water & the major minerals

8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals

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WATER & THE MAJORMINERALS

Water: The most indispensable nutrient in the body

The major minerals are present in large amounts in the body & areneeded by the body in large amounts

Their Recommended intakes are stated in milligrams & gramsCalciumPhosphorus

PotassiumSulphurSodiumChlorideMagnesium


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WATERA chemical substanceconsidered to be theessence of life.Chemical formula H2OTwo hydrogen atoms andan oxygen atom covalentlybondedExists in three forms solid,liquid and gas

It is tasteless, odorless


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WHAT ARE THE FOODSOURCES OF WATER?

y Water itself y Other beveragesy Nearly all food sources have water, for example:y Vegetables, fruits ( up to 90%)y Meats and cheeses (about 50%) etc,whether fresh or

dry, they have water.


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ROLE OF WATER IN THEBODY

y Carries nutrients and waste products around the body y Maintains structure of large molecules such as

proteins and glycogeny Solvent for the other nutrients: minerals, vitamins,

amino acids, glucose etc.y It helps in the regulation of normal body temperaturey It is needed for proper metabolism


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WATER ROLES CONT.y The body has to maintain a certain level of water in the

body so as to avoid dehydrationy Water helps remove toxins that our bodies take upfrom air, food and chemicals we use on our skins and

hairy It also increases blood pressure levels in the body y Maintains blood volumey Lubricant aroun joints anjd inside the eye


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WATER BALANCETHE BALANCE BETWEEN WATER INTAKE AND OUTPUT

Normally daily water loss = daily water intake (gain)Table 1: Water Balance

Water Sources Amount(ml)

WaterLosses

Amount(ml)

Liquids 550-1500 Kidneys(urine)

500-1400

Foods 700-1000 Skin (sweat) 450-900Metabolic water 200-300 Lungs

(breath)350

GI tract(faeces)

150

Total 1450-2800 Total 1450-2800


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BLOOD VOLUME &PRESSURE

y Water maintains blood volume which in turninfluences blood pressure

y An increase in blood volume increases blood pressureand vice versay Blood Pressure is regulated by kidneys. They secrete

the enzyme renin which activates the renin-

angiotensin-aldosterone pathway. Increased renincauses increase in blood pressure


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BLOOD VOLUME &PRESSURE CONT. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) & WATER RETENTION

ADH is a water-conserving hormone

Produced by the hypothalamus & released by the pituitary gland in response to dehydration or decreased bloodpressureStimulates kidneys to reabsorb waterCauses vasoconstriction, hence, increasing bloodpressure


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BLOOD VOLUME &PRESSURE CONT.RENIM & SODIUM RETENTIONy Juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys respond to low blood

pressure by releasing reniny In sequence, renin & angiotensin converting enzyme (A CE)act on their substrates to produce the active hormone

angiotensin 2y Angiotensin 2 stimulates secretion of aldosterone which

increases Na+ ions reabsorption & water by the kidneysy

Consequently total blood volume increases & so does bloodpressurey Angiotensin 2 raises blood pressure also by causing

vasoconstric tion


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FLUID & ELECTROLYTEBALANCE

An electrolyte is a salt that dissolves in water &dissociates into charged component particles (ions)

A balance of about two-thirds of body fluids insidecells (intracellular fluid) & about one-third outsidecells (extracellular cells) is vital for cells to liveFluid balance means that the required amounts of

water & solutes are present & are correctly proportioned among the various compartments


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FLUID & ELECROLYTEIMBALANCEResults from the deficiency or excess of the electrolytesTable 2: Blood Electrolyte Imbalances; Deficiency

E LECTRO LY TE N AME & C AUSE S SIGN S & SYPTO MSSodium (Na+) 136-148mEq/L

HyponatremiaDecreased Na intake,increased Na loss through vomiting, diarrhoea

Muscular weakness,dizziness, headache,mental confusion, coma

Chloride ( Cl-) 95-105mEq/L Hypochloremia

Excessive vomiting,overdehydratio, aldosteronedeficiency

Muscle spasms, shallow

respirations

Potassium (K+) 3.5-5.0mEq/L

HypokalemiaExcessive loss due to vomiting, decreased Kintake, kidney disease

Muscle Fatigue, increasedurine output


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FLUID & ELECROLYTEIMBALANCE CONT.

E LECTRO LY TE N AME & C AUSE S SIGN S & SYMPTO MSCalcium ( Ca+): 4.5-5.5mEq/L

HypocalcemiaducIncreased Ca loss, reducedCa intake

Numbness, tingling of fingures, musclecramps

Phosphate: 1.7-2.6 mEq/L HypophosphatemiaIncreased urinary loss,decreased intestinalabsorption

Numbness, tingling of fingures, musclecramps, chest & musclepain

Magnesium (Mg+): 1.3-2.1mEq/L

HypomagnesemiaInadequate intake, excessiveloss in urine & faeces

Weakness, irritability,nausea


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FLUID & ELECROLYTEIMBALANCE CONT.Table 2: Blood Electrolyte Imbalances; Excess

E LECTRO LY TE N AME & C AUSE S SIGN S & SYMPTO MS

Sodium (Na+) 136-148mEq/L

HypernatremiaDehydration, waterdeprivation, excessiveNa in diet orintravenous fluids

Intense thirst,hypertension, edema

Chloride ( Cl-) 95-105mEq/L HyperchloremiaDehydration, waterdeprivation, excessivechloride intake

Weakness, deepbreathing

Potassium (K+) 3.5-5.0mEq/L

HyperkalemiaExcessive K intake,renal failure

Irritability, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea


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FLUID & ELECROLYTEIMBALANCE CONT.Table 2: Blood Electrolyte Imbalances; ExcessE LECTRO LY TE N AME & C AUSE S SIGN S & SYMPTO MS

Calcium ( Ca+): 4.5-5.5mEq/L

HypercalcemiaExcessive intake of vitamin D

Weakness, nausea, vomiting, bone pain

Phosphate: 1.7-2.6mEq/L HyperphosphatemiaKidney failure to excrete

excess phosphate

Nausea, vomiting,muscular weakness

Magnesium (Mg+) : 1.3-2.1mEq/L

HypermagnesemiaRenal failure, increasedMg2+ intake

Muscular weakness,paralysis, nausea, vomiting


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ACID BALANCEMaintained by hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids , especially extracellular fluid

The normal pH of systemic arterial blood is 7.35-7.45pH homeostasis is maintained by buffer systems, viaexhalation of carbon dioxide, kidney excretion of hydrogen ion and reabsorption of bicarbonate ionThe important buffer systems include proteins,carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffers An increase in carbon dioxide exhalation increasesblood pH and a decrease in carbon dioxide exhalationlowers blood pH


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ACID BALANCECarbonic acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System

If there s excess H+, HCO3- reacts with it restoring

normal pH. The H2 CO3 dissociates into H2O & CO2and the CO2 is exhaled from the lungsH+ + HCO3- = H2CO3Hydrogen ion Bicarbonate ion Carbonic acid

(weak base)

If there s H+ shortage the H2 CO3 provides H+ as followsH2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-


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CALCIUMMineral element needed by the body for thefunctioning of the heart, muscles and nerves.

The most abundant mineral in the body


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ROLE IN THE BODYy Bone healthy Cardiovascascular healthy Muscle maintenancey Blood clottingy Nerve impulse transmissiony Muscle contractiony Enzyme regulation and membrane permeability


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FOOD SOURCESy Green leafy vegetables(brocolli)y Seafood(salmon)y Dairy products(milk, yoghurt, cheese, ice cream)y Calcium-fortified Orange juicey Cerealy Soy beveragesy bread


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FOOD SOURCES


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TOXICITY


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RECOMMENDED INTAKESy The intake of calcium is most dependent on the age and

gender.y

Age 19-50 yrs(1000mg)y Age 51-70 yrs(1300mg)y Age 70 and above yrs(1200mg)


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PHOSPHORUSTHE SECONDMOST ABUNDANTMINERAL IN THEBODY

WORKS HAND INHAND WITHCALCIUM

ABOUT 85 %FOUND BOUNDTO CALCIUM


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FOOD SOURCES


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FOOD SOURCES CONT.


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ABSORPT ION TRANSPORTy A CTIVE TRANSPORT


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ROLE IN THE BODYGrowth, maintenance and repair of cells and tissuesMineralization of bones and teeth, formation of tooth

enamel ATP productionPart of phospholipidsImportant in formation of genetic material-DNA Part of every cell


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DEFICIENCIESy Irregular breathingy Numbnessy Muscular weakness, Bone painy Speech problemsy Mental confusiony Retarded growth in childreny Poor formation of bones and teeth, can result in

fragile bones


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TOXICITYNo known toxicity but long-term excessive intake may result in inhibition of calcium absorption

Calcification of non skeletal tissues, particularly thekidneys


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RECOMMENDED INTAKES AGE GRO UP DAILY INT AKE (mg)

INFANTS 0-6 months 1007-12 months 275

CHILDREN 1-3 yrs 4602

4-8 yrs 5009-18 yrs 1250

ADULTS 700PREGNANT OR LA CTATING WOMEN


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HEALTH EFFECTS

y Excess binds to calcium forming deposits in tissueslike muscles


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POTASSIUMRole in the body

It maintains proper electrolyte balance and pH.

It is also responsible for muscle contraction and nervetransmission.It plays a role in the storage of carbohydrates for use by muscle as fuel


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FOOD SOURCESy mushroomsy spinachy broccoliy tomatoesy egg planty tunay squash


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FOOD SOURCES CONT.Sweet potatoes Yoghurt Tomatoes

Raisins Potatoes Beetroots


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ABSORPT ION TRANSPORTy Active Transport: Protein mediated movement up the

concentration gradienty

Facilitated Diffusion: Protein mediated movementdown the concentration gradient


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DEFICIENCIES Weak muscleIrregular heartbeat

FatigueKidney stonesIncrease in the blood pressureGlucose intolerance


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TOXICITYHigh intake of potassium salts or supplements may cause:

Muscular weaknessNausea VomitingDiarrhoeaHeart attackIrregular heart beat


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RECOMMENDED INTAKES Adequate Intake

Adults: 4700 mg/day


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SULPHURThe body s needs forsulphur in the humanbody is easily met by

variety of foods andbeverages.


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ROLE IN THE BODYy Part of proteinsy Stabilizes shapes of proteins by forming disulphide

bridgesy Part of vitamins biotin & thiaminy Part of the hormone insuliny To dissolve waste materialsy It helps keep the skin attractive, makes hair glossy and

responsible for the elasticity of nails


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FOOD SOURCESy Fishy Milky

Legumesy Nutsy Eggsy Radishesy

Carrotsy Cabbagey Cheesey Dried beans


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FOOD SOURCES CONT.


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DEFICIENCYy Imperfect development of hair and nails

There are sulphur creams and ointments that have beenremarkably successful in treating a variety of skinproblems.


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TOXICITYy Would occur only if sulphur-containing amino acids

were eaten in excess; this suppresses growth


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RECOMMENDED INTAKESThere is no dietary allowance, diet sufficient in protein

will generally be adequate in sulphur.


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SODIUMConsidered one of the bulk minerals.Present only in small quantities in most natural foods.

Excess dietary sodium is excreted in urine.


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ROLE IN THE BODYRegulates fluids and acid-base balance in the body.Involved in nerve transmission and muscle

contraction, including heart beat.Stimulate adrenal glands.Helps keep calcium and other mineral soluble in blood


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FOOD SOURCESTable saltSoy sauce

Large amounts in processed foods e.g. cheeseCanned & instant soupsModerate amount in meats, milks and vegetables


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FOOD SOURCES CONT.


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ABSORPT ION TRANSPORTy Active Transport: Protein mediated movement up the

concentration gradienty

Facilitated Diffusion: Protein mediated movementdown the concentration gradient


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DEFICIENCIESMostly sodium deficiency occurs when excessive heatcauses heavy perspiration, thus reducing body water andsodium to the extent that gross dehydration affects normal

activity patterns.Symptoms

y Weaknessy Muscle crampsy

Nauseay Mental apathy y Loss of appetitey Can lead to shock due to decreased blood pressure


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TOXICITYy Edemay Acute hypertension


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RECOMMENDED INTAKESINFANTS: 120mg/day ADULTS: 500mg/day

MAXIMUM REQUIREMENT: 2400-3000mg/day or 6-7.5g of table salt/day


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CHLORIDEy Major anion in extracellular fluids of the body y Chloride is one of the major mineral family y

It takes up about 0.15% of the body weight


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ROLE IN THE BODYy Chloride is a very important part of H Cl which is

secreted from parietal cells in the stomach lining forthe purpose of establishing a desirable pH in whichpepsin can function

y It helps in removing waste from the body y Reduce excess acid levelsy

Essential part of digestive juicesy Chloride acts as neutralizing agent since it works to

bring the acid and alkaline level back into balance


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FOOD SOURCESy Table salty Processed meaty

Canned vegetablesy Tomato based saucesy French friesy Olivesy Peanut butter


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ABSORPTIONy Chloride is absorbed by the intestine during food

digestiony

Passes through permeable membrane in and out of redblood cells allowing the maintenance of osmosisequilibrium

y It also passes through extracellular fluids and

intercellular fluids in the veinsy Any excess chloride is passed out of the body throughurine


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TRANSPORTPassive difffusion


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DIFICIENCIES & TOXICITYy Too little chloride can result in loss of fluids due to excessive

sweating, vomiting or diarrheay When chloride levels depreciate there might be low blood

pressurey There also will be loss of potassium via uriney Alkalosis is a dangerous condition that causes blood pH to

elevate and it can develop if acid levels drop. The carrier willexperience problems in breathing, swallowing, ability to controlmuscle function if not addressed

y

Too much salt results in the body retaining watery Can lead to hypertensiony Chloride has no known toxicity as excess chloride is excreted by

the body. However high levels can cause vomiting


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RECOMMENDED INTAKESDaily intakes0-6 months: 0.18 g/day

1-12 months: 0.57 g/day Ch ildren and adults1-3 yrs: 1.5 g/day 4-8 yrs: 1.9 g/day 9-50 yrs: 2.3 g/day and higher levels for pregnant women


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MAGESIUMy It is needed in the body and only about 1 ounce

(=28.3g) is present in a 130-pound (=60 Kg) person. Itsmostly found in the bones and some in the musclesand soft tissues. In the absence of calcium it alsoensures normal blood concentrations.


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ROLE IN THE BODYy Bone mineralizationy Protein buildingy Enzyme actiony Maitenance of functioning of immune systemy Catalyses the reaction that adds the last phosphate to

high-energy compound ATPy Works with calcium in muscle contraction, nerve

impuse transmission and blood clotting.y Maintains bone health, necessary for energy

metabolism.


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FOOD SOURCESpotatoescornflakescheddar cheese

flourbananapeanut buttersunflower seedstomato juice

tofuhalibutcashewsbroccolipinto beans


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DEFICIENCIESy Weaknessy If extreme - convulsion

- hallucinations- difficulty in swallowing

y In children, growth failure


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TOXICITYFrom nonfood sources

Diarrhoea

AlkalosisDehydration


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RECOMMENDED INTAKESRDA

y men (19-30): 400mg/day y

women (19-30): 310mg/day


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HEALTH EFFECTS

water & the major minerals

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