Warm-Ups

1. Which of the following states borders Georgia?

A. MississippiB. VirginiaC. LouisianaD. Florida

2. One reason people might want to live in Georgia is that?

A. The climate is the same throughout the state.

B. The winters are mild.C. There is little rain in the Blue

Ridge Mountains.D. The summers are cold.

Chapter One

Let’s Talk Geography

What is Geography?

• The word geography comes from two Greek words – “geo” for earth and “graphia” for write about. So that means the word geography means to write about the earth.

• But geographers do more than write; they study the physical and cultural features on or near the earth’s surface.

The Study of Geography

• Physical Features are those that occur naturally, such as mountains, rivers, and oceans

• Can you think of anymore physical features that appear in Georgia?

• Cultural Features are those created by people, such as boundaries, towns and roads

• What cultural features are created in Georgia?

What you need to know about Geography

• When Geographers discuss the earth, they often use the five basic themes of geography 1. Location – Where places are located on earth’s surface

2. Place – physical and human characteristics of place

3. Relationships or Human Environment Interaction – interaction of people and environment

4. Movement – movement and interaction of people

5. Regions – areas with similar characteristics

A look at Georgia’s Location

• Relative Location refers to the position of one place in relation to another.

• A good way to express relative location is by using cardinal and intermediate directions.

• Absolute Location refers to the exact spot on the earth’s surface where a place is found.

• To help find absolute location, geographers use an imaginary grid with coordinates

Absolute Location• Absolute Location is best used for

navigation, military targets, responding to police and fire calls and boundary lines.

• An easier way to think of absolute location is an address.

• Our school as an absolute location of – 10550 Bells Ferry Rd Canton, GA 30114– There are no other places in this county or

town with that same address

How do we identify absolute location?

• Latitude – the parallel lines that determine the location from 0° to 90° north and south of the equator

• Longitude – the lines that determine location from 0° to 180° east and west of the Prime Meridian.

• When the address is written out it is known as coordinates

Math Terms Geographers Use• Sphere – while the earth is

round like a circle because it is a three dimensional object it is known as a sphere

• Degree – because the earth is a sphere like a circle it can be divided into equal divisions known as degrees. 1° - equals 1/360

• Minutes – degrees are further divided into smaller units called minutes. 1° = 60’

• Seconds – minutes are divided into the smallest parts of a circle, called seconds. 1’ = 60”

Absolute Location34°14’12”N84°29’27”W

Relative LocationSouth of Pickens, West of Forsyth and Dawson, North of Cobb and Fulton, and East of Bartow.

What are the Absolute and Relative Locations of Cherokee County?

Chapter TwoThe Land of Georgia

Physiographic Regions

• Physiographic provinces – is a region defined on the basis of similarities in physical geography, such as land formations, elevation, rocks, minerals, and soils.

Coastal Plain• Coastal Plain – Georgia’s largest physiographic

province covering all of Georgia south of the Fall Line (60%). – Upper Coastal Plain– Lower Coastal Plain– Sediment – settled deposits of earth and rock caused by

water erosion– Fall Line – the line (zone) that marks the farthest inland

shoreline of the prehistoric ocean.– Zone – a region several miles wide that separates one

geographic region from another.

Characteristics of Coastal Plain• Covers all of Georgia south of the Fall Line (60%)• Fall Line is interior boundary, and the Atlantic

Ocean is the southeastern boundary.– River travel is possible to Fall Line

• Flat, low relief; no steep hills or rocks; some wetlands; clay, sand, and limestone soil.

• Pine Barrens and the Okefenokee Swamp found here

• Peanuts, peaches and pecans – agricultural products of the Coastal Plain

The Piedmont

• Piedmont - Georgia’s physiographic province that lies between the Fall Line to the south and the three mountain provinces of North Georgia. This hilly region stretches from central Alabama to southern New York.

• Bedrock – large areas of solid rock found just below the earth’s surface.

Characteristics of the Piedmont

• Located between Coastal Plain and mountains in the north (30%)

• Rolling hills and valleys; about 500 feet above sea level

• Areas of solid rock; red clay soil; many streams and rivers cross the region

• Cotton, soybeans, wheat, beef and dairy, cattle, poultry, and pine trees – agricultural products

Blue Ridge

• Blue Ridge – physiographic province stretching from northern Georgia to southern Pennsylvania that includes the highest mountains in the Appalachian Highlands.

Characteristics of the Blue Ridge

• Located in Northeast Georgia• Mountainous• High amounts of rainfall; numerous rivers start

here; high erosion rates; short growing season• Less than 1% prime farmland • Brasstown Bald and beginning of the

Appalachian Trail are here.• Apples, corn, vegetables, hardwood timber

such as oak and hickory.

Ridge and Valley

• Ridge and Valley – the physiographic province located in northwest Georgia, noted for long, often parallel ridges, separated by valleys. This province extends from central Alabama northward into Canada.

Characteristics of Ridge and Valley

• Located in northwest Georgia between the Blue Ridge Mountain and the Appalachian Plateau regions

• Long parallel ridges of sandstone overlooking valleys; elevation from 700 to 1,600 feet above sea level

• Corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, hardwoods and pine – agricultural products.

Plateau

• Appalachian Plateau – physiographic province of high plateaus separated by valleys, stretching from northern Alabama to central New York. About 300 square miles of northwest Georgia lie in the Plateau region.

Characteristics of the Plateau

• Smallest region in the far northwest corner of Georgia

• Flat or gently sloping land with high relief over valleys.

• Sand Mountain and Lookout Mountain are here.

• Small amounts of corn and soybeans grown here; hardwoods and pasture land – agricultural products.

Georgia’s Coast– Estuaries – the area around a river’s mouth where fresh and salt water mix.– Tides – the daily rise and fall of the ocean caused principally by the gravitational pull

• Coastal Wetlands– Wetland – Low-lying land covered by water all or party of the time, in which special

types of plant and animal life are found. Also known as marshes and swamps.– Ecosystem – short for ecological system, it refers to a distinct, natural community of

living and nonliving things and their environment– Food Chain – a feeding pattern for living organisms where by one organisms serves

as food for another, which in turn becomes food for another, and so on.

Georgia’s Coast• Barrier Islands

– Barrier Islands – Chain of sea islands off Georgia’s coast that form a barrier, helping block ocean waves and wind from the mainland.

– Atlantic Intracostal Waterway – the 1,000-mile-long coastal water highway that stretches from New York to Miami, used for navigation by smaller boats.

• Continental Shelf– Continental Shelf – Large flat underwater ledge from the ocean’s shoreline to a

major drop-off, about 70 to 80 miles from the coast of Georgia.– Gulf Stream – the current of warm ocean water that flows from the Gulf of

Mexico northward along the east coast of the North America, then northeastward across the Atlantic Ocean

Georgia’s Natural Resources• Water Resources

– Reservoirs – an artificial lake built to store and control water for such purposes as public water supply, hydroelectric production, flood control, and recreation.

– Ground Water – water that lies underground– Aquifers – water-saturated layers of the earth below the

surface– Water Table – the upper limit of water-saturated soil– Artesian Aquifer – a deep aquifer in which water is trapped and

held under great pressure by denser layers of earth above and below the aquifer

– Surface Water – aboveground water stored in rivers, streams, and lakes

• Georgia’s Rivers and Streams– Characteristics of Georgia’s Rivers

• Shoals – shallow river areas where the bottom is made up of sand or layers of rock

Rocks and Minerals• What are the three

largest mineral resources found in Georgia

• What colors are used to identify them?

• What region of Georgia are they found in?

More info on minerals• Georgia is the world’s leading producer of Kaolin. • Today it is used to make to make the glossy print on

books and magazines. • Georgia ranks number one in marble production

• the world’s largest open pit quarry is at Tate in Pickens County

• Marble can be used in many ways – it is crushed to be used for agricultural lime, as a filler for toothpaste and gum, cemetery headstones and monuments– One of the most famous monument is the Lincoln

Memorial in Washington D.C.

Kaolin Mine in Sandersville, GALincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.

Photos of Georgia’s Minerals

Georgia’s Weather and Climate– Weather – conditions in the atmosphere on any given

day.– Climate – Average weather conditions over a time

period of at least 25 years.

• Climate and Georgia’s Development– Precipitation

• Water Cycle – the journey of water from ocean to rainfall, its use and reuse on land, and then its return to sea.

– Hurricanes – why do hurricanes usually spare Georgia?

– Tornados• http://climate.engr.uga.edu/tornado/index.html

Georgia’s Average Annual Temperature

• Georgia’s monthly average on precipitation is 4.2 inches. Usually Georgia gets the most rainfall in what month? •Georgia’s annual rainfall total is on average 50 inches.

Air and Ocean Currents– Current – the steady flow or movement of a large

body of air or water along a particular path

• Air Currents– Trade Winds – constant air currents at sea caused by

high and low pressure areas attempting to equalize. Important for sailing ships across the Atlantic.

– Prevailing Westerlies – A pattern of winds that blow from the west to northeast. Important for sailing ships across the Atlantic.

– Jet Stream – A rapid current of air flowing between 30,000 and 40,000 feet above sea level.