water supply engineering sanitation

Master Plumber Review

Plumbing

The systems of pipes and fixtures that

bring water into buildings and carry

away waterborne wastes

These pipes are generally concealed

behind walls, floors & ceiling

Fixtures such as water closet, lavatories,

bathtubs are attached to this system and

are visible in various rooms of homes,

offices, schools, and other buildings.

Plumbing

NPCP: the art and techniques of installing in buildings the pipes, fixtures and other apparatus for bringing in the water supply, liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing them and such water, liquid and other carried waste affecting health and sanitationand hazardous to life and property; also the pipes and fixtures after they have been installed, the plumbing system.

Plumbing System

The systems of pipes and fixture and other appurtenances which includes the water supply-liquids, substances and/or ingredients distributing pipes, and those pipes removing them; the fixtures and fixture traps; the soil, waste and vent pipes, the house drain; the house sewer, the storm water drainage, all with their devices, appurtenances and connections within or on a building.

Plumbing System

Water Supply

Storm / Drainage System

Vent System

Sewer / Waste System

Fire Protection

Early Years of Plumbing

Plumbum (lead)

a material which at a certain point in the

history of plumbing was widely used for

piping and water changes

replaced by cast iron in the 19th century

a person who worked in the sanitary field is

called Plumbarius, during Roman times

the material that had greatly contributed in

the field of sanitation is the cause of the

downfall of the Roman Empire

Modern Day of Plumbing

Sir John Harrington Invented the precursor of the modern day water

closet

Alexander Cummings After 2 years, reinvented Harringtons water

closet

Invented S-trap sliding bowl and trap

Samuel Prossen (777) Applied and received a patent for plunger closet

Later, closet with a valve at the bottom had been introduced


Thomas Twyford (1185) Revolutionized the water closet design when he

built the first trapless toilet in one piece

Unique design because of the material used rather than the common metal and wood contraption

The internal mechanism is considered as one of the pioneers in the field of sanitary science

J. G. Jennings (1852) Got a patent for his washout water closet

Shallow pan with a dish tray and water seal

Waste is washed through S-trap


Flush meter valve

Backflow preventer

Wall-mounted closet

Reverse trap water closet

Blowout water closet

Water

Most fundamental and basic component of life on earth

Covered of the earths surface Plays a key role in the metabolic

breakdown of essential molecules (protein & carbohydrates) called hydrolysis

Ground water great source for supplying our water

Susceptible to contamination, once contaminated it takes decade to recover

Properties of Water

Heat Capacity

Surface Tension

Capillarity

Dissolving Ability

Properties of Water

Heat Capacity

Ability to absorb heat without becoming

much warmer itself

Water has greater heat capacity than

any other substances except ammonia

Properties of Water

Surface Tension

Ability of water to stick to itself and pull

itself together

Water has extremely high surface

tension

Water molecules cling together to

slightly that it can support heavier than

itself

Example: dripping tap

Properties of Water

Capillarity

Ability of water to climb upon a surface

against the pull of gravity

Dissolving Ability

Ability to dissolve any substance

Known to be the Universal Solvent

Uses of Water

Nourishment

Cleansing and Hygiene

Ceremonial Uses

Transportation Uses

Cooling Medium

Ornamental Element

Protective Uses

Uses of Water

Nourishment

Much of the human body is water

The most abundant chemical in our

body as well as in our diet

Amount of pure water that we need for drinking and cooking is very small only

(~3 gal/od)

Uses of Water

Cleansing and Hygiene

Water is nearly ideal medium for the

dissolution and transport of organic

waste

Water high heat storage capacity makes

the attainment of comfortable

temperatures for bathing easy

Much larger quantities of water are used

for cleaning than for nourishment

Uses of Water

Ceremonial Uses

Water acquired a ceremonial significance that remains particularly evident in religious services

Examples:

Vessel containing water at the entrance of Catholic churches

Pools in the forecourt of mosques

Full immersion baptismal fonts at the altars of some Protestant churches

Uses of Water

Transportation Uses

Water as transportational medium

Waterways had been developed to allow

the passage of water vessels and to be

able to transport large quantities of

goods as well as people

Uses of Water

Cooling Medium

water can store heat readily, removed

large quantities of heat when it

evaporates

Water is used in some devices that need

the removal of heat easily and efficiently

Example:

Water used in cooling air-condition unit

Uses of Water

Ornamental Element

In almost any landscaping application,

indoor or outdoor, water becomes a

center of interest

Our association of water with nourishing,

cleansing, and cooling make water a

very powerful design element a fact

recognized by landscape designers

throughout the history

Uses of Water

Protective Uses

Water is essential element of fire protection

The vast quantities of water potentially required for fire fighting must be delivered quickly; the result is pipes of enormous sizes regulated by very large valve

Despite its size and guarantee of at least partial exposure in public places, a fire protection water supply system is rarely treated as a visually integral design element

Water Quality

Physical Characteristics

Chemical Characteristics

Biological Characteristics

Radiological Characteristics


Turbidity

Color

Taste and Odor

Temperature

Foamability


Turbidity

Caused by the presence of suspended materials (clay, silt, other inorganic materials, planktons, or finely divided organic materials)

Color

Often caused by dissolved organic matter, from decaying vegetation.

Color changes usually do not threaten health but often are psychologically undesirable.


Taste and Odor

Caused by organic compounds, inorganic

salts, or dissolved gases.

This condition can be treated only after a

chemical analysis has identified which

source is responsible

Temperature

In general, water supplied between 50 and

60 F (10 and 16 C) is preferred


Foamability

Caused by concentration of detergents

The foam itself does not pose a serious

health threat, but it may indicate the

other more pollutant associated with

waste are also present


Alkalinity

Hardness

Toxic Substances


Ground water particularly to chemical alteration because as it moves downward from the surface it slowly dissolves some mineral contained in rocks and soils.

Chemical Analysis Possible presence of harmful substances

The potential for corrosion within the water supply system

The tendency for water to stain fixture and clothing


Alkalinity

Caused by bicarbonates, carbonate or

hydroxide components

Testing for these components of waters alkalinity is a key to which treatments to

use


Hardness

A relative term, hard water inhibits the cleaning action of soap and detergents, and it deposit scale on the inside of hot water pipes and cooking utensils, thus wasting fuel and making utensils unusable

Caused by Calcium & Magnesium salts

Classified as: Temporary (Carbonate)

Permanent (Bicarbonate)


pH

Measure of waters hydrogen ion concentration, as well as relative acidity or alkalinity

ph = 7 (neutral)

ph < 7 (acidic)

ph > 7 (basic)

Water at natural state: ph = 5.5 9.0


Toxic Substances

Arsenic (As)

Barium (Ba)

Cadmium (Cd)

Cyanides (Cn)

Fluoride (F)

Lead (Pb)

Selenium (Se)

Siver (Ag)


Bacteria

Protozoa

Virus

Potable water should be kept as free as possible from disease-producing

organisms (bacteria, protozoa & virus)


Bacteria

Coliform Group (E. Coli) present in fecal matter of humans as well as those

of birds & other animals

Protozoa

Virus

Radiological Characteristics

The mining of radioactive materials and

the use of such materials in the industry

and power plants have produced

radiological pollution in some water

supplies

Since radiological effects are

cumulative, concentrations of

radioactive material should be low

Water Sources

Surface Water

River

Lake

Pond

Impounding Reservoir

Ocean

Ground Water

Wells

Water Sources

Surface Water

A mixture of surface run-off and groundwater

Surface sources include rivers, lakes, ponds

and impounding reservoir

Water Sources

Ground Water

That portion of the rainwater which has

percolated into the earth to form

underground deposits called aquifer.

Aquifer water-bearing soil formation

As a source of water can be extracted in

many different ways.

Ground Water

Wells Holes in the earth from which a fluid may be

withdrawn using manual or mechanical means such as draw bucket, pumps, etc.

Water Wells Water that flows into well is ground water

This water comes from rain that is absorbed into the ground and is slowly filtered through the different layers of the ground and into the ground-water reservoir (or Aquifer)

The top of the zone is known as the water table the level at which water stands in a well that is not being pumped.

Types of Wells

Dug Wells

Driven Wells

Bored Wells

Drilled Wells

Types of Wells

Dug Wells

These can be constructed with hand

tools or power tools

It can be dug to a depth of about 15

meters (50 feet) and can have the

greater diameter that a space may allow

Types of Wells

Driven Wells

These are the simplest and usually the

least expensive

A steel drive-well point is fitted on one end

of the pipe section and driven into the earth

The drive point is usually 1 - 2 inches

(32 51 mm) in diameter

The point may be driven into the ground to

a depth of up to 15 meters (50 feet)

Types of Wells

Bored Wells

These are dug with earth augers

Usually less than 30 meters (100 feet)deep

They are used when earth to be bored is boulder free and will not cave in

Diameter ranges from 2 30 inches

The well is lined with metal, vitrified tile or concrete

Types of Wells

Drilled Wells

These require more elaborate equipment of several types, depending on the geology of the site

They measure up to 300 meters (984 feet)

Percussion Method Involves raising & dropping of a heavy drill bit and

stem

Having thus pulverized, the earth being drilled in mixed with water to form slurry, which is periodically removed

As drilling proceeds, a casing is also lowered (except when drilling through rocks)

Types of Wells

Drilled Wells (cont.)

Rotary Drilling Method (hydraulic/pneumatic)

Utilize cutting bit at the lower end of the drill pipe

Drilling fluid is constantly pumped to the cutting bit to aid in the removal of particles of earth, which are then brought to the surface

After the drill pipe withdrawn, a casing is lowered into position

Types of Wells

Drilled Wells (cont.)

Down-The-Hole Method

A pneumatic hammer is combined with the

percussion effect of the rotary drill bit

Water Supply Facilities

Level I Farthest user is not more than 250 meters from

the point source

At least 20 liters/capita/day

Level II Farthest house is not more than 25 meters from

the communal faucet system


Level III The house has service connection from the

system


Levels of Service

Level I

A protected well or a developed spring with

an outlet but without a distribution system

Generally adaptable for rural areas where

houses are thinly scattered

A level facility normally serves an average of

15 households

Levels of Service

Level II

A system composed of a source, a reservoir,

a piped distribution network and communal

faucets

Usually, 1 faucet serves 4 6 households

Generally suitable for rural and urban

fringed areas where houses are clustered

densely to justify a simple pipe system

Levels of Service

Level III

A system with a source, a reservoir, a piped

distribution network and household taps

Generally suitable for densely populated

urban areas

Definitions

Pure Water

Natural Water

Purified Water

Contaminated Water

Polluted Water

Hard Water

Soft Water

Gray Water

Black Water

Storm Water


Thank You.

water supply engineering sanitation

Documents