water today wastewater water use management
TRANSCRIPT
EditorNaina Shah
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Masthead
UNITING THE VIBRANT WORLD OF WATER - TO PROVIDE A PROACTIVE PLATFORM FOR THE WATER INDUSTRY TO CONVERGE AND WORK TOGETHER IN ACHIEVING SOLUTIONS TO GLOBAL WATER PROBLEMS.
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C O N T E N T S
Wastewater Management: The Importance of Recycling and
Reuse.......22To sustain reserves of the world’s most precious water
resource and prevent the potential wars in future, it’s important that wastewater treatment is accorded priority so
that this water can be recycled and reused, particularly by industry.
By Arun Lakhani
Potential of Wastewater Treatment in India..........28
The article discusses the urgent need to manage water resources and for active public participation in order to
address the concerns of depleting water resources. By Dr.Vijay Kaluskar
Eco-Logical Treatment of Water & Wastewater for Resource
Recovery...........38The article discusses BioSanitizer Ecochips as the ‘Nature’s
Own Technology’ that can help in total resource recovery, ‘Zero Discharge’ and value-addition. Read on…
By Dr. Uday Bhawalkar
Innovative Deployments of Traditional Wastewater Treatment
Systems...............42This article discusses the combination of long-used and well-
understood wastewater treatment systemsand components in new ways to treat waste cost-effectively
and efficiently, yielding valuable resources in the process. By Udi Leshem, Adi Avni & Max Finder
Anaerobic Process Issues & Mitigations.................50The article discusses the problems and solutions in the industrial wastewater treatment systems, particularly focusing on anaerobic systems.By Dinkar Saxena
Optimizing Performance in Industrial Wastewater Treatment.......54This article will illustrate how an integrated wastewater treatment system, with many different types of equipment working hand-in-hand; specifically metering and peristaltic (hose) pumps, and polymer make down systems - can be used in a straight-line treatment process.By Greg Kriebel & Ravi Prasad
Recycling of Sewage in Building Industry: Residential Complex and Township..................58This article discusses the need to consider water availability and sewage disposal before sanctioning the new township or complex by local authority or the town planning department with a unique case study.By Prof. Rajendrakumar V. Saraf
Masthead ....................................4
Water Wire.................................10
Launch Pad................................14
Event Zone.................................16
Product Zone.............................20
Editorial Calendar.....................101
Subscription Form....................102
Classifieds...........................103
Ad.Index................................105
Editor’s Note.............................106
RE
GU
LA
RS
Efficient Treatment & Recycling of
Wastewater..........76By Sanjay Aggarwal
Wastewater - Water Use Management Why and
How to Recycle and Reuse Wastewater..........72
This article discusses a variety of considerations ofwhy and how industry should recycle and reuse
wastewater. Read on… By Daniel L. Theobald
Water Recycling Facility in Yarra Park...82
By Iouri Vaisman
River Pollution: A Spin-Off of Human Development
Major Causes and Remedial Measures........................84
By Grace M.R., Pankaj Dhaka, Deepthi Vijay and Jay Prakash Yadav
Successful Commissioning of 3S Bio-STP with 100% Recycling of Treated Water...........................96By Sagar Dumbre
High-Performance Biofilm Carrier Used in Municipal Wastewater Treatment....98By Multi Umwelttechnologie AG
C O N T E N T S
Wastewater - Water Use ManagementWhy and How to Recycle and Reuse Wastewater
By Daniel L. Theobald
This is second in a series of Back to Fundamentals section on water & wastewater industry. This article is intended to include a variety of considerations of why and how industry should recycle and reuse wastewater. This generic presentation
utilizes my extended number of years of experience recycling and reusing wastewater based on information below:
Presentation Details
• Why Recycle and Reuse Wastewater • How Industry can Recycle and Reuse Wastewater • Conclusion
Why Recycle and Reuse Wastewater
Water is a precious commodity that was once available almost free of cost. However, times have changed, and today water is free for neither people in society nor for industry. In fact, for industry, the cost of water has risen to such a level that it is now considered the same as for any other raw material used in the industry.
Water fulfills several roles and functions in all types of industries. Almost all the water used in industries ends up as industrial wastewater. Release of this industrial wastewater into the environment creates a significant footprint and may also create various other hazards. This is especially true for chemical and allied process industries. It is therefore imperative that every effort is made to reduce water usage and to treat wastewater to make it reusable or at least safer to discharge into the environment.
Of the total available water on earth, 97.5% is salty and is not usable as such; of the remaining 2.5% of fresh water, only a marginal part, ~1%, is available for human consumption. Since 1950, the world population has doubled, and water consumption has increased sixfold; industrial consumption has also grown rapidly. To a great extent, recently, parts of the world have already started feeling the “water crunch.” A recent UN report indicates that by 2025, two-thirds of the population of the world could face water stress. The scarcity of water could be in the form of physical scarcity, where water availability is limited and demands are
This is second in a series of Back to Fundamentals section on water
& wastewater industry. This
article is intended to include a variety of considerations of why and how industry should
recycle and reuse wastewater.
This article discusses a variety of considerations of why and how industry should recycle and reuse wastewater. Read on…
72 Water Today l October 2015
not met, or it could be in the form of economic scarcity, where although water is available, there are no means/infrastructure to provide water of the quantity and quality needed.
As far as the global water scenario is concerned, as a whole, there may not be water scarcity. However, since the distribution of water across the globe is not uniform, parts of world are increasingly facing water scarcity. It is believed that the total wastewater—combining sewage, industrial, and agricultural—discharged globally is tens of millions of cubic meters per day. It is also believed that a significant portion of all wastewater in developing countries is discharged untreated, resulting in large pollution of rivers and other water bodies, consequently endangering living species including the surrounding population dependent on these water sources. Because India is a developing country, its industrial development is rapid. India is also an agriculture-based country. Both these aspects require increased water consumption, and with increasing population, India is poised to become water stressed by 2020, according to a recent report in 2011.
While developed countries consume much less water for agriculture, of the order of just 30% of the total, developing countries such as India consume water for agriculture at a rate of approximately75%. Certain areas of India use =>80% water for irrigation. This is mainly because these areas produce the most water-intensive crops, accounting for approximately 70% of total crops in India. Further, although the industrial sector in developing countries consumes close to 10% of the water, for India, according to a recent survey in 2007, the present industrial water consumption accounts for approximately 6%, which will increase to approximately 8.5% in 2025 and > 10% in 2050. Thus, in India, the major water consuming sector, as of today and in the near future, is the agricultural sector.
It is believed that the production of most water-consuming crops, such as sugar cane, will increase by approximately 80% from 2000 to 2050 (water-intensive crops such as sugar cane, rice, and food grains constituted approximately 90% of India’s crop output in 2008. In a way, this can be advantageous for water recycling and reuse because treated wastewater can be made suitable for agricultural use. It is quite evident that the availability of both surface water and groundwater is declining, and industries have to look for alternative sources of water supply if they are not self-sufficient through water recycling and reuse. The most water-
polluting industries have to be managed through environmental pollution control measures.
These industries also represent industry sectors where a strategy for wastewater treatment, recycling, and reuse is most crucial; these industries include the following: Cement Mills, Sugar, Thermal power plants, Distilleries, Fertilizers, Petroleum/Petrochemicals, Mining industry, integrated iron and steel, Pulp and high-quality paper, Tanneries, Pharmaceuticals, Dye and dye intermediates/textiles and Pesticides.
How Industry can Recycle and Reuse Wastewater
We all may be familiar with today’s technology of ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis to recycle and reuse wastewater, however strive to advance technology of the future such as the following:Wastewater treatment is conventionally considered as a non-productive operation that only eats into profit and adds to the stress of meeting statutory regulations. Yet, generating energy from wastewaters, which is not new to present day operations, provides an arena for developing profit-making schemes related to industrial wastewater treatment.
New generation technologies such as microbial fuel cells can be developed in the future to extract electricity from wastewaters. Apart from effectively treating the effluent, these developments can transform “energy consuming wastewater treatment processes” to “energy producing wastewater treatment processes.” This option has the potential to overtake conventional anaerobic processes that produce methane for energy.
In the future such options will receive increased attention worldwide, as communities attempt to modify or even replace existing biological treatment methodologies and to develop a more “energy-environment sustainable” platform for industrial wastewater treatment, recycling, and reuse.
Wastewater treatment can also generate added value through the recovery of important materials and chemicals, or even the water itself in water stressed regions. However, significant efforts are still required to improve the process efficiencies and to develop newer separation options for recovery and reuse. For example, newer separation technologies can be developed for recovering phosphorus, phosphates, acids, metals, and other substances from wastewaters. “Smart” or “intelligent” materials will one day have the capacity to identify and target valuable or toxic
Water Today l October 2015 73
pollutants, recovering, removing, or destroying these chemicals in an effective and efficient manner.
In addition, the wastewater treatment field will likely dominate coupled operations, using enzymes; immobilized resins and adsorbents; extracting impregnated adsorbents, resins, and membranes; or facilitated transport mechanisms for targeted species. In a broader sense, wastewater treatment involves dilute separations, and, as a consequence, it requires specific inputs and adaptations based on the conventional separation process approach.
Naturally, the chemistry of the materials removed and the materials used for the removal is crucial, and our understanding of this chemistry must grow and improve as newer material are being processed or explored. Such developments demand updates to the physical and chemical properties databases, increased understanding of chemical interactions for effective removal, mathematical models for new processes or better prediction of process performance, and better mathematical tools and process optimization software that are easy to adapt and understood for treatment operations. The analysis of dilute solutions with respect to priority pollutants is especially important, and treatment plants will increasingly demand on-line sensors that can provide data in real time. A number of new technologies are emerging with the aim of refurbishing present day wastewater treatment, and these technologies should become the main focus of the industry in the near future.
The newer variations of the treatment processes include electro deposition, electro-flotation, electro-coagulation, cavigulation (coagulation plus cavitation), electro-oxidation, hybrid membranes, newer bioprocesses involving microorganisms that can “eat” specific pollutants, and algae-based wastewater treatments. While advanced oxidation processes often concentrate on Fenton oxidation, catalytic oxidation using different catalysts, or photo-oxidation, developments will also occur in new areas such as supercritical water oxidation and the application of nano-catalysts. Extractive membrane bioreactors are also likely to see further development. The current established treatment methodologies, such as adsorption and ion exchange, will also change and improve through reactive adsorption and similar operations.
Apart from newer forms of processes, the industry will also experience the future development of novel reactors, reactor configurations, and devices that operate with improved efficiency and reduced cost (capital and operating). This development is indicated by new terminologies such as anaerobic membrane
bioreactor (AnMBR), enhanced membrane bioreactor (EMBR), anaerobic migrating blanket reactor (AMBR), membrane biofilm reactor, and sequencing batch bio-filter granular reactor (SBBGR).
In the future, there will be an increased demand for newer materials, methods, and sensors that can be used online for accurate and reliable effluent characterization, along with process control, to eliminate fluctuations in effluent quality and character. Such sensors can track quality and variations through the measurement of physical, chemical, or biological parameters. This kind of measurement can be quite complicated, requiring various devices for variety of parameters and pollutants.Also, the measurement system needs to be developed at an affordable cost.
Apart from conventional measurements, such as pH, dissolved oxygen, and COD, real time measurement and process control measures are required for solids, ammonia, nitrates, phosphates, microorganisms, pathogens, and toxins in wastewaters. Wireless sensors, which are mainly battery driven, can provide new opportunities for cheap and easy installations without wiring, and several such sensors can improve plant performance.
Conclusion
Looking at the current pace of technological developments, it is futile to speculate on what the future holds. However these trends are likely to follow:
•Developments based on utilization of living species
•Satellite monitoring, wireless sensing, and BIG data
•Public–private partnerships
•Start-up companies
•Collaboration and joint research programs
So hopefully you are ready to Begin now to: Manage Water Use by Recycling and Reusing However; beforehand or in the process, feel free to reach out to me with your Wastewater Recycling and Reusing or any other Wastewater questions.
Daniel L. Theobald is “Wastewater Dan,” proprietor of Environmental Services. He is a professional wastewater and safety consultant/trainer with more than 24 years
of hands-on industry experience operating many variants of wastewater treatment processing units and is eager to share with others his knowledge about water conservation. Wastewater Dan can be reached at [email protected]
About the Author
74 Water Today l October 2015