MotivationMotivationWhat motivates people?

What are the motivational What are the motivational theories?theories?InstinctsInstinctsDrive reduction theoryDrive reduction theoryArousal theoryArousal theoryMaslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsIncentives (reinforcers) e.g. Gold starsIncentives (reinforcers) e.g. Gold stars

How do instincts motivate us?How do instincts motivate us?

AggressionAggression

Fear of heightsFear of heights

What is the drive reduction What is the drive reduction theory?theory?Objective is “Homeostasis”Objective is “Homeostasis”

◦The body’s tendency to maintain a constant The body’s tendency to maintain a constant internal state.internal state.

The desire to avoid stressThe desire to avoid stress◦Hunger or thirstHunger or thirst

What is arousal theory?What is arousal theory?The desire to avoid boredomThe desire to avoid boredomRoller coastersRoller coasters

Horror moviesHorror moviesWhen biological needs are satisfied, we When biological needs are satisfied, we

look for an optimum level of arousal.look for an optimum level of arousal.

What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

From physiological From physiological needs to self-needs to self-actualizationactualization◦Basic needs (thirst, Basic needs (thirst,

clothing) satisfied clothing) satisfied before higher needs before higher needs (self esteem) become (self esteem) become motivating.motivating.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (cont.)Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (cont.)

Viewing your work Viewing your work as a calling (e.g. as a calling (e.g. Nun) satisfies Nun) satisfies higher level needs.higher level needs.

Exception = Exception = altruistic suicidealtruistic suicide

What are behavior incentives?What are behavior incentives?

ReinforcersReinforcersGold starsGold starsMoneyMoneyThank youThank you

Do you remember?Do you remember?What is an example of instinct,

drive reduction, arousal, and incentive motivation?

What is an example of each of Maslow’s hierarchy levels?

What would be an incentive to motivate a child’s behavior?

Eating disordersEating disorders

Motivation to harm Motivation to harm yourselfyourself

Anorexia nervosaAnorexia nervosa◦Excessive dietingExcessive dieting◦See themselves as fatSee themselves as fat

BulimiaBulimia◦Purposely binge & purgePurposely binge & purge

Sexual motivationSexual motivationMasters and Johnson’s sexual response cycle.

◦Excitement◦Plateau

Enough sperm may be released prior to orgasm for pregnancy

◦Orgasm◦Resolution◦Refractory period (men only)

Period during which male can not be aroused to another orgasm.

What motivates sexual What motivates sexual orientation?orientation?

Prenatal hormones - can change an animal’s Prenatal hormones - can change an animal’s sexual orientationsexual orientation

Brain differences may be a factorBrain differences may be a factorGenetics may be a factorGenetics may be a factor

What motivates sexual What motivates sexual orientation?orientation?◦ GeneticsGeneticsTwins studies - concordance ratesTwins studies - concordance rates

◦ Identical twinsIdentical twins◦Fraternal twinsFraternal twins◦Adopted childrenAdopted children

Sexual disorders Sexual disorders motivationmotivation

Lack of sexual desire (Lack of sexual Lack of sexual desire (Lack of sexual motivation)motivation)

Behavior therapy and education can help with:Behavior therapy and education can help with:MaleMale

Inability to ejaculateInability to ejaculatePremature ejaculationPremature ejaculation

FemaleFemaleOrgasmic dysfunction (female)Orgasmic dysfunction (female)VaginismusVaginismus

Do you remember?Do you remember?What is the difference between

anorexia and bulimia?What stage in the sexual response

cycle do men have that women do not?

Is it possible to get pregnant even with ejaculation outside the partner?

What factors can effect sexual orientation?

How is belongingness a How is belongingness a motivator?motivator?People have a basic need to belong and People have a basic need to belong and

bond with othersbond with othersConformity to peer pressure (e.g. Conformity to peer pressure (e.g.

smoking)smoking)Spouse abuseSpouse abuse

◦Some have a greater fear of loneliness than Some have a greater fear of loneliness than remaining in a physically abusive remaining in a physically abusive relationship.relationship.

Motivation at workMotivation at work

Motivating achievementMotivating achievement

Achievement motivation - The desire to Achievement motivation - The desire to excel with self discipline beats talent and excel with self discipline beats talent and intelligence.intelligence.

How can you predict job How can you predict job performance?performance?

Aptitude testsAptitude testsJob knowledge testsJob knowledge testsSimulated job performance testsSimulated job performance testsInformal interviewsInformal interviews

◦Poorest predictor of job performancePoorest predictor of job performance◦The interviewer illusionThe interviewer illusion

The employer’s idea that they can The employer’s idea that they can determine enduring personality traits determine enduring personality traits from the interview.from the interview.

Do you remember?Do you remember?How is belongingness a

motivator?What can beat talent and

motivation for achievement?What is the interviewer illusion?