The Water & Energy Nexus&

Water Reuse ConsiderationsWater Reuse Considerations

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

October 18, 2012

Outline

Water Usage in the US Water’s Impact on Energy Consumption Use of Reverse Osmosis for EnergyUse of Reverse Osmosis for Energy Conservation Water Reuse in the US Water Reuse in the US Water Reuse Considerations Water Reuse Lessons Learned

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

About US Water Services

Based in St. Michael Minnesota, withproduction facilities in Alabama Minnesotaproduction facilities in Alabama, Minnesota,California, Illinois & Washington.

US Water Services is the fastest growingi h U i dwater treatment company in the United

States.

US Water Services is a single source forUS Water Services is a single source forcomplete water treatment solutions,including chemical, equipment, engineering,design, installation and plant operation.

Our company conducts business bothnationally and internationally.

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

Question

How many gallons of water are withdrawn on a daily basis in the USA?a) 410,000 gal/dayb) 4,100,000 gal/dayc) 410,000,000 gal/dayd) 410,000,000,000 gal/day

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

Question

What state withdraws the most water?a) Iowab) Californiac) Minnesotad) Texas)

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

Water Withdrawls by State

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

USGS, 2005

Question

In the US, what application uses the most water?a) Public Usersb) Industrial Usersc) Power Producersd) Irrigation

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

Water Usage By Application

DomesticIndustrial

0%Mining Power

Arizona Water UsageDomestic

California Water Usage

Public19%

Domestic0%

Livestock0%

Aquaculture0%

0% 2% 2%Public

Domestic

Irrigation

Livestock

Aquaculture

Public15%

1%

IrrigationIndustrial

0%

Mining1%

Power28%

Public

Domestic

Irrigation

Livestock

AquacultureIrrigation

77%

q

Industrial

Mining

Power

53%

Livestock1%

Aquaculture1%

Industrial

Mining

Power

Public11%

Domestic1%

USA Water Usage

Public

Domestic

Irrigation31%

Power49%

Irrigation

Livestock

Aquaculture

Industrial

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent USGS, 2005

Livestock1%Aquaculture

2%Industrial

4%Mining1%

Mining

Power

Trends in Water Usage: 1950‐2005

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

USGS, 2005

Question

What is the population of the USA as of 2005?a) 150,000,000b) 225,000,000c) 300,000,000d) 375,000,000)

Doing the math…gEvery person in the US uses ~1,365 gal/day through their general

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

1,365 gal/day through their general consumption

Population Impact

Innovation &Innovation & ConservationConservation

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

USGS, 2005

What Does This Mean?

Recap US Population is growing and more potable water is required

More People = More Food = More IrrigationMore People = More Food = More Irrigation More People = More Goods = More Energy = More Water

When you look at how water is used, water and energy are intimately tied together…where water goes so does energy and where energy goes so does waterenergy and where energy goes so does water

Industry has a responsibility to conserve on water and energy.  Sophisticated companies understand their 

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

importance on the sustainability of their operations.

How do you conserve on fresh ywater usage?

It’s usually easier and lessIt’s usually easier and lessIt s usually easier and less It s usually easier and less expensive to do it at the “Front expensive to do it at the “Front 

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

End” of a plant.End” of a plant.

Question

Approximately how many BTUs does it take to evaporate 1 lb. of water?a) 1b) 10c) 100d) 1,000

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

Typical Package Boiler System

PROCESS IN PROCESS OUT

STEAM LOSSES

VENTWATER IN

CONDENSATERECEIVER

QUALITY Allen-Bradley PanelView 1000

Tank 1 Tank 2

Reactor

Tank 1 HighPre ssure P3Temperature T1Le vel L2Pre ssure P4Rea ctor OK

Ta nk 1 High (more than 23 00mm)WATER SOFTENERDA/FEEDWATER BOILER

FLASHTANK

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

DRAIN

Scenario A – Softened Water

Base Assumptions Water Hardness: 10 grains (~170 ppm) Steam Pressure:  150 psig Steam Rate: 15 000 lb/hr Steam Rate: 15,000 lb/hr Condensate Return: 50% (@140oF) Cycles of Concentration: 10Cycles of Concentration: 10 Boiler Efficiency: 78% Source Water Costs: $2.50/1,000 gal Sewer Costs: $2.50/1,000 gal Gas Costs: $4.50/MMBtu

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

Operation: 24/7/360

Scenario A – Water/Fuel Costs

PROCESS IN PROCESS OUT

STEAM LOSSES

VENTWATER IN

CONDENSATERECEIVER~11.1 ~11.1 MMgalMMgal/yr/yr

$27,700/yr$27,700/yr ~15,000 lb/hr~15,000 lb/hr536 536 MMBtuMMBtu/Day/Day$868,000/yr$868,000/yr

QUALITY Allen-Bradley PanelView 1000

Tank 1 Tank 2

Reactor

Tank 1 HighPre ssure P3Temperature T1Le vel L2Pre ssure P4Rea ctor OK

Ta nk 1 High (more than 23 00mm)WATER SOFTENERDA/FEEDWATER BOILER

FLASHTANK

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

DRAIN~3.3 ~3.3 MMgalMMgal/yr/yr

$8,250/yr$8,250/yr

Utilizing RO as Pretreatment

PROCESS IN PROCESS OUT

REVERSE OSMOSIS

STEAM LOSSES

VENTWATER IN

CONDENSATERECEIVER

QUALITY Allen-Bradley PanelView 1000

Tank 1 Tank 2

Reactor

Tank 1 HighPre ssure P3Temperature T1Le vel L2Pre ssure P4Rea ctor OK

Ta nk 1 High (more than 23 00mm)WATER SOFTENERDA/FEEDWATER BOILER

FLASHTANK

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

DRAIN

Scenario B: RO as Pretreatment

PROCESS IN PROCESS OUT

REVERSE OSMOSIS

STEAM LOSSES

VENTWATER IN

CONDENSATERECEIVER~10.3 ~10.3 MMgalMMgal/yr/yr

$25,700/yr$25,700/yr ~15,000 lb/hr~15,000 lb/hr522 522 MMBtuMMBtu/Day/Day$845,000/yr$845,000/yr

QUALITY Allen-Bradley PanelView 1000

Tank 1 Tank 2

Reactor

Tank 1 HighPre ssure P3Temperature T1Le vel L2Pre ssure P4Rea ctor OK

Ta nk 1 High (more than 23 00mm)WATER SOFTENERDA/FEEDWATER BOILER

FLASHTANK

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

DRAIN~0.6 ~0.6 MMgalMMgal/yr/yr

$1,500/yr$1,500/yr

Scenario Summary

PARAMETER UNITSSOFTENED

PSOFTENED RO P DIFFERENCEPRETREATMENT PRETREATMENT

Annual Water Usage gpy 11,100,000 10,300,000 (800,000)

Annual Sewer gpy 3,300,000 600,000 (2,700,000)

Annual Fuel Usage MMBTU 193,000 188,000 (5,000)

Annual Water Costs $/yr $27,700 $25,700 ($2,000)

Annual Sewer Cost $/yr $8,300 $1,500 ($6,800)$/y $ , $ , ($ , )

Annual Fuel Costs $/yr $868,000 $845,000 ($23,000)

TTOTALOTAL SSAVINGSAVINGS $31,800/$31,800/YRYR

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

What alternatives are there to “Front‐End” conservation 

?measures?

Evaluate water reuse.Evaluate water reuse.

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

Why Reuse Water?

Environmental compliance regulations get stricterheach year

Water costs are going upPOTW Infrastructure is Declining & Populations areGrowingP bli ti f i d t i iPublic scrutiny of industry is growingWater use needs to be minimized to ensurecontinued industry growthcontinued industry growthCompanies are understanding the importance ofsustainability

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

sustainability

Areas of Water Reuse

Agricultural IrrigationU b R (l d i i i lf )Urban Reuse (landscape, irrigation, golf courses)Ground Water RechargeSeawater Intrusion BarrierSeawater Intrusion BarrierIndustrial ReuseNatural Systems and Other UsesyRecreational ImpoundmentsGeothermal Energy

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

Relative Water Qualities

TERTIARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES INCLUDE: • Nitrogen Removal

DRINKINGWATERTERTIARY WW

ADVANCED WW• Phosphorous Removal• Rapid Sand Filtration

ATERQUALITY

RAWWATER SECONDARY WW

WA

WASTEWATERADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES INCLUDE: • Chemical ClarificationChemical Clarification• Carbon adsorption• Reverse Osmosis• Advanced Oxidation (i.e. H2O2/UV)• Air Stripping

SECONDARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSESINCLUDE: • Activated Sludge• Trickling Filters

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

• Ultrafiltration• Ion Exchange

g• Rotating Biological Contactors• Stabilization Pond Systems

Question

Approximately what percent of municipal effluent is reused?a) 8%b) 20%c) 31%d) 43%

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

Amount of Wastewater Reused

Reclaimed, 8%

~42,000,000,000 gallons of municipal wastewater generated per day.

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

2012 EPA Guidelines for Water Reuse

California Reuse Summary

Recreational Geothermal Energy, 

Agricultural Irrigation, 29%

Recreational Impoundments, 7%

gy,2%

Natural Systems, 23%

Urban Reuse, 19%

Industrial 

Groundwater Recharge, 5%

Seawater Intrusion Barrier, 8%

Reuse, 7%

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

Adapted from Baydal, D. 2009, “Municipal Wastewater Recycling Survey”

Water Reuse Considerations

Successful designs require an integrated approachh k ithat takes into account:The plant design (i.e. metallurgies, flows, etc.)The plant operating conditionsp p gPlant personnel considerations

QuantityKnowledgeg

The available water conditionsQuantityQualityQ yVariability

Budget realitiesCapital

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

pOperational

Regulations (12 states have regulations related to Industrial Reuse)

Industrial Reuse RegulationsAREA ARIZONA CALIFORNIA

N Unit Processes Individual Reclaimed Water P i

Oxidized, coagulated, filtered & di i f d

STEM

 DESIGN Unit Processes Permit disinfected

UV Dose (if UV disinfection used) NS NWRI UV Guidelines

Chlorine Disinfection 

SY Requirements (if used as disinfectant)

NS Contact Time > 450 ppm∙min/L

TS

BOD5 (or CBOD5) NS NS

TSS NS NS

REQUIREM

ENT TSS NS NS

Turbidity NS

< 2 NTUavg for Media Filters< 10 NTUmax for Media Filters< 0.2 NTUavg for Mem. Filters0 5 NTU f M Fil

ER QUAL

ITY R < 0.5 NTUmax for Mem. Filters

Bacterial Indicators NS

Total Coliform:< 2.2/100 ml (7‐day mean)

<23/100 mL (not more than 1 sample exceeds this in 30 days

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

WAT

E sample exceeds this in 30 days< 240/100 mL (maximum)

Pathogens NS NS

EPRI Recommendations ‐ Towers

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

U.S. Department of Energy, 2009

Water Quality Comparison

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

Questions?Questions?

Name: Kent HerbstEmail: kherbst@uswaterservices.comOffice:  (763) 553‐0379Cell: (612) 669‐1999

CONFIDENTIAL – No unauthorized reproduction or reuse without USWS’s prior written consent

Cell:   (612) 669 1999