
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
1 2 3 4 5
Weightchange
in pounds
Posttreatment
Years of follow-up
Startingpoint
Normal trend for untreated obesepeople: Gradually rising weight
After participation in behavioralProgram: Much of initial weight
Loss regained
Correlation with TV and Correlation with TV and ObesityObesity
<2 2-3 >4Hours of television watched per day
in 1990s study
Boys Girls
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
Skinfold fatmeasure (mm)
Overview of Healthy and Overview of Healthy and Unhealthy TendenciesUnhealthy Tendencies
Life events
Tendency towardHealth Illness
Personal appraisalChallenge Threat
Personality typeEasy going
NondepressedOptimistic
HostileDepressedPessimistic
Personality habitsNonsmoking
Regular exerciseGood nutrition
SmokingSedentary
Poor nutrition
Level of social supportClose, enduring Lacking