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www.civilrightsdefenders.orgCover photo: Collage compiled by Emilie Holmstrand. Photographers, front cover, from the left: 1) JOaNNa KuROSz 2) VeSNa PaVLOVIC 3) CIVIL RIGHTS DeFeNDeRS 4) aLexaNDeR MINaTSaKa-NyaN 5) CIVIL RIGHTS DeFeNDeRS 6) OSa aRCHIVuM, BuDaPeST Hu OSa 318-0-10 OSa 7) CIVIL RIGHTS DeFeNDeRS 8) NINKe LIeBeRT 9) BeLGRaD PRIDe 10) VeSNa PaVLOVIC 11) OSa aRCHIVuM, BuDaPeST Hu OSa 318-0-10 12) CIVIL RIGHTS DeFeNDeRS 13) TIRaNa LeGaL aID SOCIeTy 14) CIVIL RIGHTS DeFeNDeRS 15) NINKe LIeBeRT 16) CIVIL RIGHTS DeFeNDeRS 17) JOaNNa KuROSz 18) CIVIL RIGHTS DeFeN-DeRS Back cover, from the left: 1) TINa axeLSSON 2) NINKe LIeBeRT 3) aNDRIJ MOTJuRaD 4) NINKe LIeBeRT 5) CIVIL RIGHTS DeFeNDeRS 6) JuLIa BJöRNe/ GLOBaL RePORTING

Print: aMO-tryck, Stockholm, 2012

Copyright © 2012: Civil Rights Defenders

ISBN: 978-91-980311-2-6

Become a human rights defenderSupport our work: www.civilrightsdefenders.org/support-us/

Robert HårdhExecutive Director, Civil Rights Defenders

Sweden’s international human rights organisationWe are reminded daily that human rights are not a foregone conclusion, even in democracies. For more than a quarter of a century, we have defen-ded people’s civil and political rights and empowered human rights defen-ders in Sweden and the rest of the world. But much remains to be done.

Working with human rights defenders in the Western Balkans and Eastern Europe, we have achieved fantastic results, first as the Swedish Helsinki Committee for Human Rights and sub-sequently, from autumn 2009, as Civil Rights Defenders.

What distinguishes us from others is that, as an independent human rights organisation, we monitor policy-

makers and demand justice when human rights are violated, while also strengthening our partners by esta-blishing long-term collaboration. We fight together.

For us it is a matter of course to work for human rights in our own coun-try too – we are unique in this regard. We believe that Sweden, like other countries, needs a strong civil society that scrutinises its authorities in order to continue to develop in a positive direction.

In recent years, we have expanded our operations internationally to in-clude regions where the human rights situation is most difficult. We also continue to develop our partnerships with local human rights defenders and deepen our support to those who are particularly at risk.

To succeed, we need your help. Join us and become a human rights defender by giving us your moral and financial support. Together we can ac-complish much more.

Many thanks to all of you who make our work possible!

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1989: The Helsinki Com-mittees in the east and in west demand the release of political prisoners. Lech Walesa of the Polish trade union Solidarity is an early prominent figure.

DEMANDS

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1975 The Helsinki agreement, the Final act of the Conference on Security and Coope-ration in europe, is signed in Finland after years of tough negotiations. Citizens all

over europe and the united States join together to monitor their own government’s respect for human rights. The Helsinki family grows to encompass over 40 organisations.

In 1976 the Moscow Hel-sinki Group is formed to monitor Soviet compliance with the Helsinki accords.

SAFETY

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1982 The Swedish Helsinki Com-mittee is established for the

purpose of supporting persecuted human rights activists behind the iron curtain.

In 1988 the International Helsinki Federation visits the Soviets. Reiulf Steen, Norway, andrei Sakharov, Soviet union, and Frantisek Janouch, Sweden, parti-cipate.

IRON CURTAIN

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In the Balkans threats are constantly present. ”Get out, you sect bastards” it says on the Serbian Helsin-ki Committee’s staircase.

THREATS

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SGerald Nagler in a debate with Serbian cultural perso-nality Borka Pavicevic and Kosovo-albanian politician adem Demaci.

DIALOGUE

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2009 The organisation changes its name to Civil Rights Defen-

ders. The focus on political and civil rights remains but the geographical mandate is extended to cover the whole world.

2012 Civil Rights Defenders looks back on 30 years of work that

have produced many successes and concrete results. Looking ahead, the hard work is expected to continue.

Zhanna Litvina, Chairman of the Belarusian associa-tion of Journalists, defends media under strong pressure in Belarus.

MEDIA

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30 years ofhuman rights work

1994 after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the start of the yugoslav

wars, the organisation addresses the chal-lenges in the Balkans. The need for a local presence increases and we open our first field office in the region in 2000.

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Yuri Orlov, one of the Moscow Helsinki Group’s founders, was sent to a labour camp near Perm in the Soviet Union.

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A movement growsDuring the Cold War, an agreement was signed in Helsinki in 1975. This inspired citizens across Europe and the United States to join together in non-governmental organisations to monitor their own government’s respect for human rights.

In the early 1970s, the eastern and western powers had still not agreed on a peace treaty after the Second World War. A series of conferences on security and cooperation in Europe began, and after several years of tough negotiations, an agreement was signed in Helsinki in 1975.

The Helsinki Final Act expressly states that respect for hu-man rights is a a pre-requisite for peace and friendly relations between states. A total of 35 European states, all except Albania, and the United States and Canada agreed on the final wording.

”Many diplomats and politicians in the west were sceptical,” remembers Gerald Nagler, founder of the Swe-dish Helsinki Committee, which later became Civil Rights Defenders. ”They rightly doubted whether the Soviet Union and other states behind the iron curtain would respect the agreement.

Human rights violations monitoredThe year after the Helsinki confe-rence, the Moscow Helsinki Group was established. Twelve men and women undertook the task of reporting on

the Soviet Union’s violation of human rights. They now had the support of an international document, which the Soviet Union pledged to follow. The

reports spread to all the states which had put their name to the document, including the Soviet Union itself.

Although the mem-bers were persecuted, imprisoned and sent

into exile or to Siberia, people all over the world were inspired to start their own Helsinki groups.

The initiative spreads Over the next few years, national Helsinki Committees were formed in most Warsaw Pact countries. Poland’s human rights defenders joined forces in what would later come to be known as Solidarity while in Czechoslovakia, the famous Charter 77 was formed. Helsinki Watch (later Human Rights Watch) was the US member of the Helsinki family. Together they worked for human rights in the international arena.

” ”Respect for human

rights is a pre-requisite for peace

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Gerald Nagler, founder of the Swedish Helsinki Committee, (standing) became the first Secretary General of the International Helsinki Federation (IHF). Here at a press conference in Czechoslovakia in 1988.

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The Swedish Helsinki Committee was established for the purpose of supporting human rights activists at risk behind the iron curtain. The fight, which was pursued jointly in the Inter-national Helsinki Federation, produ-ced results and the geographic map of our human rights work was redrawn.

The main purpose of the Swedish Helsinki Committee for Human Rights, established in Stock-holm in 1982, was to support human rights defenders at risk be-hind the Iron Curtain, to raise awareness of their persecution and to demand that those who were imprisoned be released and their rights respected.

The International Helsinki Federa-tion was founded in the same year. The purpose of the umbrella organisation was to coordinate opinion work and

support cooperation between the east and west committees.

Raising awareness of atrocitiesLarge-scale opinion initiatives now got underway. Sweden’s non-alignment policy meant that representatives of the former Swedish Helsinki Commit-tee found it relatively easy to obtain a visa to the Soviet Union and other eastern countries. The organisation’s

representatives, ac-companied by Swedish parliamentarians, lawyers and prominent scientists, made regu-lar visits to the eastern countries in order to work for change on a

broad front.After each trip, they organised

press conferences and wrote sta-tements about the situation. And there was huge interest. The Swedish Helsinki Committee was supported

Supporting activists

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People could no longer shut their eyes to what was

happening behind the iron curtain

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by Sweden’s political, cultural and scientific personalities. The rest of the world could no longer shut its eyes to what was happening behind the iron curtain.

Political reforms in the SovietThe concerted efforts of the Hel-sinki committees in the east and west began to produce results. The Soviet Union’s violation of human rights was now featuring increasingly in the Euro-pean and US press.

This is confirmed by Ludmilla Alexeyeva, the Moscow Helsinki Group representative in the USA at that time, in her book entitled The Thaw Genera-tion. It became increasingly difficult for the Soviet Union to maintain good relations with the western powers

without improving its behaviour in the human rights area.

Daniel C Thomas argues in the ar-ticle “Human Rights Ideas, the Demise of Communism, and the End of the Cold War” (Journal of Cold War Studies Vol 7, No 2, spring 2005) that increased awareness of human rights was instru-mental in getting people like Mikhail Gorbachev interested in political re-form. This led to an escalating reform of the Soviet system and gradually to the collapse of one-party rule.

The map is redrawnThe fall of the Berlin Wall and the dis-solution of the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s prompted us to begin work in the Western Balkans, which became large-scale.

Fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989. Since 13 August 1961, the wall had prevented citizens from the east from escaping to the west. Several people lost their lives in attempts to get over the wall.

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Our initiatives have given hundreds of thousands of people in the former yugoslavia access to free legal aid. In 2010, Saban and arifa Rizvanovic obtai-ned redress and were paid damages by the Monte-negrin state for the torture to which yugoslav soldiers subjected them in 1993.

The photo exhibition Our rights, made in collaboration with elisabeth Ohlson Wallin, has been touring Sweden and the Balkans since 2009 and has been seen by thou-sands of people. Knowledge of our human rights is the first step towards getting them respected.

In Montenegro, Serbia and albania, we have contributed to the adop-tion of comprehensive anti-discrimination laws. We have also contributed to legislation on legal aid in Macedonia and albania. Work to ensure compliance with the laws is now in progress.

LEGAL AID

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Our work leads to change

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Our partner Coming Out is the first organisation for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people regis-tered in Russia. They no longer need to work hidden from the authorities. We help to ensure that several Pride festivals can be car-ried out around the world.

CASES

LGBT

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We draw attention to op-pression against journalists and fight to ensure they are able to carry out their job of scrutinising those in power. In 2009, our partner european Radio for Belarus received official accredita-tion in Belarus – a victory for freedom of expression.

For several years we have organised a Moot Court in the Western Balkans, to allow law students to con-duct fictitious cases relating to human rights violations and in doing so learn the procedures of the European Court. In many countries there is a lack of human rights lawyers.

In more than a hundred cases which we and Rus-sian Justice Initiative have pursued, the European Court of Human Rights has ordered Russia to pay compensation to victims of human rights abuses committed in the North Caucasus.

FREE MEDIA

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Our work leads to change

Thanks to our work, thousands of Roma in the Western Balkans have been registered and received identity do-cuments. This means that they can now vote in general elections and have access to schools, health care and social security. This picture is from our partner, Tirana Legal Aid Society, in Albania.

Each year we gather hu-man rights defenders from the North Caucasus in a location that is safe for them, in order to discuss the human rights situation in the region, how their own safety can be impro-ved and joint strategies for reaching out to policy-makers in Europe.

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Rights in conflict

Teuta, the first women’s magazine in Kosovo, mixed seriousness and depth with lighter reportage and therefore became an important source of informa-tion for many of the province’s women.

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By strengthening the media and using culture as a tool, we have challenged people’s prejudices and fears, both while war is raging and during the difficult post-war years. An important part of our work is still about obtaining redress for the crimes committed.

Our work in the Balkans in the 1990s was primarily aimed at supporting the good forces that existed and creating conditions for more independent sour-ces of information that could balance the official line. The state-controlled media were used in all the Yugoslavian republics as part of the war strategy to whip up hatred against ethnic groups.

Professional and independent media play an essential role in democratic development. Some of the media we worked with from the start, the TV

station ATV (Bosnia-Herzegovina), the newspapers Dani (Bosnia-Herzegovi-na), Danas (Serbia) and Vijesti (Mon-tenegro) and the news agency Beta (Serbia), developed into strong voices in their countries.

Our cooperation with cultural orga-nisations like the Centre for Cultural Decontamination and Rex Cultural Centre in Belgrade, Serbia, was aimed at using media such as film, theatre and books to question ingrained ideas and stimulate debate on the human values which are easily forgotten, par-ticularly in conflict situations.

Access to legal aidLegal aid is something the state should provide. With this in mind, we have joined our partners in preparing a draft bill governing the state’s responsibi-lity to offer free legal aid. In several countries in the Western Balkans, we have engaged in advocacy to get draft legislation adopted by parliament.

But when the state has been lacking, we have gone in. Civil Rights Defen-ders has worked with – and in some cases helped to establish – organi-sations which have offered free legal aid to people whose rights were being violated. We initiated and developed the Committees for Human Rights in Serbia network with offices in six cities in Serbia.

In Montenegro we launched the Legal Aid Centre, the first organisation to offer free legal aid to victims of tor-ture, discrimination and other abusive treatment. Our partner Vasa Prava, with legal aid offices at 16 locations in

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Civil Rights Defenders’ exhibition Our Rights was shown at the opening of Bosnia’s only film festival with a focus on Human Rights on 9 January 2011. Pravo Ljudski is held annually for the purpose of educating students and young professionals on human rights. The festival is also a forum for discussing human rights abuses of the past.

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Bosnia-Herzegovina, was helping tens of thousands of people every year.

For many years, we worked with the Dalmatian Solidarity Committee and the Croatian Helsinki Committee to offer support and help for returning Serbs who had fled the war in Croatia.

Unique legal casesGetting legislation adopted is only the first step. Our monitoring of practical adherence to laws has been important and has produced concrete results in a short time.

We and our partners have won a number of unique cases, including rulings against the security and intelli-gence agencies in Serbia and Monte-negro, which were obliged to surren-der information that was previously classified.

This type of input, namely scrutini-sing and holding authorities accounta-

ble, is of key importance to a country’s rule of law.

The importance of proximityWe realised that we needed to have a local presence, close to the victims and our local partners, in order to be most effective. In 2000, we opened our first field office in the Western Balkans, in Serbia’s capital Belgrade. This has strengthened relationships with our partner organisations and helped to make them perceive us as a true partner in the fight for human rights, rather than an aid organisation. ”We fight together” was a recurring ph-rase from our partners when they were asked to describe the relationship with us during an evaluation by Sida in 2010.

The proximity also means that we drive development forward together.

This may involve writing letters and lobbying policy-makers, drawing up legislative propo-sals, running campaigns or organising events. Because our partners know they have a strong international organi-sation behind them,

they are more daring. The authorities are not as quick to harass them if they know the eyes of the world are on them, even if the protection is not absolute.

Another important role relates to the unifying factor. Civil Rights Defenders stands outside any internal power struggles and is therefore more easily able to take a leading role in coalitions and networks, as we are not perceived as a competitor but a strategically important partner.

””

We have used culture to challenge

people’s fear and prejudices

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Equality is essential

As one of the first human rights organisations, we began to work for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights in the Western Balkans in the early 2000s. We convinced our partners that LGBT rights were the same human rights that cover all of us and that we must fight together, for each other’s rights, in order to achieve success. Since then, we have established partnerships with LGBT organisations in most of the countries where we operate. We provide training, organisational development, support for information campaigns and events. In Serbia and Moldova, we and our partners organise Pride festivals. In Russia, we were involved in the establishment of the first nationwide network of LGBT organisations. The picture shows a demonstration against LGBT people in Moldova in 2010.

Our anti-discrimination initiatives in-clude providing vulnerable groups with training on their rights, strengthening the work of civil society and engaging in advocacy to change attitudes.

What characterises a vulnerable group – ethnicity, physical or psychosocial disabilities, sexual orientation and sexual identity – differs, but they all have one thing in common: they are denied their basic rights. There are many types of prejudices and the hat-red often finds violent expression. For many people, their own family’s shame can be the heaviest burden to bear.

Invisible barriersThe cause of discrimination is some-times hidden under the surface, built into the system. We try to find it by getting countries to adopt comprehen-sive anti-discrimination legislation. In

several of the countries in the Balkans we have managed to achieve this.

An important caseIn March 2010, Russia was ordered to pay a man with a mental disability record compensation of EUR 25,000 for having been detained in a psychia-tric hospital for over six months. The European Court found that Russia had violated several provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights. Never before had such a large amount of compensation been awar-ded in a case concerning the rights of people with disabilities.

The case, which was pursued in col-laboration with the Mental Disability Advocacy Center, has contributed to a change to the rules on institutiona-lisation of people with disabilities in Russia.

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Daniel Franklert Murne needed care but the police intervention went wrong and he died. We identified a number of structural weak-nesses in the police which must be addressed in order to prevent something similar from happening again.

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Cleaning our own backyardInvestigating how our own country fulfils its undertakings has always been an important part of our work. By means of reports, statements and seminars, we influence policy-makers and raise the public’s awareness of circumstances that jeopardise our rights.

On 20 March 2005, 22-year-old Daniel Franklert Murne was shot dead by police at his parents’ home in Lindesberg. Daniel suffered from a psychosis and needed care but the police in-tervention went wrong and he died.

Apart from the disastrous police action, we identified structural defects within the police that must be addressed in order to prevent something similar from hap-pening again. These include knowledge and rules regarding interventions for the mentally ill and police use of hollow-point ammunition, known as dumdum bullets, which have been banned in wars since 1899. We will pursue these issues.

Prohibition of torture violationsSweden has not been immune to the international devaluation of human rights resulting from the war on terror.

We were quick to draw attention to the expulsion of two Egyptians in 2001, and our communications on this mat-ter included alternative reports to the UN Human Rights Committee and the UN Committee against Torture.

We represented one of them, Moham-med Alzery, before the UN Human

Rights Committee and in 2006, Sweden was convicted of having violated the absolute prohibition of torture. In 2008, we were successful in getting Sweden ordered to pay

damages of SEK 3 million to each of the two men, while Ahmed Agiza finally obtained a residence permit in Sweden in 2012.

Our scrutiny of Sweden In the report entitled “Bugging and Secret Surveillance – State Interfe-rence in Privacy”, we highlighted major breaches of our citizens’ legal rights when exposed to secret surveillance.

Our report “Language of Hatred” analysed legislation and practice regu-lating the fine line between freedom of expression and hate propaganda.

This was followed by “Language of Hatred – Q & A”, which discussed how the difficult borderline between what people are and are not allowed to say and write has been defined.

””We found major gaps in the public’s legal

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Human rights can’t wait!– taking on a global challenge

In July 2009, the Russian human rights defen-der and history teacher Natalia Estemirova was murdered. In her work for the Russian human rights organisation Memorial in Grozny, Chechnya, Estemirova documented the human rights abuses, such as torture, murder and kidnapping, which is occurring in the region since the second Chechen war in early 2000. Other human rights defenders in the region continue their work, despite the risks.

The issues we deal with are highly relevant all over the world. When we became Civil Rights Defenders, we shook off our previous geographic res-trictions and expanded to become a global player. This means that we have brought knowledge and experience from our work in Eastern Europe to other countries and areas where re-spect for human rights is lacking.

Southeast Asia and some countries in Africa is gradually in-cluded in our areas of activity. We are also further strengthening our commitment in regions such as the North Caucasus and Central Asia, where all the countri-es have authoritarian regimes.

We have a vision of a peaceful and safe world with freedom and justice for all. We believe that a world where human rights are respected is also a safer and more peaceful world in which to live.

To this end we work to ensure people have access to the civil and political

rights that the world’s nations have undertaken to protect. We work with local human rights defenders who are close to people whose rights are violated.

Former Soviet back in focusAs the situation has stabilised for the countries of the former Yugoslavia, the focus has returned to our work in

Eastern Europe. Democratic develop-ment ground to a halt in Russia in the early 2000s when Vladimir Putin came to power. Freedom of expres-sion has gradually been

strangled and NGOs have found their opportunities to work restricted. Dis-sidents are persecuted, harassed and murdered without anyone being held accountable.

Journalist Anna Politkovskaya, lawyer Stanislav Markelov and human rights defender Natalia Estemirova are just a few of the victims who have been silenced for fighting for human rights in Russia.

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Our vision: A peace-ful and safe world with freedom and

justice for all

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With your moral and financial support, we can do more

Lives at stakeSince the birth of the organisation, we have seen it as an important task to support and empower human rights defenders at risk. These people put their own safety on the line as they fight for our rights. The price of their commitment is high and the authori-ties rarely do enough to investigate cri-mes against human rights defenders. On the contrary, right defenders are often branded as enemies and traitors.

Several countries are sharpening their legislation to allow access to dis-sidents. One example is Ales Bialiatski, a prominent human rights defenders in Belarus. He was sentenced to four and a half years in prison for tax eva-sion after the Belarusian authorities received information about foreign bank accounts opened in his name. The accounts were used to finance the activities of the human rights orga-nisation Viasna, which is operating illegally in Belarus. By imprisoning the organisation’s director, the authorities hoped to cripple large parts of civil society.

By creating international awareness of human rights defenders, we make it more difficult for hard-line regimes to silence them. International support is essential to enable human rights defenders to fight on.

We empower individuals at riskIn 2011, we launched an emergency fund aimed at providing quick help for individuals suffering under extreme pressure or threats. These funds will enable us to act quickly in emergency

situations – by arranging a temporary hideout, for example. We also protect important communication and docu-ments, and create security solutions. In addition, we organise communica-tion and security training worldwide.

Methods that produce resultsOver the years, we have developed an operation in which we work on many levels and with different methods to get our message across and achieve the best possible results:

We investigate and hold the state authority accountable when legislation or its application goes against civil and political rights.

We pursue legal proceedings against states and authorities that violate people’s rights.

We conduct information and advo-cacy work directed towards policy-makers.

In totalitarian states, we spread independent information to people th-rough the alternative media and other discussion and debate forums.

Taking history into the futureIt is the state’s responsibility to ensure that everyone’s human rights are re-spected. However, the need to monitor and demand accountability from the state authority has not diminished. Even in democracies, we cannot take our rights for granted.

We have everything to gain from re-spect for people’s rights. This creates the conditions for a more peaceful and safe world.

Human rights can’t wait!

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Become a human rights defenderYour gift is more than a financial contribution that advances our work. For us, and for the human rights defenders that we strive to empower, your donation is a state-ment of moral support.

Donate using your credit card at:www.civilrightsdefenders.org/support-us/

We have ’90’ accounts. This means that our work is controlled by Swedish Fund-raising Control (SFI) which guarantees that your money is used properly.

Thank you for your donation. You are needed!

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