was: kingdom to prosimians and tarsiers now: the anthropoids…
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Was: Kingdom to Prosimians and Tarsiers Now: the Anthropoids…. But first… (Tx Travis!). Anthropoids. A.k.a., the haplorhines Dry, unconnected noses; like yours Africa, Asia, South America (originally) Monkeys, apes and humans ***prosimians are NOT “ monkeys ” Two groups - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Was: Kingdom to Prosimians and Tarsiers
Now: the Anthropoids…
But first… (Tx Travis!)
Anthropoids
• A.k.a., the haplorhines• Dry, unconnected noses; like yours• Africa, Asia, South America (originally)• Monkeys, apes and humans
– ***prosimians are NOT “monkeys”• Two groups
– Catarrhines (monkeys and apes in the Old World)– Platyrrhines (just monkeys, and in the New World only)
Rhine = nose
Catarrhine: Old World PrimateNostrils oriented downward
Platyrrhine: New World PrimateNostrils oriented sideways
Old/New World
Differences Between Platyrrhines and Catarrhines
Platyrrhine vs. Catarrhine Dentition:2133 vs. 2123
(usually)
New World Monkeys
CeboideaFamily Subfamily Common Names Body size General Social
PatternSome Special Features
Cebidae Squirrel monkey
_______________
Capuchin monkey
Small
_________
Medium
Large, multi-male, multi-female groups - strictly seasonal breeding
_______________________
- large brain
- tool use
-adaptable & resourceful (like Old World macaques)
- weakly prehensile tail
Callitrichidaetamarins,
marmosets
small polyandrytwins, high paternal investment,
reproductive suppression
Atelidae Pithecinae Uakaris & Sakis Medium Socially monogamous
Other?red-faced uakari:sexual selection?
Swamp dwellers (hard to study)
Alouattinae Howler monkeys Large One-male, multi-female groups
("harems")- LOUD howling
- prehensile tail (strong!)
Atelinae Spider monkey, wooly monkey, woolly spider
monkey
Very large Large fusion-fission communities
- prehensile tails (strong & dextrous!)
Interesting social patterns (kind of like chimps and bonobos)
Cebids vs. Callitrichids
*alloparental care of infants PRESENT in Capuchins, acc. To more recent Perry!!!
Callitrichids
Pygmy marmoset (smallest primate)
juvenile golden lion tamarin
Callitrichids
Common Marmoset
GoldenLion
Tamarins
Moustached Tamarin
Cotton TopTamarin
Callitrichids: New Discovery
• Wied’s marmoset (Callithrix kuhlii)• Usually born as twins• Chimerism: an exchange of cells
between twins early during embryonic development; result is that most of these monkeys have tissues grown from their twin's cells
• Germ line too: marmoset fathers can sire their own children and their nephews
Atelines
Howler monkey
Red-faced uakari
Atelines: prehensile tails
Spider monkeys
Cebids
Squirrel monkey Capuchin monkey
Catarrhines
• Cercopithecoids: the Old World monkeys– Cercopithecines– Colobinae
• Hominoidea: the apes
Old World Monkeys
Cercopithecoidea
Cercopithecines
Hamadryas baboon
Geladababoon
Japanesemacaque
Cercopithecines: female-bonded
Celebes macaque
Colobines
Black and white colobus Snub-nosed monkey
Snub-nosed monkey
Snub-nosed monkey
Colobines
Proboscis monkey
Colobines eat a lot of leaves
Colobines vs. Howlers• Colobines: gut with adaptations for digesting
cellulose• Howlers: not so; other adaptations (some
behavioral ones…) instead
Hominoidea: the ApesHylobatidae Hominidae
Category The “lesser” apes
The “great” apes The “human” apes
Common names
Gibbons and siamangs
Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Bonobos humans
Distribution Southeast Asia
Borneo, Sumatra
-Lowland gorilla in West Central Africa
-Mountain gorilla in volcanic mountains bordering Rwanda, Uganda, and Congo
Tropical rainforests and tropical forests of West, East, and North-central Africa
Central African Rainforests South of the big bend of the Congo River
Global
(plus?)
Size Large
(5-11 kg)
Huge
(35-70 kg)
Huge
(90-150 kg)
Huge
(30-45 kg)
Huge
(30-45 kg)
Huge
Grouping Pattern
Socially monogamous
Solitary Group (1 alpha male, his ‘harem,’ and their kids)
Large fission-fusion communities
Large fission-fusion communities
Large multimal/
multifemae communities
Ape Distribution
Brachiation
gibbon
siamang
Brachiation
gibbon
siamang
Duetting (territoriality)
Monogamy
Orangutan
Orangutan
Gorilla
Gorilla: mountain vs. lowland
Chimpanzee
Chimpanzee
4 Goodall films shown in class
Bonobo
Human
OverviewOrder: Primates
Prosimians Anthropoids
Lemur GroupLoris Group
Tarsiers?
Platyrrhines(NWM)
Catarrhines(OWM and apes)
callitrichids atelidscebids
cercopithecoids hominoids
colobinescercopithecines “lesser apes”hylobat
“great apes”
Chimp human common ancestor (lived 6-7 mya)
gorillasorangutans
chimp humanbonobo
Lots of fossilsVery few to no fossils
Primates: Variables• Lots of morphological variation
– Size, colors, dentition
• Lots of variation in social group structure (many males and many females in a group vs. monogamous pairs, etc.)
• Lots of variance in social activity (solitary aye aye vs. the übergregarious capuchin)
• Lots of variance in locomotion• Lots of variance in diets• Lots of variance in susceptibility to predation
• What accounts for this variance?
Primate Behavioral Ecologists
• Primatologists figure out relationships between ecology, morphology, behavior, and sociality
• Social variables (e.g., dominance and subordinance, fighting, mating, genetic relatedness), ecological variables (e.g., seasonal foods, the presence of predators), morphological variables (e.g., a very long gut), etc.
Some Examples
• Colobines (OWM) and howler monkeys (NWM) eating leaves, but having very different energy levels
• Male gorillas having proportionately larger teeth than females, even though they eat leaves, not meat
• When newly joining a group, male langurs will selectively kill most or all infants who are still nursing, then immediately mate with the mothers (who agree to it!)