Water Conservation and

its Impact on Water supply services

- March 2013 Dr. Felix Fan

Formerly a Portuguese colony, Macau became a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China on December 20, 1999.

Macau, Facts & Figures

Located in the mouth of the Pearl River , South-East China, 50 kms west of Hong Kong and just south of the Guangdong province

Territory: 30 km2

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Booming economy: GDP’s Growth:

� In 2010: 27% � In 2011: 21%

Revenues of gambling industry in Macau: about 4 ti mes higher than in Las Vegas in 2011

Territory: 30 kmPopulation: 560,000 in 2011Visitors: 28 millions in 2011 (89% from

Greater China Area)

Pearl River Delta and Estuary

虎虎 门门603(18.5%)603(18.5%)

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蕉蕉 门门565(17.3%)565(17.3%)

洪奇门洪奇门209(6.4%)209(6.4%)

横横 门门365(11.2%)365(11.2%)

磨刀磨刀门门923(28.3%)923(28.3%)

鸡啼门鸡啼门197(6.1%)197(6.1%)

虎跳门虎跳门202(6.2%)202(6.2%)

崖崖 门门196(7.2%)196(7.2%)

单位：0.1 Billion m3

Water Resources in Macau: Quantity

� Today more than 95% of raw water is imported from mainland China

� 2 major increases in raw water demand 1985 - 1995: following the 1st concession contract of The Macao Water Supply Co. Since 2002: following the opening of the gambling market

2nd increase

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x 3 over 25 years

� 1998 - 2006: Major salinity intrusions in raw water

1st increase

2 increase

Water Resources in Macau: Quality

• 1998 - 2006: Major salinity intrusions inraw water

• Threat of pollution Salinity Intrusion

MACAU

MO DAO MEN ESTUARY

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WHO recommendation: 250 mg/l

� 2006: Move of the raw water pumping station 23 km upstream in the river

� 2011: Completion of a raw water reservoir in order to face temporary salinity intrusion

Engineering Measures to Tackle the Problems

=> No salinity intrusion since March 20066

WHO recommendation: 250 mg/l

What Can be Done in Macao?Find a sustainable solutions to control the raw water demand

� Environmental Reason

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� Economic Reason

The pressure on water resources in the Pearl River Delta Region pushed the public authorities to increase by 26% the raw water tariff in May 2011.

Integrated approach for water conservation:

1. Decrease the demand� Promote water saving appliances� Implement step-tariff� Reducing physical losses

Water Conservation Group Report, June 2010

2. Find new sources

� Collect rainfall

� Develop water reuse

Strategy of Macau Government

Objective of Water Volumes Saved Report, June 2010

Impact in 2025:

� Total impact of water conservation measures:

23.8 million m3 / year

� Impact of water reuse:

8.1 million m3 / year (34%)

=> Pillar of the water conservation strategy

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Objective of Water Volumes Saved

Overall Impact of Water Conservation Measures

Without Water Conservation Measures

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“Objective 100”

With Water Conservation Measures

Impact of Water Saving on Domestic Consumption in M acao

154

150

155

160

165

Singapore Macao

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147

140

130

135

140

145

150

2010 2020 2030

Future targets: Domestic Water Consumption (L/capi ta/day)

145

143

141

139

137138

140

142

144

146

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137

135 135 135 135 135

130

132

134

136

138

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

35.00

40.00

45.00

50.00

55.00

60.00

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05 每錶日耗[綜合各類]

每錶日耗趨勢[1年移動平均][綜合各類]

每戶日耗電量

(千瓦小時)每戶日耗電量趨勢[1年移動平均](千瓦小時)

Trends of water and electricity consumption per met er

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10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

2003

P1

2003

P2

2003

P3

2003

P4

2003

P5

2003

P6

2004

P1

2004

P2

2004

P3

2004

P4

2004

P5

2004

P6

2005

P1

2005

P2

2005

P3

2005

P4

2005

P5

2005

P6

2006

P1

2006

P2

2006

P3

2006

P4

2006

P5

2006

P6

2007

P1

2007

P2

2007

P3

2007

P4

2007

P5

2007

P6

2008

P1

2008

P2

2008

P3

2008

P4

2008

P5

2008

P6

2009

P1

2009

P2

2009

P3

2009

P4

2009

P5

2009

P6

2010

P1

2010

P2

2010

P3

2010

P4

2010

P5

2010

P6

2011

P1

2011

P2

Water Consumption in 2006 (L/capita/day, by IWA)

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Conclusion

Water conservation is an effective way to reduce water demand. In the case of Macao, a long term target of 25% reduction of fresh water

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of 25% reduction of fresh water demand can be expected.

Other Aspects of the Impact of Water Conservation

However, other aspects of the impact on water supply services would have to be considered carefully:

1, Water tariffs and subsidies to water saving measures. Currently, all the water saving costs is beard by the Gov and Macao Water. How to make both the water supply services and water conservation in Macao financially viable and

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conservation in Macao financially viable and sustainable business? Sydney is an example.

2, For the sake of the general public in Macao, how to manage the recycled water supply system in terms of capital investment and daily operations as well customer services?

3, Risks – safety issue

Challenge: Regulation

2 steps identified:

1st step: Define appropriate guidelines

� Quality standards for recycled water

� Specifications of the recycled water distribution system (material, color-code, back-upsystem, cross-connection prevention policy, backflow prevention policy, etc.)

2nd step : Set up regulation / Complete the existing regulation2 step : Set up regulation / Complete the existing regulation

� Recycled Water Act

� Plumbing Code

� Building Code (requirement of a dual reticulation system inside every new building)

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Need more experience for this step

Many stakeholders involved in the water conservatio n programs

Several Government Departments

� Maritime Department (Drinking Water Supply)

� Environmental Bureau (Wastewater Treatment Plant)

� Civil & Municipal Affairs Bureau (Sewer System)

� Public Works Bureau & Infrastructure Development Office (New Infrastructure Project)

� Health Bureau (Public Health)

Challenge: Administration

Project management under one roof

External stakeholders

� Macao Water (Drinking Water Supply)

� Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators

� Developers

� Plumbers

Public

� Media

� Association

� Macao Water Customer Liaison Group Distribution

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THANK YOU

Key success factor: Expertise Sharing!

THANK YOU

Q&A

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