water system adaptation to hydrological changes

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Water System Adaptation To Hydrological Changes

Module 5 Water Quality and Infrastructure Response to Rapid

Urbanization: Adaptation Case Study in China

Y. Jeffrey Yang, Ph. D.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Audrey Levine, Ph.D.

University of California, Santa Cruz

James A. Goodrich, Ph.D.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

MAGEEP Education Network

Course Roadmap

Project and case studies

Case Studies to illustrate specific climate stressorsand adaptation considerations Research and data needs (Modules 1-6)

Region-specific applications

Adaptation Principles: Definition and application to different scenarios Assignment 1 (Module 7)

Hands-on exercises

Policy considerations: Examples of current policy frameworks. Opportunities and challenges for systematizing climate adaptation. Research and data needs for decision support Assignment 2 (Module 8)

Decision-support

Methods, models, and tools relevant to individual and combined effects from climate stressors Research and data needs Assignment 3 (Modules 9-14)

MAGEEP Education Network 2

Course outcomes

Knowledge about climate stressors Adaptation principles Governance Strengths and limitations of models Research directions Module 5 Learning Objectives:

• Illustrate rapid urbanization as a major planning factor for source water protection and water supply

• Understand the effects on water supply exacerbated by climate-related hydrological changes

• Show innovative adaptation measures available to address the challenges in multiple dimensions

Rapid Urbanization and Environmental Pressure in China

Compounding Effects of Rapid Urbanization and Climate-related Hydrological Changes

• Land use change compounding climate impacts on watershed hydrology (Module 4)

• In China, rapid urbanization and land use change toward impervious surface with widespread pollution

• Water stress from urbanization as the dominant factor affecting water infrastructure adaptation

• Often unconventional and innovative adaptation measures taken for effectiveness

3 MAGEEP Education Network

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China: A Living Example of RapidChanges and Environmental Pressure

Rapid growth and urbanization come with environmental consequence for adaptation

• Total carbon emission from China increased rapidly to >8,000x109 ton/yr, largely due to construction and urbanization in the 2000s

• Urbanization took place in unprecedented rate all over the country

• Industrial production and urbanization led to increased runoff and water pollution

• Climate-related hydrological changes exacerbate the environmental impacts


Case Study in Qiantangjiang River Basin

• Tidal-related salt water intrusion along the river

• Source water pollution from nutrients and algae blooms for the Jiaxing drinking water plant


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• Case study objective: Water supply for Hangzhou and water treatment in Jiaxing water plant

• Climate drivers: Salt water intrusion along QTJ River, and source water pollution for Jiaxing plant

• Three distinct watersheds:

XiAnJiang subwatershed: pristine, natural and protected watershed

NCQ subwatershed: urbanization LULC, large riverflow contribution

Fuchunjiang – Qiantangjiang subwatershed: heavily urbanized with industrial, tidal and sea-level rise effects

• QTJ river is known for its astronomical tide leading to salt water intrusion. Sea level rise increases the impacts



Qiantangjiang River Tide and Salt Water Intrusion

• Astronomical tide in which salt water moves upstream passing the City of Hangzhou

• Fuchunjiang reservoir in the middle of the river has the dam preventing further salt water intrusion, but receives industrial pollution upstream

• Erosion and inland flooding in lower river stretch (Hangzhou and vicinities) are major concerns for water infrastructure protection

• Climate-related sea lever rise and storm surge worsen the condition

7 MAGEEP Education Network

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MAGEEP Education Network

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A complex hydrologic setting with multiple factors over source water quality:

• Fuchunjiang reservoir in the middle of the river provides source water to regions’ water plants

• XiAnJiang subwatershed is a protected area with pristine Qiandaohu lake

• NCQ subwatershed hosts industrial activities, leading polluted water to the reservoir

• Tidal-related salt water intrusion in lower river stretch below the dam is major concern

• Nutrient pollution, erosion and inland flooding are also concerns for the low river stretch

Sampling at locations along the river confirmed the above observations

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9


• Tidal-related salt water intrusion along the river



Water Supply Adaptation in Rapid Urbanization

Source water pollution in the lower QTJ River stretch: • High nutrient contents in surface water • Untreated discharge to watersheds a

daunting challenge • Rapid urbanization and hydrologic changes

compromising source water protection • Agricultural runoffs

The streams, ponds, and small lakes all serve as the main source water for drinking water plants

High nutrients at Jiaxing

Algae blooms in Wuxi

Discharge of untreated water


Water Supply Adaptation in Rapid Urbanization

• Climate and land use factors • High temperature enhancing algae blooms in nutrient-rich

water bodies • High-intensity precipitation and urbanization with imperious

surface leading to increasing runoff and other hydrological changes

• All increase nutrient flux into water bodies • Adaptation considerations

• Source water protection in long-term planning • Smart urban development to reduce combined impacts of

climate and land use changes • Use of innovative engineering solutions such as wetland

system to increase treatment plant resilience


Wetland Treatment System in JiaxingWater Treatment Plant

Innovative Adaptation in Treatment Engineering

Surface water in streams of high levels of nutrients, TOC and other man-made pollutants

Adaptation using constructed wetlands for water pretreatment and also for scenic values as a local park

Total nitrogen and phosphorus reduced by a half before water reaching to the water treatment plant

The plant using a sequence of aeration, coagulation, ozonation, GAC filtration, flocculation, and sand filtration, produces stable water production for the communities

Wetlands

Ponds

Source water

Wetland inflow

Diversion weir Water plant


QTJ River Watershed Case Study:Adaptation Opportunities

Issue Adaptation Option Mechanism Feasibility Salt water intrusion and inland urban flooding

1. Manage salt-lock dams and reservoirs for projected SLR

2. Monitor and manage streams in lower river stretch

3. Enhance storm water management systems

1. Optimize salt-diversion dam and reservoir operations

2. Prevent stream pollution for source water quality

3. Systematically upgrade stormwater systems

4. Use of green infrastructures

1. Good 2. Good 3. Fair 4. Very good

Long-term high-quality water supply for Hangzhou

1. Water transfer from Qiantaohu Lake

2. Use existing Fuchunjian reservoir

1. Build new cannel from the lake to treatment plants;

2. Shorter transfer distance, but greater watershed protection in Nanjiang subwatershed

1. Very good 2. Good

Operational resilience during the interim period to against source water quality deterioration

1. Enhance water pre-treatment through the wetland system

2. Increase treatment capacity for multiple pollutants

3. Improve water disinfection efficiency and reduce disinfection by-products formation

1. Develop systematic monitoring datasets for optimal system operation

2. Unit process optimization (e.g., using WTP-ccam)

3. Remove TOC and its reactivity in source water

4. Different disinfection methods

1. Very good 2. Very good 3. Possible 4. Very good


Summary

• Rapid urbanization as the dominant stressor on water supply, and climate impacts are also important factors

• Rapid urbanization and economic activities leading to high levels of nutrients in surface water – the source water for water supply

• Climate and Qiantangjiang River tide inducing salt water intrusion along the river

• A series of data needs for analysis of potential adaptation opportunities • Research questions


Research Questions

How does the impervious surface in urban development affect precipitation runoff and nutrient influx into streams? (Hint, review Module #2 and preview of module #12)

What are major approaches to promote urbanization while protecting surface water quality?

Describe the functions of green infrastructure and wetland systems for surface water management in urban development

List known locations with significant salt water intrusion problem along the coastal rivers/streams in your country


Looking ahead to the next module….. • Case study: Systems approach to adapt water systems in

multiple threats from storm surge and sea level rise • Scoping of project topics

Project and case studies

Case Studies to illustrate specific water system stressors and adaptation considerations Research and data needs (Modules 1-6)

Adaptation Principles: Definition and application to different scenarios Assignment 1 (Module 7)

Region-specific applications

Hands-on exercises

Policy considerations: Examples of current policy frameworks. Opportunities and challenges for systematizing water system adaptation. Research and data needs for decision support Assignment 2 (Module 8)

Decision-support

Methods, models, and tools relevant to individual and combined effects from water system stressors Research and data needsAssignment 3 (Modules 9-14)

Course outcomes

Knowledge about water system stressors Adaptation principles Governance Strengths and limitations of models Research directions

water system adaptation to hydrological changes

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