waste oil for blasting project

Operation Research / Andreas Hotmanri Simatupang

Background

Literature Study

Existing Condition

Innovation Implementation


1. Explosive Concept

a. Definition of ExplosiveAn explosive is a substance which, when properly initiated, is very rapidly converted to gases at high temperature andpressure. This process is called detonation. A litre of modern high explosive will expand to around 1000 litres withinmilliseconds (ICI 1997), creating pressures in a blast hole of the order of 10,000 MPa (1,450,000 psi). Temperatures rangefrom 1650-3870oC and the velocity of detonation (VOD) is so high (2500-8000 m/s) that the power of a single charge isaround 25,000 MW.

b. Classification of Explosive

Explosive

Low Explosive

VoD < 2000 m/sec

(gunpowder, fireworks)

Industrial Explosive

VoD 2000 7000 m/sec

(Anzomex, ANFO)

High Explosive

VoD > 7000 m/sec

(TNT, PETN)

VoD = Velocity of Detonation (m/sec)


2. Explosive Properties

a. Effective EnergyEffective energy is defined as the total energy released bythe explosive gases as they expand and do useful workfrom the initial detonation down to a cut-off pressure of100 MPa.

b. VoD (Velocity of Detonation)The velocity of detonation (VOD) is the rate at which thedetonation wave travels along an explosive column. Thegreater the VOD the greater the power or shatteringeffect of an explosive.

c. DensityThe density of a explosive determines the charge weightper meter of hole.

d. Detonation PressureDetonation pressure is the pressure in the reaction zone asan explosive detonates. It is a significant indicator of theability of an explosive to produce good fragmentation. Ahigh detonation pressure is one of the desirablecharacteristics in a primer (Atlas 1987).

e. SensitivitySensitivity is a measure of the ease with which an explosive

can be detonated by heat, friction or shock and of its abilityto propagate that detonation.

f. Water ResistanceANFO has no water resistance whilst emulsions and slurrieshave excellent water resistance.

g. Physical CharacteristicANFO is a granular material, which is loose and free-flowing. It can be readily poured into a blast hole from bagsor blown in from a large container by means of compressedair. Bulk emulsions are gel-like in consistency and can bepumped into blast holes from large containers; otheremulsions are more like putty and can be packaged inplastic sausage-shaped cartridges that are easy to load byhand into a blast hole.

h. Fume CharacteristicThe gases produced by the detonation of an explosiveconsist mostly of non-toxic carbon dioxide, nitrogen andsteam. However, small amounts of toxic gases are alsoproduced, the main ones being carbon monoxide andoxides of nitrogen.


3. Basic Concept of Blasting Optimization

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Powder Factor

Loader Productivity

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Optimum Blasting Performance

Explosive Energy Level&

a. The increasing of powder factor value will be followed by the increasing of drilling cost because the needed of ANFO will be also higher.

b. Powder factor is ratio between Volume of Mass of ANFO and Blasted Material.

c. When powder factor is increase, it will make material being very loose and will be easy to dig. So, loader productivity will be increase as followed by the decreasing of loading cost.

d. Optimum blasting can be reached when Loading Cost and Explosive Cost meet in one point. At this point, we can get the optimum powder factor to decide Mass of ANFO.

LoadingCost

ExplosiveCost

DrillingCost

= ()

()


4. ANFO Concept

a. ANFO is a solution which is combinated by Ammonium Nitrate and Fuel Oil

Blending specification (based on Dynonobel): ANFO is a nominal 94:6 (by weight) blend of porous

nitrate and fuel oil. ANFO has zero water resistance and has a wide variety

of application in DRY HOLE blasting conditions.

Best practice to know how much ANFO we needed:(Based on data beside, by Dynonobel)

Given condition:Total blasted material = 1000 bcmUCS material = 50 MpaPowder factor = 0.85 kg/bcmANFO spec = 94% : 6% (by weight)

Calcualtion:ANFO needed = 0.85 kg/bcm x 1000 bcm

= 850 kg

Amonium Nitrate needed = 94% x 850 kg= 799 kg

Fuel oil needed = 6% x 850 kg= 51 kg


5. Waste Oil Concept

Waste oil means any oil that has been refined from crude oil or any sythetic oil, that has been used and as a result of suchuse, is contaminated by physical or chemical impuritis.

There are three criterias of crude oil:a. Origin : Waste oil is based of the origin of the oil. Waste oil must have been refined from crude oil, or made from

sythetic materials. Animals and vegetable oil are excluded from definition of waste oil

b. Use : Oil used as lubricants, hydraulic fluids, heat transfer fluids, bouyants etc.

c. Contaminats : the third criterion is based on wheter or not th oil is contaminated with either physical or chemicalimpurities. Waste oil should contain of metal shavings, sawdust or dirt, or/and contain of chemical contaminants suchas solvents, halogens or saltwater.


5. Waste Oil Concept

When we use Waste Oil, there are many negative particels that should be removed. Not just physical particel, but alsowith the chemical containment.a. For physical particels filteringWaste oil must pass the 60 mesh (0.250 mm) and 100 mesh (0.149mm). Both of them

must be arranged in series. These filters shall be cleaned/replaced on regularly schedule basis.

The phsical residue is persumed to be a combination of carbon, graphite and other insoluble materials. Because ofthos, all containers were shaken well before it is used.

b. For chemical containment there is limitation of chemical containment that should be complied: Arsenic (As) = 5 ppm (part per million) Cadmium (Cd) = 2 ppm Chromium (Cr) = 10 ppm Lead (Pb) = 100 ppm Total Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At) = 1000 ppm Flash point = 37.8 0CSource: Thomas C. Rube

Physicaly CleanWaste Oil

60 mesh

Waste oilflow


6. ANFO-WO Mixing Concept

Data and Fact of Waste Oil Combination in USCombination of Fuel Oil and Waste Oil has been used in US. Journal, written by Thomas C. Ruhe, said that there is nonegative effect when we combine Waste Oil + Fuel Oil with Ammonium Nitrate.

Conditional terms:Thomas C Ruhe, by his experiment, said that there are some condition should be applied to get optimum DetonationVelocity:a. The blend of waste oil and diesel fuel shall not exceed 50% (by volume) waste oil. When blends exceeding 30% waste

oil are to be used, an absorption test on the waste oil shall be performed.b. The waste oil shall be mixed continuously while being blended with diesel fuel or immadiately after adding the diesel

fuel. Mixing shall ensure recirculation of at least three times the total volume of diesel fuel and waste oil.c. The waste oil and blended oil shall not be modified by heating, adding additives, or in any other way that could change

the relevant properties of the recycled oil.d. The blended oil shall be remixed within 24 hours of being drawn into any bulk missing vehicle. This remixing shall

either recirculate at least 25% of the total volume of blended oil remaining in the storage tank or at least twoconsecuentive viscousity samples.

94% AN +

6% FO

X% FO

Y% WO

1. Specification of waste oil that should be prepared?

2. Specification of existing waste oil?

3. How to get that specification?

4. Should we prepare treatment plant?

5. How much is the cost?


8. ANFO-WO Mixing Concept

Base on the explanation before, we want to mix the 6% total diesel oil with waste oil. There are some researchs that havebeen studied about the quality effect by combining waste oil with ANFO.

Daniel Buckzkowski (2011) from Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry said that explosive performance can be evaluatedfrom its VoD (Velocity of Detonation).

Thomas C Ruhe did experiment about combination of waste oil and ANFO to get optimum explosive performance.Explanation blow will show us combination of AN, Fuel Oil (diesel oil) and Waste Oil (recycle oil/used oil).

Base on data above, waste oil has positive effect to Detonation Velocity,:a. From sample number 2 & 4, at same temperature, the bigger volume of waste oil give higher detonation velocty,

which is 3280 m/sec to 3750 m/secb. Higher detonation velocity will give bigger exploseive energy, which mean with smaller of diesel fuel volume we can

get higher blasting performance.c. But, the other result of the experiment is, there is also a positive effect between temperature and detonation

velocity. It means that detonation velocity will increase when temperature of mix is higherd. The conclusion is, we can add waste oil to subtitute the use of diesel fuel, but we also have to make sure that

temperature is high enough for them, before blasted.


7. ANFO-WO Mixing Treatment Concept

Waste OilFuel Diesel

Waste Oil+ Diesel Oil

Treatment Tank Mixing Diesel Tank

a. Waste oil will be pumped tothe waste oil tank by OilPump.

b. The pressure of oil pumpmust be calculated so thatwaste oil could pass throuhboth of filters.

c. Fuel diesel is pumped to thetank.

d. Discharge of Oil Pump 2 andFuel Pump to must beappropriate with the ratiobetween Waste oil and Fuel.

60 mesh

100 mesh

Fuel Pump 1Oil Pump 1

= valveOil Pump 2 Fuel Pump 2

Diesel Fuel + Waste Oil

(6%)

60 mesh

AmmoniumNitrate(94%)

100 mesh


1. Diesel Fuel Specification


PT Saptaindra Sejati, regularly, does PAP (Lubricants Analyze Program) to check unit condition by knowing the containmentin Unit Waste Oil.

As th explanation before, to use Waste Oil as the substitutional to Diesel Fuel, there are some parameters that should beapplied. And the existing specification of Waste Oil at PT Saptaindra Sejati is shown below:

Base on the data and according to the explanation before, there just 2 paramater that can be checke, which are Chromiumand Lead. Both of this paramater are below the maximum limit.

But, we still dont know with the other parameter results Arsenic, Cadmium, Total Halogens and Flashpoint

2. Waste Oil at PT Saptaindra Sejati

waste oil for blasting project

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