water treatment strategies for drinking and wastewater treatment pres 2018.pdf · water treatment...
TRANSCRIPT
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Water Treatment Strategies for Drinking and Wastewater
CHEMISTRY 301
DWT = drinking water treatment– safe for human consumption ‘potable water’
WWT = wastewater treatment – minimize impact on environment(e.g., municipal, stormwater, agricultural, industrial, mining)
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Strategies ?
Type/amount of contaminant (source) & end-use dependent
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Removal or Destruction ?
Processes
Physical (e.g., filtration, co-agulation & floculation, adsorption)
Chemical (e.g., precipitation, oxidation, ion-exchange)
Biological (aerobic = oxidation e.g., {CH2O} CO2, NH4+ NO3
-
anaerobic = reduction e.g., NO3- N2)
Elements can only be removed (isolated and physically separated)
Organic cmpds can be removed or destroyed (mineralized = CO2 + H2O)
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Natural Purification Processes provided by the Water Cycle and Watersheds
• Evaporation/condensation(distillation)
• Percolation through soil, sand and rock (filtration)
• Sedimentation (coagulation)
• Photochemical and Biodegradation (oxidation)
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Drinking Water Treatments
Microbes/pathogens [Ox] = Cl2, O3, ClO2, UV/HO.
Toxic metals Reverse Osmosis, nano-filtration, Ion-exchange
(Pb, Hg, Cd, As)
Toxic organics [Ox], AOPs, charcoal, nano-filtration
(pesticides, POPs, PPCPs, DBPs)
Nuisance organics [Ox], AOPs, charcoal, nano-filtration
(humics, surfactants)
Nuisance in-organics Ion-exchange ‘softening’, air oxidation
(Ca2+,Fe2+,Mn2+)
Concerns Treatments
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Approaches to DWT
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Drinking Water Treatment PlantsSurface Waters
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Nanaimo DWTP – South Forks Road
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https://www.nanaimo.ca/city-services/water-sewage/water-supply-and-treatment/water-treatment-plant
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GroundwatersAeration
(for high Fe/Mn mineral content)
pe – pH Manganesse and Iron
GWpe
GWpe
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‘Hard Water’(Calcium removal)
Calcite scale (esp. hot water heaters and boilers)
CaCO3(s) + CO2(aq) + H2O === Ca2+(aq) + 2 HCO3-(aq)
Calcium stearate ‘soap scum’
Ca2+ + C17H35CO2- (C17H35CO2)2Ca(s)
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Ion-exchange Softening(Calcium removal)
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De-ionization(ion-exchange)
Cations exchanged with H+
Anions exchanged with OH-
H+ + OH- H2O
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De-salination(electrodialysis)
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Reverse Osmosis
Semi-permeable membrane –Hydrophilic with molecular layers of adsorbed H2O
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Reverse Osmosis
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Filtration
0.45 um0.1 um
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Dis-infection
Cl2, ClO2, O3, UV (OH.)
Dis-infection by-products (DBPs)
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Drinking Water Treatment Facility(Statoil Leismer Lodge, Alberta)
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Filtration and Ion-exchange(suspended particles and As)
On-line turbidity metersIon-exchange for As removal
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Dis-infection(Chlorination)
On-line Cl2 monitorCl2 injectors
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Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Oxygen Demand Settling, Aeration
(BOD, COD)
Nutrient Loading – eutrophication Biological for N – Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter
(NH4+, NO3
-, PO43-) Chemical for P – precipitation, flocculation
Microbes/pathogens [Ox] = Cl2, O3, ClO2, UV/HO.
Toxic metals RO, nano-filtration, Ion-exchange
(Pb, Hg, Cd, As)
Toxic organics [Ox] - AOPs, adsorption ‘activated carbon’
(pesticides, POPs, PPCPs)
Concerns Treatments
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WWT Effluent Limits(Environment Canada)
5 day Biochemical Oxygen Demand 20 mg/L
Suspended Solids 25 mg/L
Fecal Coliforms (MF method) 400 per 100 mL (after disinfection)
Chlorine Residual 0.50 mg/L minimum
after 30 minutes contact time
1.00 mg/L maximum
pH 6 to 9
Phenols 20 µg/L
Oils & Greases 15 mg/L
Phosphorous (Total P.) 1.0 mg/L
Temperature not to alter the ambient water temperature
by more than 1°C
Source: http://www.ec.gc.ca/etad/default.asp?lang=En&n=023194F5-11
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Wastewater Treatment Plants(near you)
Source: http://www.rdn.bc.ca/cms.asp?wpID=1168
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Wastewater Treatment Schematic
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French Creek WWTP
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Biological Treatments for N removal
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Biological Treatments for N removal
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Chemical Treatments for P removal
Lime – Ca(OH)2
Ca2+ + PO43- Ca3(PO4)2(s) Ksp ~ 10-33
Alum – Al2(SO4)3
Al3+ + PO43- AlPO4(s) Ksp ~ 10-20
Ferric Chloride – FeCl3Fe3+ + PO4
3- FePO4(s) Ksp ~ 10-22
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Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
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ASA and metabolites in WWTInfluent
conc(ug/L)
Effluent conc
(ug/L)
Influent load
(g/day)
Effluent load
(g/day)
Percent removal
Acetylsalicylicacid (ASA)
3 0.6 180 34 80
Salicylic acid 60 0.05 3100 3 99
Gentisic acid 5 < 0.1 250 < 5 > 98
Mean flow rate: 55,000 m3/day, sludge age: ~ 8 days
adapted from Environ. Sci. & Technol., (2004), 38, 393A-399A.
Rate decomposition of micro-pollutant in WWT = kdec x SS x [P]
where;kdec is psuedo-first order rate constant for decompositionSS is the concentration of suspended solids in g/L[P] is the concentration of micro-pollutant
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Recent Publications on Treatment/Removal of PPCPs
Elimination of Organic Micropollutants in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Upgraded with a Full-Scale Post-Ozonation Followed by Sand Filtration, Juliane Hollender et al., Environmental Science & Technology (2009) 43, 7862-7869.
Adsorption of Sulfonamide Antibiotics to Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes, Liangliang Ji et al., Langmuir (2009) 25, 11608-11613.
Uptake of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products by Soybean Plants from Soils Applied with Biosolids and Irrigated with Contaminated Water, Chenxi Wu et al., Environmental Science & Technology, (2010) 44, 6157-6161.
Adsorption of Pharmaceutical Antibiotics on Template-Synthesized Ordered Micro- and Mesoporous Carbons, Liangliang Ji et al., Environmental Science & Technology (2010) 44, 3116-3122.
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Acid Mine Drainage
Low pH base (NaOH, CaCO3)
- pH ~2 - 3
Dissolved metals ‘cementation’ & ‘lime’
-Fe2+/Fe3+
-Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Sn2+
Concerns Treatments
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Acid Mine Drainage ‘Yellowboy’
pe – pH Iron
AMDLow pH
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‘Cementation’
Sacrificial Redox Chemistry
Cu2+ + Fe(s) Cu(s) + Fe2+
Fe2+ + 2 e- Fe(s) Eo = - 0.44 V
Cu2+ + 2 e- Cu(s) Eo = 0.34 V
E = Eo - 2.3 RT/nF log Q, where Q = {Fe2+}/{Cu2+}
Eo = 0.78 V
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Lime Treatment
Ca(OH)2(s)/H2O slurry[Ca2+]
[OH-]
Precipitation of metal hydroxides
metal hydroxides M(OH)n(s) Zn(OH)2, Fe(OH)3
hydrous oxides MO(OH)(s) FeO(OH)
oxides MO(s) ZnO, Fe2O3
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Metal Hydroxide Solubility (pH dependence)
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Britannia Mine (Howe Sound, BC)
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Historic Britannia
2200’ Portal (ca. 1995) Britannia Creek (ca. 1995)
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Britannia Mine SiteCementation Cu Launders
Cu2+ + Fe(s) Cu(s) + Fe2+
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Storm-water, Agricultural and Urban Run-off
Constructed wetlands
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Phyto-remediationPlants to sequester and concentrate pollutants
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What ?
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Summary of Processes and Glossary of Terms
DWTFiltration, Aeration, Disinfection
Dissolved solidsHard water softeningDeionization Electro-dialysisReverse Osmosis
DisinfectionChlorine, Ozone, UV radiation
Micro-pollutantsAdvanced Oxidation ProcessesNano-filtrationActivated Carbon
WWT
Disinfection (Cl2, UV, O3)
Advanced Oxidation
Activated Carbon
Biological N removal
Chemical P removal
Cementation
Phytoremediation
Lime treatment
coagulation, flocculation, lime, alummineralization, ion-exchange
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