water 101: alternative water, audits and more – kate · pdf file07/11/2017 ·...

Leadership. Energy. Execution.UNCLASSIFIED/FOUO 1

Water 101

ARMRS Training

Presented by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

November 7, 2017


• Trey Lewis

• Kate McMordie Stoughton

• Susan Loper

• Brian Boyd

• Emily Wendel

ARIMD Water Team


• Introduction

• Water balance development

• Water efficiency

• Alternative water

• Water security

• Q&A

Agenda


AEWRS Water Categories

PotableDefinition: Applications that use water that is of sufficient quality for human consumption Reporting: Quarterly water use for ALL applications that use potable water (building fixtures, vehicle wash, and landscape irrigation)

Industrial, Landscaping, and Agricultural (ILA)

Definition: Applications that use non-potable water from a freshwater source (surface or groundwater) in ILA applicationsReporting: Quarterly water use for only non-potable freshwater used in ILA applications

Alternative waterDefinition: Applications that use water NOT sourced from freshwater; sources include rainwater, condensate, discharge reuseReporting: Quarterly water use from alternative water sources


• Energy Policy Act of 2005 - Water conservation measures and technologies must be life cycle cost-effective

• Energy Independence and Security Act 2007 – 25% of covered facilities will be evaluated for water and energy annually

• Agency Strategic Sustainability Performance Plan –Integrates requirements into a holistic departmental sustainability strategy

• Executive Order (EO) 13693 – Released March 2015; supersedes EO 13423, EO 13514 EO 13423 – 2% annual potable water use intensity (WUI) reduction – 16% by

fiscal year (FY) 2015, based on FY07 baseline

EO 13514 – Extends EO 13423 through FY20; adds industrial, landscaping, and agricultural (ILA) water use reduction

Federal Legislation


Water Strategy Execution Plan – “Water House”

Goal 4: Build a Sustainable Water Program Foundation

Goal 1: Increase Water Efficiency Goal 2: Promote Water ConservationGoal 3: Utilize Alternative Water

Sources

4.1 Communicate program successes and lessons learned

4.2 Utilize data to improve water management

4.3 Support the implementation of Net Zero Water sites

1.1 Operate and maintain existing buildings to be water efficient1.2 Upgrade equipment and infrastructure to be water efficient1.3 Design and renovate water efficient buildings and systems

3.1 Develop and plan alternative water projects

3.2 Maintain alternative water systems

36% Reduction in Indoor Water Use by 202530% Reduction in ILA Water Use by 2025

2.1 Train key staff in water conservation

2.2 Develop and deploy a water education and awareness program

2.3 Share best practices


Net Zero Water

Reduce demand

Increase efficiency

Utilize alternative

water


OCAR Water Use Intensity Progress

-100%

-80%

-60%

-40%

-20%

0%

20%D

EVEN

S R

FTA

FOR

T B

UC

HA

NA

N

FOR

T H

UN

TER

LIG

GET

T

FOR

T M

CC

OY

PA

RK

S C

STC

88

TH R

SC

9TH

MSC

63

RD

RSC

81

ST R

SC

99

TH R

SC

USA

R

Wat

er

Use

Inte

nsi

ty C

han

ge f

rom

Bas

elin

e (

%)

Installation Comparison Water PerformanceFY07 - FY16 Facility Potable Water Use Intensity (gallon per square foot)

WUI % Change

WUI %ReductionGoal

Sites did not report FY07 baseline data; WUIreduction is based on FY noted in bar

FY16 Water Use Intensity

Reduction Goal 18%

FY1

2

FY1

3

FY1

2

FY1

3

2.6Water Use Intensity

(gal/sf)5.178.8 70.5 13.6 9.1 9.6 8.6 8.1 1.9 12.9


OCAR Volumetric Water Use

0

50

100

150

200

250

FY2

01

3Q

1

FY2

01

3Q

2

FY2

01

3Q

3

FY2

01

3Q

4

FY2

01

4Q

1

FY2

01

4Q

2

FY2

01

4Q

3

FY2

01

4Q

4

FY2

01

5Q

1

FY2

01

5Q

2

FY2

01

5Q

3

FY2

01

5Q

4

FY2

01

6Q

1

FY2

01

6Q

2

FY2

01

6Q

3

FY2

01

6Q

4

FY2

01

7Q

1

FY2

01

7Q

2

FY2

01

7Q

3

FY2

01

7Q

4

Wat

er

Use

(m

illio

n g

allo

ns)

Volumetric Water Use Total for OCAR by Quarters (FY13-FY17)


Planning and Data Analysis

Water

Balance

Walkthrough Survey

Water Efficiency Measuresand Plan

Implementationand Monitoring

Comprehensive Assessment Process


Water Uses• Metered Uses• Estimated Uses• Leaks/Losses

Water Sources• Municipal Systems• Surface Water• Groundwater

Water Balance


Water Balance Steps

Determine water supply

• Collect water bills for at least one year

• Total site annual water use

Estimate end-uses

• Create an equipment inventory:

• Plumbing

• Irrigation

• Vehicle wash

• Gather data on equipment

• Estimate water use


Water Balance

Water Supply

Water Uses

Unknown

Vehicle Wash

Irrigation

Plumbing

Supply

Supply

Supply

Supply

Total Water

Use

Total Water Supply ≥ ∑ Water Uses

Difference “unknown”

Unknown water use:• Leaks• Errors in

estimating methods

• Accounting errors


Water Balance Examples

Irrigation36%

Irrigation Leaks25%

Plumbing18%

Dining7%

Vehicle Wash4% Leaks/losses

10%

Plumbing45%

Irrigation17%

Dining12%

Vehicle Wash1%

Leaks/losses10%

Misc15%

BT Collins Camp Parks


Water Balance Example

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

Irrigation

Plumbing

Other

Losses


Water Efficiency Measures

•Water Management Planning

1

• Information and Education2

•Leak Detection3

•Water-Efficient Landscape4

•Water-Efficient Irrigation5

•Toilets & Urinals6

•Faucets & Showerheads7

•Boiler/Steam Systems8

•Single Pass Cooling9

•Cooling Towers10

•Commercial Kitchens11

•Lab/Medical Equipment12

•Other Intensive Equip.13

•Alternative Water Sources14

Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP)

Water Efficiency Best Management Practices (BMPs)

FEMP BMPs: http://energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practices-water-efficiency

http://energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practices-water-efficiency


Operation and Maintenance

Assess

Assess equipment’s current condition, assess operation and maintenance practices

Improve

Implement strategies to improve water efficiency

Maintain

Maintain equipment that optimizes water use

Assess, Improve, and Maintain (AIM)

Plumbing

Landscape and Irrigation Systems

Vehicle Wash

Dining Equipment


EPA WaterSense

High Efficiency Tank Toilets

High Efficiency Private Lavatory Faucets

High Efficiency Flushing Urinals

High Efficiency Showerheads

Certified Irrigation Professionals

Advanced Landscape Controllers

Pre-rinse Spray Valves

WaterSense Website: http://www.epa.gov/watersense/

http://www.epa.gov/watersense/


High Efficiency Plumbing

Toilets

Urinals

Faucets

Showerheads

“Low flow” is a NO GO!


High Efficiency Toilet (HET) ≤ 1.28 gallon per flush (gpf)

Standard Toilet = 1.6 gpf

Gravity Pressure assisted Dual flush



High Efficiency Urinals (HEU) ≤ 0.5 gpf

Standard Urinal = 1.0 gpf

Nonwater UrinalFlushing

Most efficient flushing urinal:1 pint per flush



PistonDiaphragmLook for long flush cycles over 5 seconds.Bypass orifice can become clogged, which causes long flush cycles and water waste


Diaphragm vs. Piston

There is some evidence that piston valves do not operate properly at pressure over 80 psi

Acceptable pressure range: 20-80 psi


• Private faucets: residential, hospitals, hotels

– High efficiency private faucets ≤ 1.5 gpm

– Standard private faucets = 2.2 gpm

• Public faucets: offices, training facilities

– Plumbing code requires all public faucets not to exceed 0.5 gpm

High Efficiency Faucets - Private vs. Public


Sensored faucets do not save water!


WaterSense Specification

• Flow rate cannot exceed 2.0 gpm

• Performance: Must meet minimum spray force and coverage

• Pressure compensating heads maintain pressure at the head


High Efficiency Showerheads ≤ 2.0 gpm

Standard Showerheads = 2.5 gpm


AIM Action Items: Toilets and Urinals

Equipment/Schedule

Frequency Assess Improve/Maintain

Commercial Flushometer Toilets and Urinals Diaphragm Flush Valve

Annually BEM: Assess if flush valves have long flush cycles of greater than 5 seconds; this can indicate a broken, leaking, or improperly rated valve. Submit a workorder if required.

Remove the cap of the valve and assess if the diaphragm gasket is dirty or brittle. Check the flush rating, which should be marked on gasket.

If gasket is dirty: scrub gasket, check flush cycle length to see if flush cycle returns to normal length; if not, replace the gasket

If gasket is brittle, replace with properly rated gasket.

If gasket is improperly rated, replace valve with correctly rated retrofit kit.

Check the flush volume adjustment screw and set to the manufacturer’s specifications.

Residential Tank Toilets Water Level

Annually BEM: Remove the tank lid and check if the water is flowing over the top of the overflow tube and if the tank water level is set at or below the manufacturer’s specifications. Submit a workorder if required.

Adjust the float to lower the tank water level for either of these cases.

Replace the fill valve if the toilet continues to run after the float is adjusted.

Residential Tank Toilets Flapper Valve

Annually BEM: Conduct a flapper valve leak test by dropping dye or food coloring into the tank water, wait 10 minutes, and see if the dye has seeped into the bowl through the flapper valve. Submit a workorder if required.

If there is dye seepage, first ensure that the flapper valve properly drops after a flush. If the flapper is fully dropping into place and seepage continues, the flapper is leaking and needs to be replaced.

Commercial Flushometer Toilets and Urinals Sensors

Annually BEM: Observe if flush sensor is nor working properly (e.g., double flushing) and needs calibration. Submit a workorder if required.

Determine the current schedule of sensor calibration.

Regularly calibrate automatic sensors every 6 months to ensure they are only activated after the user leaves the stall to reduce “double flushing”.

Non-water Urinals Manufacturer’s specification

Obtain maintenance schedule of non-water urinals and determine if it meets the manufacturer’s recommended maintenance.

Clean and replace the sealant, cartridges or material in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations.

Education and Outreach

Annually Post a sign in the restrooms that will provide a mechanism for occupants to report long flush cycles, visible leaks, and other maintenance issues.

Note that using feet on toilet handles can damage flushing mechanism and should be avoided.


AIM Action Items: Faucets and Showerheads

Equipment/ Schedule


Leak Detection Every 6 months BEM: Check for leaks in faucets and showers. Establish a protocol to fix leaks immediately once they are found.

Faucet and Shower Aerators/Flow Restrictors

Every 6 months BEM: Inspect faucets and showerheads for missing or broken aerators/flow restrictors. Aerators and flow restrictors can often be broken or removed causing the fixture to flow at much higher flow rates. Submit a workorder if required.

BEM: Inspect for failing shower diverter valves.Submit a workorder if required.

Replace if needed and install vandal-proof fixtures that are more difficult to break or remove.

Faucet Sensors Every 6 months Determine the current schedule of sensor calibration.

Regularly calibrate automatic sensors to ensure proper operation and reduce long wash cycles.

System Pressure Annually Test system pressure to make sure it is between 20 and 60 psi. Water pressure can be measured with a pressure gauge connected to a water spigot, typically on the outside of a building. Fixtures will consume more than their rated amount of water and cause wear and tear on the fixture at high pressure.

If the pressure is too high, install a pressure reducing valve. A pressure reducing valve is typically placed at the building water meter.


Annually BEM: Post a sign in the restrooms that will provide a mechanism for occupants to report visible leaks and other maintenance issues.

Encourage users to take shorter showers; place clocks or timers in or near showers to allow users to track their timing better.


Vehicle Wash

Look for open hoses

Attach self closing nozzles

Use pressure washers

Check for leaks

Consider recycling systems


AIM Proposed Action Items: Vehicle Wash

Equipment/ Schedule


Equipment Maintenance

Every 6 months BEM: For pressure washers, inspect the sprayer, connecting hoses, and the water storage system for leaks and/or broken or missing components. Submit a workorder if required.

BEM: Make sure that open hoses are not being used to wash vehicles. Submit a workorder to replace open hoses with hoses with spray nozzles.

Make sure the main shut-off valve is functioning correctly.

Check flow rates to ensure they are within manufacturer’s recommendations.

For pressure washers perform the following:

Repair or replace broken or leaking components, hoses, and system connections.

Replace the main shut-off valve if it is not operating properly.

If there is no pressure washer, ensure that spray nozzles are attached to hoses.

For facilities that use detergents, use high quality detergents to shorten the duration required to clean each vehicle.

System Pressure Annually Routinely verify that system pressure is within manufacturer’s specifications.

Minimize pump head pressure or install a pressure reducing valve to maintain system pressure based on manufacturer‘s recommendations.


Annually Assign a staff member to be responsible for checking equipment and repairing leaks.

Encourage users to wash with brushes rather than water pressure to remove large debris from vehicles.


Equipment Leak Detection

PlumbingVehicle wash

Irrigation systems

Leak Detection

Walk the site and look for leaks!


Irrigation Leaks at BT Collins


Irrigation Inefficiencies at Fort Douglas

Sprinklers running 24 hours Irrigating during rain event

Overwatering or broken heads Broken head


AIM Proposed Action Items:

Equipment/ Schedule


Scheduling At start of irrigation season and at major changes in weather patterns

Review irrigation schedule to determine the time of day and days per week for each zone.

Verify that the irrigation schedule is appropriate for climate, soil conditions, plant materials, and season.

Irrigate during non-windy and low-sun periods to decrease evaporation; early mornings are typically the least windy.

Change the watering schedule based upon changing weather conditions and as part of regular, periodic maintenance; consider installing a rain gauge that is tied into the irrigation controller to automatically shut off the irrigation system during a rain event (called a “rain delay”).

For flat landscaped areas, water deeply and less frequently rather than lightly and often. A deep, less frequent schedule encourages deep roots resulting in more drought tolerant plants.

Irrigate using a “cycle and soak” schedule for steep slopes where surface runoff is likely.

If irrigation is controlled by an advanced weather-based or soil moisture-based controller, ensure that the system is properly programmed for the location and the specific landscape type.

Irrigation Monitoring

Once a month through the irrigation season

Install an irrigation meter to measure the amount of water applied to the landscape. The meter should be an advanced meter with interval data capability and automatic data logging.

Use this data for system analysis to monitor for system leaks and repair needs and to determine a water budget.

Equipment Maintenance

Once a month through the irrigation season

BEM: Periodically walk the landscape grounds and check for standing water, which may indicate a leak. Submit a workorder if required.

BEM: Ask the grounds manager to check emitter components for broken heads and leaks. Common examples of damaged emitters include broken heads, clogged nozzles, nozzle seal leaks, sunken heads, and tilted and misaligned heads.

Require immediate repair of broken components; adjust as needed so that they efficiently water the landscape and not the hardscape.

Landscape and Irrigation


AIM Proposed Action Items:

Landscape and IrrigationEquipment/ Schedule


Landscape Maintenance

Annually Review the current landscape maintenance practices (aeration, mowing, mulching, amendments, and weeding) and timing.

Aerate turf at the beginning of the irrigation season to introduce oxygen into the soil and encourage deep root growth.

Alternate turf mowing height between high and low levels and alternate mowing patterns that encourage deep root growth and drought tolerant turf.

Add mulch to landscaped areas to help reduce evaporation, inhibit weed growth, cool plants’ root zone, and reduce erosion.

Amend the landscape soil with organic matter 4 to 6 inches deep, which will help to capture stormwater and retain moisture.

Keep landscaped areas weed free; weeds can take up valuable water and nutrients that are needed by the landscape.

For new construction and renovations, design landscapes to be native and/or adaptive plantings that have low watering requirement. (Follow the new construction checklist requirements.)

System Pressure Annually Verify that irrigation system pressure is within manufacturer specifications once per irrigation season.

Install a pressure reducing valve if pressure is found to be over the manufacturer’s specification.

Performance Measurement

Annually Review grounds maintenance contracts to determine if water efficiency certification and water use/performance is part of contract requirements.

Require the grounds maintenance staff/contractor to become an U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) WaterSense Certified Irrigation Professional.

Incorporate a water budget, which can be used as a performance standard for water consumption. Calculate water needs based on the landscape’s requirement and use that information to plan an irrigation schedule to meet those needs.

Irrigation Audit Every 3 years Contract with a qualified irrigation auditor to perform a system irrigation audit that follows procedures outlined in the Irrigation Association’s Certified Landscape Irrigation Audit Program or equivalent. The result of the audit determines the system’s distribution uniformity.

Based on the results of the audit, make adjustments to the irrigation system to increase the distribution uniformity2.

Education and

Outreach

Annually BEM: Provide a clear mechanism for building occupants to report an irrigation leak, broken and misaligned sprinkler heads, and watering during a rain event.

Encourage grounds maintenance staff to sweep driveways and impervious surfaces rather than spraying them clean.

http://www.epa.gov/watersense/outdoor/pros.html

http://www.irrigation.org/clia/


Distribution System Leaks

Leak noise loggers• Listening devices attached to valves that detect leaks

Leak Detection Survey• Typically performed by contracted specialists who use acoustic

listening equipment to detect and locate leaks

Resources

•AWWA Water Audit and Loss Control Program (http://www.awwa.org/)

•EPA Control and Mitigation of Drinking Water Losses in Distribution Systems (http://www.epa.gov/region9/waterinfrastructure/waterlosscontrol/ )

•FEMP BMP #3 Distribution System Audits, Leak Detection, and Repair (http://energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practice-3-distribution-system-audits-leak-detection-and-repair)

http://www.awwa.org/

http://www.epa.gov/region9/waterinfrastructure/waterlosscontrol/

http://energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practice-3-distribution-system-audits-leak-detection-and-repair


• Acoustic leak detection system

• Series of 55 sensors on distribution system

• Leak data transmitted wirelessly into automated system

• Identified 8 leaks in 7 months after installation

• Won FEMP water award in 2012

Tobyhanna Army Depot Leak Detection


Typical Cost Effectiveness of Water Projects

• High efficiency faucets and showerheads

• Bundled plumbing project: high efficiency toilets, urinals, faucets, and showerheads

• Irrigation system improvements

• Native landscaping conversion

• Leak detection and repair

• Commercial kitchen equipment

• Medical and laboratory equipment

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

Projects will be more favorable at combined marginal water and sewer rate of greater than $6 per kgal


Alternative Water

Reduce freshwater demand and

increase efficiency

Maximize alternative water

sources

Alternative water: onsite sources not from freshwater surface or groundwater sources

Water Resiliency: alternative water is animportant component for a resilient site!


• Alternative Water: sources of water not from freshwater (surface or groundwater sources)

• Reuse: discharge water from one application or process that is captured, minimally treated, and is used in another application

• Reclaim: effluent generated by a wastewater treatment facility that is treated to a level that is appropriate for use in non-potable applications

• Gray Water: lightly contaminated water from domestic uses such as faucets, showers, and laundry; does not include water contaminated with human waste or food; minimally treated

Alternative Water - Terms


Alternative Water – Types and Application

Rainwater Harvesting

Gray Water

Condensate Capture

Process Discharge

Wastewater Reclaim

Applications

• Irrigation

• Cooling Tower Make-up

• Toilet/Urinal Flushing

• Vehicle Wash

• Industrial applications


Army Reserve Rainwater Harvesting

Grand Prairie USARC

Harry Milton Kandel USARC

Fort Buchanan ITTP


Rainwater Harvesting Pilot Projects

• Three pilot projects:

o Grand Prairie USARC – non-potable for vehicle wash

o Harry Milton Kandel USARC – non-potable for vehicle wash

o Fort Buchanan – potable for building use

• Demonstrate the technical feasibility and cost/benefit rainwater harvesting


Harry Milton Kandel Reserve Center


Grand Prairie AFRC


Rainwater Harvesting at Fort Buchanan

Middle School Water Harvesting4,400 Gal

PXTra Water Harvesting4,400 Gal

Bowling Center Water Harvesting 4,400 Gal

High School Water Harvesting 9,000 Gal


Fort Hunter Liggett: Wastewater Reclaimed Project

• Secondary treatment facility

• Potential uses of reclaimed water:Central vehicle wash facility

(CVWF)

Dust suppression

• 14.3 million gallons in potential potable water reduction annually

Alternative Water – Fort Hunter Liggett

WWTP

CVWF


• UFC 1-200-02: Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) High Performance and Sustainable Building Requirements

Requires compliance with American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 189.1: Standard for the Design of High Performance Green Buildings

• Guiding Principles: reduction in indoor and outdoor water use: http://energy.gov/eere/femp/guiding-principles-federal-leadership-high-performance-and-sustainable-buildings

• Water-efficient product purchase requirements:

WaterSense products: http://www.epa.gov/watersense

FEMP designated water-efficient products: http://energy.gov/eere/femp/energy-and-water-efficient-products

Army Reserve New ConstructionWater Requirements

http://energy.gov/eere/femp/guiding-principles-federal-leadership-high-performance-and-sustainable-buildings

http://www.epa.gov/watersense

http://energy.gov/eere/femp/energy-and-water-efficient-products


• Certified Water Efficiency Professional: http://www.aeecenter.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageID=4454

2 day training

4 hour exam

Water Management Certification

http://www.aeecenter.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageID=4454


FEMP Water Management Training

1. Water Management Basics2. Managing Water Assessments in

Federal Facilities3. Best Practices for

Comprehensive Water Management for Federal Facilities

https://www4.eere.energy.gov/femp/training/series/water-management-planning-and-practice

** Free** Federal focus** Self-paced** CEU credits

Water Management: Planning and Practice

https://www4.eere.energy.gov/femp/training/series/water-management-planning-and-practice


FEMP Water Efficiency Resources:

Federal requirements and guidance: https://www4.eere.energy.gov/femp/requirements/requirements_filtering/water_use_reduction

Water efficiency BMPs: http://energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practices-water-efficiency

Comprehensive water management strategy: http://energy.gov/eere/femp/developing-water-management-strategy

Alternative Water Sources Maps: http://energy.gov/eere/femp/alternative-water-sources-maps

Resources

https://www4.eere.energy.gov/femp/requirements/requirements_filtering/water_use_reduction

http://energy.gov/eere/femp/best-management-practices-water-efficiency

http://energy.gov/eere/femp/developing-water-management-strategy

http://energy.gov/eere/femp/alternative-water-sources-maps


• EPA WaterSense: http://www.epa.gov/watersense/

WaterSense BMPs: http://www.epa.gov/watersense/commercial/bmps.html

WaterSense Water Budget Tool: http://www.epa.gov/watersense/water_budget/

• Alliance for Water Efficiency: http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/

Other Resources

http://www.epa.gov/watersense/

http://www.epa.gov/watersense/commercial/bmps.html

http://www.epa.gov/watersense/water_budget/

http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/


After Efficiency

EFFICIENCY

FOCUSRESILIENCY

FOCUS

MARKET SATURATION*

WATER SECURITY CONCERNS


Security Drivers

Army Directive 2017-07

Source:

WIRED


• AKA “Installation Energy & Water Security Policy”

• Critical Missions

“Reduce risk to critical missions by being capable of providing necessary energy and water for a minimum of 14 days”.

• ALL Missions

Assured Access: Redundant and diverse sources of supply (including renewable energy and alternative water) that meet evolving needs during normal and emergency operations.

Reliable Infrastructure: “Infrastructure capable of onsite energy and water storage”, “flexible and redundant distribution networks that meet mission requirements”

Effective System Operations: Trained personnel who conduct planning, ops. and sustainment for E&WS

Army Directive 2017-07


• Locate Critical Assets and Facilities

• Assess Vulnerabilities

• Determine Acceptable & Unacceptable Risks

• Address Unacceptable Vulnerabilities

• Energy & Water Security (E&WS) Plan

Regional and Facility-Specific Plans

Operational Changes

Planned and Prioritized Projects

• Will discuss more in depth and gather feedback at Wednesday’s E&WS sessions

Water Security Path


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Install direct potable reuse

Install rainwater harvesting

Install WaterSense fixtures

Eliminate non-critical uses

Fix leaks

BASELINE

Gallons per dayExternally-supplied potable water

Internally-supplied potable water

Internally-supplied nonpotable waterMore LessWater Secure

Path Forward


Thank you!

• Kate McMordie Stoughton: [email protected]

• Trey Lewis: [email protected]

• Brian Boyd: [email protected]

• Susan Loper: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]




water 101: alternative water, audits and more – kate · pdf file07/11/2017 ·...

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