waste-to-energy road mapping workshop · options for biogas use . 12 . from wef biogas production...
TRANSCRIPT
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5 N
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DIRECTOR, RESIDUALS TREATMENT PATRICIA SCANLAN
WASTE-TO-ENERGY ROAD MAPPING WORKSHOP
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WHY ARE WE HERE?
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How do we increase our use of biomass-based transportation fuels?
• Transportation use by the numbers:
• 30% of energy use for transportation (people and goods)
• 60% of transportation energy for personal vehicles
• US has ~ 5% of world population, with 30% of world’s vehicles
• More than 80% of the vehicle fuel from fossil fuel
WHY ARE WE HERE?
3
National Academies Press, 2009
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• Significant renewable energy source
WHY ARE WE INTERESTED IN ENERGY RECOVERY FROM BIOSOLIDS?
4
1 lb biosolids
2.3 kWh electricity
7.8 cf natural gas
0.1 gal gasoline
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Gas production from a single mid-sized landfill will fuel ~ 2,000 refuse trucks
• If we converted all landfill gas to diesel fuel, we could meet ~ 16% of total demand
ENERGY POTENTIAL FROM LANDFILL GAS
5
Courtesy of Energy Vision
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RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION – 2 PATHWAYS
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Biological Conversion Thermal Conversion
Organic Material
Anaerobic Digestion
Methane
Combustion Pyrolysis
Gasification Hydrothermal Liquefaction
Heat, Char, Bio-oil, Syngas
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ANAEROBIC DIGESTION AND BIOGAS
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• Biological, naturally occurring
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PROCESS
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Anaerobic Digestion
Organic Matter
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4) Hydrogen
Sulfide (H2S)
Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs)
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• Typically 40% to 60% methane
• Majority of the remainder is carbon dioxide
• Small amounts of other contaminants – cause odors and require removal prior to beneficial use
• Water
• Hydrogen sulfide
• Nitrogen
• Volatile organics
ANAEROBIC DIGESTER BIOGAS
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Most common use of the biogas from anaerobic digestion has been power generation…but things are changing
• Wastewater treatment plants (typically medium to large facilities)
• Approximately 65% of wastewater treated through anaerobic digestion
• Landfills
• Animal manure facilities
• Commercial organic waste conversion facilities
WHERE IS ANAEROBIC DIGESTION USED?
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• Expect ~ $4 to $8/gallon for digestion process facility
• ~ $100k/cfm of biogas
• ~ $1/gallon of fuel equivalent (capital costs only)
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION: COST TO IMPLEMENT
11
Courtesy of Hoosier Ag Today
Reading STW, UK
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We could fuel 550,000 vehicles using current municipal biogas production
• On-site heat/use in treatment process
• On-site power generation
• Clean-up to “near” natural gas quality
• Pipeline injection
• Use as vehicle fuel
• Use typically based on economics
OPTIONS FOR BIOGAS USE
12
From WEF Biogas Production and Use at Water Resource Recovery Facilities in the United
States
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HIGH STRENGTH WASTES AND OTHER SUBSTRATES
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• Municipal substrates can be increased through co-digestion with other organic wastes
• Municipal solid waste (landfill waste) typically not included in co-digestion concept
WHAT CAN WE DIGEST?
14
Co-Digestion of Dairy Manure/Food Processing Waste and Biosolids/Food Processing Wastes to Energy, California Energy Commission Report, 500-2007-15, March 2008
Dairy Waste
450 MW
Food Processing
Waste
200 MW
Restaurant Grease & Oil
103 MW
Biosolids
95 MW
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SIGNIFICANT BIOGAS POTENTIAL IN HIGH STRENGTH WASTES
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• Drawbacks
• Characteristics vary – difficult to provide stable digester feed
• Potential for contamination
• Increased competition from other industries
• Mixing and handling challenges
• Pretreatment requirements and costs
• Benefits
• Take advantage of unused digester capacity
• Increase biogas production
• Increase revenue/decrease expenses
• Stabilize C:N ratio in digesters
CO-DIGESTION BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS
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BIOGAS CLEANING FOR VEHICLE FUEL
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• Cleaning is required for biogas to remove contaminants that damage downstream equipment
• Basic gas cleaning:
• Moisture removal
• Hydrogen sulfide removal
• Siloxanes removal
• To achieve “near” natural gas quality for CNG:
• Carbon dioxide removal
• Compression
BIOGAS CLEANING
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Carbon dioxide removal costs ~ equal to other cleaning costs
GAS COMPOSITION REQUIREMENTS
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Raw and Clean Digester Gas Compositions
Parameter Unit Digester Gas Pipeline Gas
Heating Value Btu/scf 600 990-1,150
Water Content ppm 70,000 150
Hydrogen Sulfide ppm 1,000-2,000 4
Carbon Dioxide vol% 31 3
Siloxanes ppb 0-11,000 70
Pressure psig 0.3 600
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• Physical and Chemical Solvents
• Amines
• Water
• Selexol
• Cryogenic CO2
• Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)
• Membranes
• Costly for small to medium plants
• Typically becomes economically viable ~ 2 million scfd
CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL
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• Solvents somewhat selectively absorb CO2
• Solvents typically also remove other compounds (H2S)
• Include water, amines , glycols
• Packed tower technology
• Usually at pressures > 100 psi
• Solvent is regenerated by reducing pressure (sometimes at high temperatures)
• Tailgas includes CO2, H2S, and CH4
• Requires combustion in flare, scrubbing, or venting
SOLVENT REMOVAL
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Fair Oaks IN (Greenlane) Courtesy of USEPA
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• Biogas compressed to 100 –150 psig and flows through adsorbent filled packed bed
• Adsorbent selected for CO2 removal, CH4 passes through
• Spent bed regenerated by depressurizing the vessel and using dry regeneration gas
• Small amount of CH4 released in tailgas
• May be able to remove H2S and siloxanes
• Additional H2S treatment may be necessary to meet SOx emissions
PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
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San Antonio, TX (SAWS) Courtesy of Molecular Gate
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• Semi-permeable barriers
• Uses differential partial pressure to drive separation process
• Requires biogas compression to >150 psig
• Usually requires 2-stage process to match PSA capture efficiency
• Waste gas from the first stage is recompressed and treated through second stage
• May have higher losses than PSA
• Membranes damaged by VOCs, H2S, and particulates
• Modular – good for systems expected to scale
• Low capture, lower cost systems available for vehicle fuel
MEMBRANE CO2 REMOVAL
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Membrane Biogas Cleaning Courtesy of Air Liquide
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• Packaged systems available with cleaning and vehicle fueling
• BioCNG (Cornerstone and Unison)
• Up to 200 cfm
• Compress to 3,000 -3,600 psi
• Use membrane technology
• Low CH4 capture rates – 60% to 70%
TURN-KEY SYSTEMS
24
Riverview, MI Landfill (Courtesy of Energy Vision)
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• Less than you might think
• Full cleaning costs ~$5- $10/mmBtu
• Equivalent to ~ $0.60 - $1.20/gal GGE
• Compare to natural gas cost ~ $4.00/mmBtu
• Helpful drivers
• Incentive for renewables
• Low electricity costs
• GHG credits
• Low SOx limits
• Publicity value
• Available end users
Costs based on 114,000 Btu/GGE
HOW MUCH DOES GAS CLEANING COST?
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MARKET CONSIDERATIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION
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Biogas Cleaning
On-Site Fueling Station
Transport to fueling station
Pipeline Injection
Users must purchase fuel at generation site – Wholesale or retail pricing, limited market
Users can purchase fuel at convenient site; Requires dedicated pipelines or agreement with gas utility – wholesale pricing with gas utility
Users can purchase fuel at convenient site – Maximum retail pricing
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• Retail outlets should be similar in look and use to gasoline filling stations
• Fast fill vs. slow fill
• Retail outlets require fast fill systems for user convenience
• Storage required for fast fill systems
VEHICLE FUELING
27 St. Landry Parish, LA Landfill Gas
System (Courtesy St. Landry Parish)
Fueling Station (Courtesy Clean Energy)
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• Variety of options
TRANSPORTATION TO FUELING LOCATION
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Tube Trailer (Courtesy of Keen Gas)
Fuel Mule (includes fueling equipment)
(Courtesy Fuel Mule)
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CNG FUEL MARKET AND INCENTIVES
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THE BAD NEWS – THE CNG MARKET IS SMALL
30
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Light vehicles Medium/heavy trucks and buses
Billio
n G
GE
s P
er
Ye
ar
Mode of Transportation
Transportation Energy Use by Mode and Fuel Type, 2012
Electricity
Natural gas
Diesel fuel
Gasoline
0.3% CNG
www.afdc.energy.gov/data
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THE GOOD NEWS - THE CNG MARKET IS GROWING
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THE RENEWABLE CNG MARKET HAS GREAT ROOM FOR GROWTH
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Tho
usa
nd
Ve
hic
les
Alternative Fueled Vehicles in Use
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• 10,000,000 CNG vehicles worldwide
• 20% of buses currently in the U.S.
• 60% of new U.S. refuse trucks
Many mid- and heavy-duty vehicle choices available
CNG VEHICLE AVAILABILITY
33
Honda Civic CNG Vehicle
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• Natural gas fueling station network (cities, utilities)
CNG MARKET COMPETITION
34 Courtesy of Clean Energy
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• Large scale (economy advantage)
• Close to pipeline/CNG users
• Incentives for users over producers of gas
• RPS requirements
• Efficiency advantage
• High fuel prices
• Low electricity costs
• Want flexibility for end use (pipeline, vehicle fuel, cogeneration)
WHEN DOES CLEANING TO PIPELINE QUALITY MAKE SENSE?
35
Fuel Value
Electricity Value
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• Part of the Renewable Fuel Standard (2) (2010)
• Targeted at reducing transportation emissions associated with climate change
• Provides incentives for waste-derived fuels (4 different categories
• RINS can be sold with or without the associated fuel
• Players in the market:
• Gasoline/diesel producers, importers, and blenders have RIN requirements
• Renewable fuel producers and importers generate RINs
RINS (RENEWABLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS)
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• 77,000 Btu/RIN
• Categories based on GHG reduction from fossil fuel
• Ranges from 20% to 60%
• Overlap of RIN categories
• Biogas now counts as Cellulosic Fuel
RINS (RENEWABLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS)
37
Renewable Fuel D6
Advanced Fuel D5
Biomass Based Diesel D4
Cellulosic Fuel D3 D7 D7
• Volatile RIN price
• ~ $0.20 to $0.80/RIN
• Renewable Volume Obligation (RVO) set annually by EPA
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PROJECTED RENEWABLE FUEL VOLUME REQUIREMENTS
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Bill
ion
Gal
lon
s
Renewable Fuel Standard Volumes by Year
Other Advanced Fuels
Biomass-based Diesel
Cellulosic
Conventional (starch ethanol)
EIA Monthly Energy Review
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• Cost
• Low natural gas and gasoline costs reduce economic benefits
• Competition
• Natural gas fueling station network is growing – how can renewable CNG tap into this market?
• Pipeline requirements
• Vary by state and owner
• Regulatory
• Few GHG emissions limits to drive production/demand
• Demand
• Fueling facility location and consumer needs
• Not “core business” of wastewater utilities/waste treatment
• 3rd Party vendors providing cleaning and compression
HURDLES TO RENEWABLE CNG PRODUCTION
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• Anaerobic digestion processes and HSW handling
• Reduced cost digestion and pretreatment
• More complete information on co-digestion
• Reduced cost cleaning technologies
• Increased effectiveness/lifespan
• Reduced energy density engines (eliminates need for CO2 removal)
• Hydrogen conversion technologies
• Generate hydrogen for alternative fuel vehicles
OPPORTUNITIES FOR CNG RESEARCH
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HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION
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• High temperatures and pressures to decompose organic matter
• Mimics natural processes that convert organic matter into oil
• In the same family as pyrolysis and gasification
HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION (HTL)
42
Wet organic material
CO, CH4, CO2, H2, N2
Bio-oil, tar, H20
Biochar
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• Municipal biosolids
• Animal manure
• Algae
• Cellulosic biomass
• MSW
SUITABLE FEED MATERIALS
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Dewatered biosolids ~ 15 to 30% dry solids
• Occurs at high pressure (725 to 2900 psi)
• Lower temperatures than gasification or pyrolysis (< 932 F)
• Performed on WET biomass (20 to 35% dry solids)
• Water is critical (acts as a catalyst and reactant)
HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION – KEY DIFFERENCES
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• Feedstock characteristics impact products
• High protein, high lipids more oil
• High fiber more biochar
• ~ 100 GGE/acre wheat straw
HTL PRODUCTS
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Biochar Bio-oil
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• Biochar
• Useful in agriculture
• Soil amendment for improved water retention, pH adjustment, carbon sequestration
• Replacement for coal
• Bio-oil
• Organic liquid (corrosive)
• Lower energy value than fossil fuel
• Can further convert to bio-diesel (more established market for vehicles than biogas)
PRODUCT USES/MARKETS
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• Potential high conversion rates of volatile material
• 70% or more, depending on substrate
• Embryonic/emerging
• Significant research from the 1970’s
• Many substrates investigated
• No full scale installations (?)
STATUS OF TECHNOLOGY
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• Low energy prices
• Research has been intermittent, interest fluctuating with energy prices
• Few incentives
• Embryonic/emerging status of technology and equipment
• Cost of catalyst/process cost
• Outside of core business of generators
HURDLES
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• Well defined mass/energy balances for variety of substrates
• Optimum substrate mix and moisture
• Temperature and pressure conditions
• Catalyst research
• Equipment development and materials of construction
• Material handling issues
• Verifiable and repeatable costs for demonstration/ full scale installations
RESEARCH NEEDS/OPPORTUNITIES
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• Biogas to vehicle fuel
• Mature technologies
• Limited current market
• Economic hurdles
• Hydrothermal liquefaction
• Significant research needs
• Larger biodiesel market
• Unknown costs/equipment requirements
SUMMING IT ALL UP…
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