water in emergencies

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Water in Emergencies

Session 5Needs assessment, prioritisation,

monitoring

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Project Cycle

Davies & Lambert (1995) Engineering in Emergencies, REDR & ITDG

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Needs Assessment IRA First, Then Sectors

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Information Gathering• Quantitative, qualitative

• Consider mix of team – female, male, different ethnic groups

• To whom are you asking questions?

• Are you getting a balanced view?

• Can people speak freely?

• Any protection concerns for the affected people from you asking questions?

Triangulate information

Ask similar questions to different

groups of people

Observe

Key informants

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Information Gathering Methodologies• Secondary data

• Exploratory walk & observations

• Key informant interviews

• Mapping

• Physical measurements

• Focus group discussion

• Household questionnaire survey

• Spot check observations

• Seasonal calendar

Nepal

S Field / OXFAM-GB

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Mapping

House S & Reed, R (1997) Emergency Water Sources, WEDC

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WASH Cluster Hygiene Project

WASH Indicators

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Importance of Monitoring

Appropriateness, effectiveness, impact

Useful for modifying objectives

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Input to Impact Input Output Outcome Impact

Activity Direct result of input

Change resulting from output

Change in people’s lives resulting from the outcome

e.g. distribution of soap

X number of families have X g soap per month

People are washing their hands regularly with soap

Diarrhoeal diseases in U5 children decreases

How do we know?

Impact - Changes in diarroeheal disease (morbidity & mortality) in medical facilities covering the emergency areas

Indicator

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Indicators

SMART Specific

MeasurableAchievable Realistic

Time-bound

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Indicators for Monitoring in Emergencies - Example

Hygiene behaviour • Use of safe drinking water

Associated WASH indicator • Adequate water handling practices to minimize contamination

practiced by x% of the population

Associated Sphere indicator • Each household has at least two water collecting containers to

ensure there is always water in the household

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Hygiene behaviour • Good hygiene practices

Associated WASH indicators • Soap or ash for hand-washing is available in all households• Hand-washing facilities are available at 100% of communal latrines or in

the majority of homes and are used

Associated Sphere indicators • People wash their hands after defecation and before eating and food

preparation• There is at least 250g of soap available for personal hygiene per person

per month • Average water use for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene in any

household is at least 15 litres per person per day

Indicators for Monitoring in Emergencies - Example

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Cluster Information Management Tools

(Assessment Tools)

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Information Management Tools

• IRA Initial Rapid Assessment (all clusters)

• WASH Survey Tools

– RAT Rapid Assessment Tool

– CAT Comprehensive Assessment Tool

– Monitoring Tool

– Agency Report Form

• WASH Data Tool

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‘Initial Rapid Assessment’ (IRA)

• Use of the standardised IRA Tool for needs assessment in emergencies:

Collects basic essential data for all sectors

Establishes priority needs

Guides initial planning of emergency support

Encourages cross-sectoral/cluster coordination from the start

Forms the ‘baseline’ against which later assessments will be measured

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WASH Rapid Assessment Tool (RAT)

• Spreadsheet– Used to capture data collection during a rapid assessment process. (The

RAT spreadsheet is the same as Section 1 of the CAT form)

• Section 1 - General– General information about the site being surveyed with details regarding

its physical location and the affected population

• Section 2 – Conditions Summary– A summary of the WASH related situation in the surveyed location with

each of eight WASH subsectors being evaluated on a scale from 0 (not affected) to 3 (highly affected). Additional comments can be added for each subsector regarding the situation prior to the crisis, specific problems identified and values for critical indicators.

• Data– If the electronic spreadsheet is used for data entry, the survey data from

section 1 and 2 is summarized on the Data worksheet

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WASH Cluster Comprehensive Assessment Tool (CAT)

• CAT collects more detailed assessment data for the sector, and also:

Coordination mapping tools, needs, gaps and agency activities

Flow-chart analysis aids decision-making

Acts as a progress monitoring tool

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Comprehensive Assessment Tool (CAT)

• CAT standardises the WASH needs assessment in emergencies, using a few key indicators in the 8 sub-sector areas of:

Hygiene Practice WASH NFIs Water Supply Excreta Disposal Vector Control Solid waste Drainage Representation, equity and participation

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CAT Survey Form Extract

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CAT Tally Form Extract

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WASH Monitoring Tool

Intervention indicators for each of the eight WASH subsectors.

These intervention indicators provide detailed metrics which form the basis of a monitoring program.

These are the same as the survey tool of the CAT, except in the monitoring stage achieved values are recorded and values for the targets may be updated

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Monitoring Form Extract

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Cluster mapping of needs, responses & gaps

Northern Uganda, WASH Cluster matrices, Sept – Dec 2007:

– NGO WATSAN response plan in rural IDP camps in Gulu District

– NGO WATSAN response plan in return areas in Gulu District

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Cluster mapping, prioritisation, monitoring – needs, responses, gaps

Aims to:

• Provide clear overview of needs• Analyse responses• Identify gaps• Prioritise responses• Ensure most effective use of resources

It will only work with Cluster member & other sector actors effective participation

Communicate Coordinate

water in emergencies

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