water footprint assessment of sheep and goat in different production systems along with the crp ds...
TRANSCRIPT
Water Footprint Assessment of Sheep and Goat in Different Production Systems along with the CRP DS
Action Site Beni Kedache-Sidi Bouzid (Tunisia)
Ridha Ibidhi1. Hichem Ben Salem2
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1 INRA-Tunisie, Laboratoire des Productions Animales et Fourragères, rue Hédi Karray, 2049 Ariana, Tunisia.2 Diversification and Sustainable Intensification of Production Systems Program, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Amman, Jordan.
1. Introduction
2. Water Footprint: Concept and accounting
3. Research Objectives
4. Method & Data
5. Preliminary Results
6. Preliminary Conclusions
CONTENTS
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• >90% of total water demand comes
from agriculture of which 31% is for
livestock
• Water for agriculture becoming scarce.
• Need for greater understanding of
human consumption impacts on global freshwater resources
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Research Objective and Question
Objective
Estimate the Water footprint of sheep and goat produced in Zoghmar community (Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia).
Question
The water footprint differs between species ?
Is there a difference on Water Footprint of sheep and goat meat across seasons, in the action site Beni kedache-Sidi Bouzid? What can we do?
Justification
No knowledge so far on the water resource use for livestock production in Tunisia- basis for decision making.
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What is the water footprint?
The ‘water footprint’ is a measure of human’s appropriation of
freshwater resources.
► Water footprint is a measurement of the volume of water consumed(evaporated or otherwise not returned) or assimilation capacity used.
► The water footprint is a geographically & temporally explicit indicator.
► The water footprint is an indicator of water use that looks at both direct& indirect water use of a consumer or producer.
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Application of water footprint assessment
► Process
► Product
► Business/business sector
► Consumer/group of consumers
► Geographical area
► Humanity
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Green water footprint► Volume of rainwater evaporated or incorporated into
product.
Blue water footprint► volume of surface or groundwater evaporated.
Grey water footprint► volume of polluted water.
Components of a water footprint
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Example of a water footprint of agricultural products
Global average water footprint
litre/kg
Fruits 1000
Cereals 2900
Pulses 4000
Goat 5000
Sheep 7000
Beef 15000
Source: Mekonnen & Hoekstra (2012) A global assessment of the water footprint of farm animal products, Ecosystems
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Materials and Methods
Methodology as set out in The Water Footprint Assessment Manual (Hoekstra et al., 2011)
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Assessing the water footprint of crop and animal products
Water footprint of a crop
Crop water use (m3/ha) / Crop yield (ton/ha)
Water footprint of an animal
Sum of water for feed, drinking and servicing
Water footprint of a crop or livestock product
Distribute the water footprint of the root product over its derived products
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Crop water requirement
1. Calculate reference crop evapotranspiration ET0 (mm/day)e.g. Penman-Monteith equation
2. Calculate crop evapotranspiration Etc (mm/day)Etc = ET0 Kc where Kc = crop coefficient
3. Calculate crop water requirement CWR (m3/ha)CWR = Σ Etc [accumulate over growing period]
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The Analytical Tools
Water Footprint of Meat1.
WF a, s Σ Feed a, s, p WFservice * p WF drinkinga, s (1)
P p WFp ro d p VWI pWF * p ne
p P ne
P
(2)
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WF of meat based on the WF of the animal at the end of its lifetime, the
water consumed for processing the slaughtered animal into meat, the
amount of meat derived from one animal, and the relative value of meat
compared to the value of other products derived from the animal.
Model to simulate crop water use and Yield: Aqua crop model
Data Details Sources
Climatic PrecipitationTemp min&maxET0
Grid based data
CRU-TS- 3.10 (Harris, et al., 2013)
Soil properties 30x30 arc minute resolution Local data: Ministry of agriculture Tunisia
Crop parameters Planting datesGrowing cyclesHarvesting index
Local data: Ministry of agriculture Tunisia
Irrigation Irrigation schedules & method
Ministry of agriculture Tunisia
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• Delineation of livestock production systems
Area of study
• We describe a production system : Agro-pastoral.
• Small ruminants’ production is the main source of income of many households in the region of Sidi Bouzid (Tunisia).
• Water scarcity and feed shortage
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Average Water Footprint of Sheep and Goat Meat
6222 liter/kg of carcass 4521 liter/Kg carcass
► Goat meat was more sustainable in term of use of water than sheep meat
94 % 5% 1% 94 % 5% 1%
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Water Footprint of Sheep and Goat among Seasons
winter Spring Summer0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Sheep
Goat
Seasons
Wat
er F
oo
tpri
nt
(lit
er/K
g o
f ca
rcas
s)
Figure 2. Water Footprint of Sheep and Goat among Seasons in Zoghmar Community
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Summer WF was lowest due to:
Water efficiency of diet ingredients distributed to sheep and goat such as cactus.
Feed intake in summer was the lowest.
352 liter/ Kg 1039 liter/ Kg291 liter/ Kg
Use of feed with low water footprint.
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Conclusion
Water Footprint Assessment is a simple & elegant concept which enables us to:
Understand the geographic allocation of water resources agriculture and domestic water supply.
Evaluate the efficiency of water use: consumption & pollution.
Determine the sustainability of water use: e.g. water scarcity and water pollution levels.
Identify the most strategic actions to improve the sustainability, efficiency and equitability of water use.
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Conclusion
Water footprint give a better perspective of the use of water resources.
The study provides a basis on which resource use efficiency gains can be made e.g. species and diet composition changes.
There is a need for further study on:
• Water footprint sustainability assessment of the use of water resources for livestock production.
• Water productivity assessment of animal products.
• Choose the best production system in term of water saving.
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