WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Zekâi ŞenTurkish Water Foundation

WATER FOUNDATION

Arid regions of the world

WATER FOUNDATION

Diagram illustrating major pathways of changes. Demographic and economic growth, and increasingly consumptive life style, drive the

changes in hydrological cycles and freshwater resources through changes in land use, water withdrawals, and climate related to food production and the emission of the greenhouse gases (GHGs). (Modified from Oki, 2005 by

Şen, 2008).

Cities

Cities

Cities

CitiesHYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

DROUGHTS

FLOODS

POLLUTION

WATER MANAGEMENT

INTENSITY

Design

Dimension

Volume

FREQUENCY

Risk

Insurance

Warning

DURATION

Early warning

Operation

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES

WATER MANAGEMNT RELATED SIGNIFICANT DECISION PARAMETERS

FUTURE WATER RESOURCES PLANNING STEPS

Spatial Environment (areal extent, depth)

Temporal Environment (replenish-able, non-replenish-able)

Hydrogeological Environment (geological structure, voids, fissures, fractures)

Hydro-chemical Environment (Chemical quality, ion exchange, salt water intrusion, pollution)

Alternative Strategies (runoff, desalination, aquifers, long distance transportation, rainfall and runoff harvesting)

Emergency Situations (earthquakes, land slides, terrorist attacks, wars, system mal-functioning)

WATER FOUNDATION

“Of all the social and natural crises we humans face, the water crisis is the one that lies at the heart of our survival and that of our planet Earth,”

FUTURE FACTS

“No region will be spared from the impact of crisis which touches every facet of life, from the health of children to the ability of nations to secure food for

their citizens,”

“Water supplies are falling while the demand is dramatically growing at an unsustainable rate. Over the next 20 years, the average supply of water

world-wide per person is expected to drop by a third.”

“By the middle of this century, 7 billion people in 60 countries will be faced with water scarcity, at best 2 billion in 48 countries, depending on factors

like population growth and policy-making”

"Technological, economic and scientific solutions are not enough,"

"Water is different than other resources, such as oil. People of different religious and scientific backgrounds treat water in a special way”.

"There's the realization that scientific and political approaches are needed, but they are not sufficient. A spiritual and ethical approach is needed as well."

“People have fought over dominance of water sources for thousands of years”,

"The survival of humanity and of all other species on earth depends upon the fate of water. Where water is absent, life is absent,"

Fresh Water: A Scarce and Critical ResourcePopulation Growth

The Middle East population more than doubled between 1970 and 2001, rising from 173 million people to 386 million people and reducing the average amount of fresh water

available per capita by more than half, to 1,640 cubic meters per person per year

Household DemandHousehold demand for water is affected by a variety of factors, such as household size,

households' distance from the source of water, how regularly water is accessible, and people's consumption patterns. The Middle East growing population, together with higher per capita income, greater urbanization, and greater access to running water, has been driving up the

region's domestic demand for fresh water.

Qanats and Rainwater Harvesting – Ain ZubaidahQanats, or chain wells, a traditional method for bringing water to the surface, consist

of a series of horizontal tunnels bored into a cliff or mountainous area.

Sequential Water Use (Reuse)Sequential water use involves capturing and treating water that has been used in one

sector so that it can be directed to other uses. Domestic use requires the cleanest water, so the ideal order is for water to be used in the household first, then in industry, then in agriculture

Desalination Extracting salt from seawater is extremely expensive. Desalination provides a clean

and reliable source of water, but it uses large quantities of heat and has some negative environmental consequences. Sixty percent of the world's desalination capacity lies in the oil-

rich Gulf states

Trading Water There are a number of ways to transport water from one region to another, including

shipping it by boat, transporting it via pipeline, towing it in large water bags (Medusa bags), and carrying it overland in vehicles.

Strategies for Managing DemandSuccessful policies and programs for managing water supplies might involve strategies

for promoting more desirable patterns and levels of water use.

Water Reallocation For most the Middle East countries, reallocating water away from agriculture and

toward the domestic and industrial sectors may be a critical, although controversial way to adjust to water scarcity.

Less Water-Intensive Crops A number of the Middle East countries rely heavily on their own production of

cereals, which have a low return per unit of land and water.

Efficient Technologies Better technologies may help reduce long-term costs and improve efficiency. Studies

have shown, for example, that drip irrigation cuts water use by between 30 percent and 70 percent and increases crop yields by between 20 percent and 90 percent, compared with

traditional irrigation.

Distribution Efficiencies Other measures for improving distribution, such as repairing leaking distribution

systems and sewer pipes, expanding central sewage systems, metering water connections, and rationing and restricting water use, can also play important roles.

Public Education and Community Involvement Involving communities in adopting new strategies can increase acceptance of new

water systems.

Institutional Reforms Complicated systems of water rights, land rights, social and civic institutions, and legal

regimes can sometimes undermine water management; reform could improve how water resources are regulated

1) ARIDITY: It is a permanent natural condition and a stable climatic feature of a region,

2) DROUGHT: It refers to a temporary feature of the climate or to regular but unpredictable climatic changes,

3) WATER SHORTAGE: It is understood mostly as a man-made phenomenon reflecting the concern with temporary and small area water deficiencies, and

4) DESERTIFICATION: It is a part of an alteration process in the ecological regime often associated with aridity and/or drought but principally brought about by human-made

activities which change the surrounding environment to a significant degree.

BASIC DEFINITIONS

WATER FOUNDATION

ARIDITY AND HUMIDITY

Precipitation

High

Moderate

Low

0 Cold Warm Hot

Extremely humid

Semi-arid

Extremely arid

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Extremelyhumid

Temperature

WATER FOUNDATION

Water resources in general are subject to various external effects that cause its amount to decrease by time and recently even by location. Among these undesirable events the

following are just the most significant ones.

1) Population increase not only by birth but equally importantly by migration due to economical, political, military, religious, social and hazardous situations.

2) Industrial investments, development and processing in potential catchment areas and especially groundwater recharge areas lead to pollution of water resources and hence

water potentiality for domestic use decreases,

3) Recent climate change, global warming and greenhouse events give rise to groundwater resources quantity and quality deteriorations,

4) Mis-management of water resources in general and groundwater reservoirs in particular may lead to over-pumping and consequent groundwater quality changes,

WATER FOUNDATION

Groundwater resources are the most conservative reservoirs and have the most significant strategic properties especially for arid regions due to the following

facts.

1) Since they infiltrate and penetrate geological layers their quality are better than surface waters provided that the geological formations such as quartz, granite,

sandstones, alluvial deposits are the traveling media. Groundwater resources are most preferable for drinking purposes than any other sources,

2) They are protected from any atmospheric pollution events and can preserve the quality and temperature throughout the whole year,

3) Groundwater resources are available anywhere in the world and therefore they are the most dependable water resources especially in the cases of dangers such as natural

or anthropogenic disasters,

4) Aquifers are natural and dependable reservoir spaces for storage of water for future use without much cost. Besides, storage of groundwater in aquifers reduces evaporation losses almost to zero even in very hot climates and therefore they are preferable in arid

regions.WATER FOUNDATION

The water development studies in different regions should include the following three fundamental steps in mind.

Data base

Restrictions

a) Water demand quantity and types (domestic or agriculture),b) Safe yield,c) Possibility of supply and locations,d) Water demand quality,e) Supply possibilities and restrictions,f) Water structure levels and capacities,g) Possible volume for future water storage,h) Present water volume for availability,i) Rainfall water volume for replenishment,j) Water resources potentiality,k) Any limitation on water structure methods,l) Water contamination and pollution possibilities,m) Economic situation under available budget restrictionsn) Other jointly manageable nearby water storages.

Effective field survey

WATER FOUNDATION

The following questions can be asked and at least partial solutions may be suggested.

• Which locations have the priority for water development in the study area?• What other water resources in the nearby locations can be managed in an integrated manner so as to reach to an optimum solution?

• What are the possibility of additional supply location and pumping in the whole area?

• Are there adequate water resources quantitatively to meet the demand in the area?

• Is the water quality is suitable for the development activities in and nearby the area?

• What are the discharge and recharge possibilities and rates temporally and spatially in the study area?• Are there water mixture possibility so as to enhance the water quality and quantity?

WATER FOUNDATION

• What are the potentiality in the area and are there different aquifers that may be exploited in an integrated manner?

• Are there possibilities of quick droughts thus increase in the pumping lift?

• Are there any potential hazard either to the groundwater resource from pollution to any infrastructure due to excessive pumping and subsidence?

• What is the number of population that can be supported by the available water resource?

• If there are already water development studies in the area, is it possible to integrate them in the management program?

WATER FOUNDATION

WATER USAGE MAY BE CURTAILED THROUGH SOME EFFECTIVE MECHANISMS, WHICH MAY BE STATED AS FOLLOWS.

The water reservoir monitoring requires extensive records and investigations. This may be one of the key reasons why overdraft may escape recognition until it is too late because the effects of development are commonly obscure, complex and becomes understandable slowly by time,

The causes and effects of water overdraft are not reversible immediately or fully. Consequently, cutting of withdrawals in the reverse order of their priorities does not assure that the overdraft trend will be reversed. There may be either of two reasonable doubts that the available facts would suffice to sustain them against any appeal from an order for reduction, or that the statutory procedure would in fact recapture the status of the earlier appropriators,

Even in a water basin in which the perennial or sustainable yield and appropriations for use are about equal in total, some further development may be feasible.

WATER FOUNDATION

CLIMATE CHANGE

DUE TO HUMAN INTERACTION WITH

ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT

WATER FOUNDATION

Global warming questions are:

How much is the world warming?

Is the recent warming unusual?

How rapidly did climate change in the distant past?

Have precipitation and atmospheric moisture changed?

Are the atmospheric/oceanic circulations changing?

Has climate variability, or have climate extremes, changed?

Are the observed trends internally consistent?

What are the effects on WATER RESOURCES?“Scientific information and knowledge”

10-12 km

700 m

3000 km

250 km

WATER FOUNDATION

Expansion due toGLOBAL WARMING

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WATER FOUNDATION

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MELEN

KOCAELİ

İSTANBUL

İSTANBUL

KIRKLARELİ

TEKİRDAĞ

DÜZCE

Water Resources Basins Metropolitan City of Istanbul

Water Resources Basins Cover Approx. %46 of the Province of Istanbul

Average Precipitation in the Province of Istanbul (mm).

(KARACA,M.2006)

Annually Avarage Precipitation (mm)

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FLORYA MONTHLY AVARAGE PRECIPITATION (mm)

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BAHÇEKÖY MONTHLY AVARAGE PRECIPITATION (mm)

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ŞİLE MONTHLY AVARAGE PRECIPITATION (mm)

Kilometer

(Karaca ve diğ., 2005)

Lakes, Forest Areas, Agricultural Fields and Settlement Areas of the Province of Istanbul

Lakes andReservoirs

Forest Areas

Agricultural Fields

Settlement Areas

Meteorological Stations

Kilometer

Küçükmehmetoglu, M. & Geymen, A., (2006)

( (Million m ³/yıl - %)

Terkos Dam ; 142 ; 6 %

Büyükçekmece Dam ; 100 ; 4 % Alibeyköy Dam ; 36; 2 %

Istrancalar; 235.2; 11%

Ömerli Dam ; 220 ; 10 %

Darlık Dam ; 97; 4 %

Elmalı I and II; 15; 1 %

Yeşilvadi Çevirme Yapısı ; 10; 0%

Şile Caisson Wells ; 30; 1 %

Groundwater ; 10; 1%

Sazlıdere Dam ; 55; 2 %

Yesilçay Regulator ; 145; 6 %

Melen Project; 1190; 53%

Current and Prospective Water Resources for the Metropolitan

City of Istanbul

Bu yazılım vasıtası ile Türkiye’de istenen bir şehrin gösterilen pencereden seçilmesi ile 2100 yılına kadar aylık olarak tüm meteoroloji ve hidroloji bilgilerine ulaşmak mümkündür. Ayrıca her hangi bir ilçenin (veya köyün veya merak edilen noktanın) enlem ve boylamı girilerek aynı meteorolojik ve hidrolojik değişkenlerin bu nokta için değerlerini 2100 yılına kadar aylık olarak üretmek mümkündür.

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RUNOFF HARVESTING FOR WATER RESOURCES

MANAGEMENT

RECOMMENDATIONS

1) Research priorities (data networks, problems of scale, need for interdisciplinary dialogue),

2) Research management (large scale land-surface experiments, advanced planning for remote sensing, communication with decision makers and the

public),

3) Project design and management (effect of climate change, broad dialogue on practical operational problems, conflict resolution on water

issues), and

4) Policy formulation (national planning based on up-to-date information, respect for local culture and level of development, involvement of all

stakeholders at an early stage).

WATER FOUNDATION