we were outsiders: the metis and residential schools

8/13/2019 We Were Outsiders: The Metis and Residential Schools

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]e ]ere Cutsbjers6 Zde Ltbs nij Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas@y

Zrbgbn Eabzn`etd Acmni

N ZdesbsWu`lbttej tc tde Knguaty ck Mrnjunte WtujbesZde Uibversbty ck Lnibtc`nBi Xnrtbna Kuakbaaleit ck tde PequbreleutsKcr tde Jemree ck

Lnster ck Nrts

Jepnraleit ck Intbve WtujbesUibversbty ck Lnibtc`n]biibpem, Lnibtc`n

Gcpyrbmdt H Lnrgd 088= `y Zrbgbn Acmni


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ZDE ZFB{Z[EPWBZR CK LNIBZC@NKNGUAZR CK MPNJUNZE WZZ\JBEW****btGCXRPBMDZ XEPLBWWBCI

]e ]ere Cutsbjers6 Zde Ltbs nij Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas@R

Zrbgbn Eabznètd AcmniN ZdesbsaXrngtbgul su`lbttej tc tde Knguaty ck Mrnjunte Wtujbes ck Zde Uibversbty ck

Lnibtc`n bi pnrtbna kuakbaaleit ck tde requbreleit ck tde jemreeLnster ck Nrts

Zrbgbn Eabznètd Acmni H 088=

Xerlbssbci dns èei mrnitej tc tde Ab`rnry ck tde Uibversbty ck Lnibtc`n tc aeij cr seaa gcpbes cktdbs tdesbs/prngtbgul, tc tde Intbcina Ab`rnry ck Gninjn tc lbgrckbal tdbs tdesbs nij tc aeij cr seaagcpbes ck tde kbal, nij tc Uibversbty Lbgrckbals Big. tc pu`tbsd ni n`strngt ck tdbs tdesbs/prngtbgul.Zdbs reprcjugtbci cr gcpy ck tdbs tdesbs dns èei lnje nvnbanàe `y nutdcrbty ck tde gcpyrbmdtcwier scaeay kcr tde purpcse ck prbvnte stujy nij resenrgd, nij lny ciay è reprcjugej nij gcpbejns perlbttej `y gcpyrbmdt anws cr wbtd express wrbttei nutdcrbzntbci krcl tde gcpyrbmdt cwier.


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N`strngtZdbs stujy accos nt dcw tde Ltbs were njlbttej tc nij jbsgdnrmej krcl tde

sgdccas jespbte mcverileit pcabgbes abribtbim tdebr ntteijnige. Bt nasc accos nt dcw tdeLtbs were trentej nt tde sgdccas nij tde blpngt tdnt tde sgdccas dnve ci guieitmeierntbcis ck Ltbs pecpae. Zde stujy nasc rekaegts ci tde use ck trnulntbg dbstcrbes,Ltbs resenrgd rietdcjs nij tde stnte ck Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca dbstcry bi Gninjn. ZdeMcverileit ck Gninjn jbj ict eigcurnme Ltbs ntteijnige nij wnitej tc eablbinte niykejerna respcisb`babty tcwnrjs suppcrtbim tde Ltbs bi Gninjn. Pemnrjaess, Ltbsntteijej tde sgdccas nij meierntbcis ck Ltbs pecpae gcitbiue tc `e bikaueigej `y tdebitermeierntbcina blpngts ck tdese sgdccas tcjny.

Zde Ltbs were trentej ns cutsbjers bi Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas? tdey were trentejjbkkereitay `y `ctd tengders nij njlbibstrntcrs. Zde trentleit ck Ltbs stujeits ckteilbrrcrej dcw tabey were trentej bi tdebr gclluibtbes. Gninjn's nmeijn tcwnrjsN`crbmbina pecpae jbsbitemrntej tde reantbcisdbp `etweei mcverileit nij tde Ltbs, nijPesbjeitbna Wgdccas were nictder wny tdnt tde Ltbs were iemntbveay nkkegtej `yGninjn's aemngy ck lbstrentbim meierntbcis ck N`crbmbina pecpae. Bt bs biteijej kcr tdbsstujy tc rekaegt wdnt Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas lenit tc Ltbs abves kbcl n Ltbs gcitext.


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Ngoicwaejmeleits

N mrent jena ck ly mrntbtuje èacims tc Wdnrci Dulpdrey, ly gansslnte, krbeijnij prckessbcina lctbvntcr? sde wcroej dnrjer tdni niycie tc oeep le ci trngo. Za-rbswcra1 wcuaj ict è gclpaete wbtdcut Wdnrci's deap. Zc ly krbeij Lnreo Fesoe, ycujrnmmej le cut ck ray "bikbibte n`yss" lcre tbles tdni ycu sdcuaj dnve nij ycur suppcrtwns uiwnverbim nij ycatr wcrjs were tde deap cie dcpes kcr nij iever dns tc nso kcr.

Zdnios mc tc ly njvbscr, Krej Wdcre, nij ly gclribttee lelèrs PeinteEbmei`rcj, Anrry Gdnrtrnij nij tc ly gclluibty suppcrt, Anwrbe @nroweaa. Bi wcrobimtc ègcle n Ltbs sgdcanr bt dns èei bivnaunàe tc dnve ngnjelbg rcae lcjeas tc aenlkb'cri bi `ctd riy uijermrnj nij mrnj-stujeit "gnreers".

B dnve let scle extancrjbinry Eajers bi ly trnveas nij tdebr wcrjs nij obijiessdnve ict ciay bikcrlej ly stujy, ùt tdey dnve bispbrej tde wcro. Pbtn Kanlnij, MrngeVcBjy, Nimbe Grernr, Icrlni Kaeury, Naln nij Naèrt Jesfnranbs, tde ante LnrbciAnrolni nij severna ctders cver tde yenrs dnve deapej le ci severna jbkkeaeit aeveas.Zdnios nasc mces tc riy suppcrt bi Ae`ret, Wnsontgdewni? Fbl AnPcgque, JcrbsJesfnranbs, Lnjeabeie nij Zrngey @curnssn ns weaa ns ly Nuitbes, Zbaabe nij Pcse. Wbigely kntder nij manijlctder were wbtd le tdrcumd tde wdcae trbp, tde abke nij dbstcry ckAe`ret nre nawnys wbtd le.

Zc tde cabmbina twc wdc dnj knbtd bi le, Aend AnXanite nij Aesn Gnrey, B dcpe Bjbj ycu prcuj. Rcu mnve le ict ciay n gnreer nij ni bjen ùt scrietdbim tdnt wbaa stnywbtd le ly wdcae abke.


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Zdere nre scrie obij pecpae wdc dnve `eei wbtd le nt every stnme, eigcurnmbimle nij lnobim le slbae. Zde eitbre stnkk ck tde Xel`bin Dbmdwny Wtnr`ttgos dns jciemrent tdbims kcr le nij ict fust kcr naacwbim le tc acbter. Bt wns tde ricst surprbsbimscurge ck suppcrt. ]btd tde deap krcl lninmer Jnvbj @nl`urno nij dbs stnkk (Lemni,Nktci, Lboe nij Gdrbs) B oept wcrobim ci bt ci tde gcajest jnys wdei B tdcumdt ic wcrogcuaj met jcie. Zdnios nasc tc Pc`bi Many nt Kbinaes. Zdnios nasc tc ly iew kb'beij nijresenagd gcaan`crntcr, Fci Niubo. Lnrsbb nasc tc tde Ltbs Geitre nt tde IntbcinaN`crbmbina Denatd Crmnibzntbci kcr kbinigbna suppcra nij tc Lbgdnea Kbsder kcreigcarrnmeleit wdei bt wns ieejej tde ricst.

Zdnios nmnbi tc ly ejbtcrs, gnterers, V:-dcur pdcie suppcrt abie nij cggnsbcinaacni ckkbgers, Zcl nij Gdrbs Acmni. Rcu nawnys suppcrtej le, ic lntter wdnt B gdcse.bt fust dnppeiej tdnt B gdcse scrietdbim ycu tnumdt le enray ci6 Ltbs dbstcry, obijiessnij respegt - tde tdree tdbims B ieejej tde lcst kcr tdbs stujy.

Zc ly knvcrbte mcajei mbras, Deaei Acmni, Pcse Jesfnranbs nij Zbaabe @acijenu - B aenriejlcre krcl ycu tdni niy `cco wbaa ever tengd.

Zrbgbn E. AcmniKe`runry >0,088=

Bba


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Znàe ck GciteitsN`strngtNgoicwaejmeleitsGdnpter Cue6 Bitrcgaugtbci

bitrcjugtbciLtbs Bjeitbty nij GcitextDbstcrbgna @ngomrcuijAblbtntbcis nij GcitrcversbesAbke ci tde XerbpdeayXcsbtbcinabtyGdnpter Zwc6 Pevbew ck Crna nij [/rbttei Pescurges

Abteanture Pevbew- BitrcjugtbciPesbjeitbna WgdccasLtbs DbstcryPesbjeitbna Wgdcca AbterntureGdnptea Zdaee6 Letdcjs

Bitrcjugtbci- LetdcjsGuaturna Zrnuln bi Ltbs Lelcrbes ck Pesbjeitbna WgdccaElèjjej Zrnuln

Gdnpter Kcur6 Pesuats nij Kbijbims - Ltbs NtteijnigeZde Bijbni XrcàelZde Ltbs Xacàeri

>;4t;>=00

0;0=7:7=

:a5850

Bitrcjugtbci ;0Zde Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca Lnijnte6 Gbvbabze, Gdrbstbnibze, Nssblbante ;:;5Njlbttnige nij Jbsgdnrme ck Ltbs Wtujeits tc Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca =0Ltbs Njlbttnige KngtcrsXer Gnpbtn NtteijnigeWcgbna Ganss DbernrgdyPeabmbcus JeiclbintbciWgdcca AcgntbciLtbs Knlbay DbstcryGdurgd Bikaueige

=7=5=4484>4:

av


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Mcveririeit Bikaueige

Gdnpter Kbve6 Pesuats nij Kbijbims - Ltbs ExperbeigesBitrcjugtbci - "']e ]ere Cutsbjers"Pegurrbim Zdeles bi Ltbs Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca Inrrntbves

Gdnpter Wbx6 Gurreit ZreijsNppeijbx N6 Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca XdctcsNppeijbx @6 Wtnteleit ck Bikcrlej GciseitPekereiges

4=

2027

r>:t0>>0=>78


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Gdnpter CieBitrcjugtbci

Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas were cie ck Gninjn's prbrinry letdcjs ck nggeaerntbim nmeicgbjna nmeijn nmnbist N`crbmbina pecpae bi Gninjn. Zdrcumd tde gc-njlbibstrntbcinij grentbci ck tde Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca systel nacim wbtd tde Xrctestnit nij Gntdcabggdurgdes, tde mcverileit ck Gninjn gnusej tde systelbg jestrugtbci ck meierntbcis ckN`crbmbina gdbajrei. Zde Ltbs were gcisbjerej cutsbjers, "Dnak`reejs" nij tde lbicrbtyck tctna ntteijees nt Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas nij ns n resuat, tde aemngy ck Pesbjeitbna Wgdccasdns dnj n uibque blpngt ci tde Ltbs. Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas were ict tde ciay semleit ckGninjn's meicgbjna nmeijn tdnt tde Ltbs were expcsej tc, ùt tdey jbj perlnieitay natertdebr reantbcisdbp wbtab tdebr cwaa gcailuibtbes, tdebr gduagdes nij Gninjn.

Kbrst Intbcis, Biubt nij Ltbs gdbajrei were kcrgej tc ntteij tdese sgdccas nijiulercus meierntbcis ck gdbajrei were tnoei krcl tdebr pnreits. Nt kbrst, tde gcigept ckn`cabsdbim tdebr'animunme, naa guaturna èabeks nij gciiegtbcis tc tdebr knlbabes nijgclluibtbes seelej sukkbgbeit tc eij tde gcdesbci ck ni eitbre meierntbci ck N`crbmbinapecpae. Dcwever, nt tde dnijs ck gdurgd ckkbgbnas mcverileit crjers were cktei gnrrbejcut wbtd nùsbve kcrge tdnt sgniej tdcse wdc abvej tc aenve tde sgdccas kcr abke. Lniyjbj ict abve acim eicumd tc survbve Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca, tdcumd. Grblbina iemabmeige nijexgessbve nùse obaaej tdcusnijs ck N`crbmbina gdbajrei nt Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas, n iulèrtdnt natdcumd sbmibkbgnit bs stbaa uigcikbrlej.

Ltbs expeabeiges nij reantbcisdbps wbtd tde Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca nre uibque nijdnve dnj anstbim blpngts ci Ltbs pecpae bi Gninjn. Jepeijbim ci tde acgntbci ck tde


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sgdcca nij vnrbcus ctder kngtcrs reantej tc reabmbci nij gcllurbbty, Ltbs pcpuantbci ntvnrbcus sgdccas wns scletbles knbray dbmd. Nt ctdea tbles, bi gektnbi pnrts ck tde gcuitry,Ltbs ntteijnige wns acw, ùt tde anrme rbppae-blpngt kb'cr-i Ltbs knlbay ntteijnige ciLtbs gclluibtbes bs uijeibnàe. Ltbs were kcrgej tc ntteij, nij bi scle gnses,espegbnaay wbtd tdcse wdc dnj n acim-stnijbim dbstcry w'btd tde Gntdcabg Gdurgd, Ltbspecpae vcauitnrbay requestej tdnt tdebr gdbajrei ntteij tde sgdccas. Zde Ltbs weretrentej ns cutsbjers niga tdebr tbrie speit nt Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas rekaegtej tde snleleitnabty tdnt exgaujej tdel kb'cl `ctd ici-N`crbmbina nij Kbrst Intbcis gclluibtbes.Ltbs experbeiges were uibque kb'cl ici-Ltbs stujeits. Evei tdcumd tdey were su`fegttc lugd ck tde snle trentleit, tde Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca experbeige dnj jbkkereit lenibimskcr tde Ltbs tdni tdey lny dnve kcr Kbrst Intbcis nij Biubt stujeits.

Zdbs tdesbs wbaa exnlbie tde twc dbstcrbes bivcavej dere nij nttelpt tc sdcw dcwtdey biterngt wbtd cie nictder. Zde dbstcrbes bivcavej nre tdcse ck tde Ltbs nj ck tdecvernaa Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas experbeige wdbgd nre qubte sblbanr bi cie oey wny6 tdey nre`ctd uijer-represeitej nij uijer-resenrgdej. Zde vcbges ck tde Ltbs PesbjeitbnaWgdcca survbvcrs dnve espegbnaay cktei èei sbaeit. Ns survbvcrs, tdey dnve èei kcrgej tcè sbaeit kcr meieantbcus nij ns n semleit ck tde "ctder" N`crbmbina pecpae tdey nre nascbmicrej `y jclbinut Gnunjn. Zdbs tdesbs wbaa mbve vcbge tc tde Ltbs experbeige bi tdePesbjeitbna Wgdccas.

Zde ici-N`crbmbina vcbge bi Gninjn cige jclbintej tde wrbttei nggcuits ckPesbjeitbna Wgdccas. Pegcrjs bi tde kcrl ck mcverileit repckts, gdurgd fcurinas nijpuàbg nij gdurgd nrgdbves gcriprbsej n lnbiay prblnry-jcguleit `nsej dbstcry ciPesbjeitbna Wgdccas. d'cibgnaay, bt nasc represeitej tde vcbge ck tdcse wdc nre tc ànle.


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Zde ici-N`crbmbina vcbge bi Gninjn jclbintes naa wrbttei dbstcry bi Gninjn. Bi tdcsedbstct'bes, ici-N`crbmbina Gninjn bs cktei tde vbgtcr, tabe derc, typbgnaay wdbte-lnae, nijGninjbni abke bs cktei reveaej ns scletdbim tc è eivbej `y ctder gcuitrbes. Gdurgdes,mcverileits niga Gninjbnu `ystnijers dnve abttae tc mnbi tcjny bi èbim tde jclbinitvcbge ck ebtder tde Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca experbeige cr Ltbs dbstcry. Gurreit ngtbcis `y tdeGningabni mcverileit tc pny ckk Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca suavbvcrs wbtd n cie-tble pnyleitseel tc bijbgnte tdnt tdey dcpe tc eij jbsgussbci ci Pesbjeitbna Wgabcca natcmetder.Dcwever, kuture meierntbcis lny ict see tde lerbt bi tdese ngtbcis nij Gninjn dns icrensci tc è prcuj ck bts dbstcry wbtd N`crbmbina pecpaes. Dcwnrj Njnls dns suggbigtayjesgrbèj tde pnrtbguanr stnte ck Gninjbni dbstcry6

Aiperbnabsl bs n gcripaex nij lurjercus prcgejure. Nkterbivnsbci nij tde dcacgnust, tdere nre n iulèr ck suggeejbim dclbgbjnangtbcis èkcre tde N`crbmbina pecpae nre exterribintej cr blprbsciej. NaaBijbmeicus pecpae ck tde kEurcpeni\ gcacibes sukkerej tde snle knte6Gninjn, Nustrnabn, cr Nkrbgn. Zde Bijbnis nij Ltbs ck Gninjn were icjbkkereit. Gninjn prc`này dnj ètter puàbg reantbcis nkknbrs tdni tdectder gcacibes. Zdbs bs wdy Gninjn's dbstcry sukkers krcl tde mrentestjbstcrabcis nij knasedccjs ck blperbna intbcis. (Njnls bi Autz et. na, 0885,;)

Jclbinit Gninjn's dbstcrbes lcst cktei kcgus cu ribabtnry vbgtcrbes nijgciquerbim tde krcitber. (Manintstebi, >2246 5;) Zdere sdcuaj è abttae surprbse tdnt tdedbstcry ck Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas, n stcry ck n gcacssna knbaure kcr tde gcacibzers, dns mcieanrmeay uiregcrjej nij dns èei restrbgtej. (Lbaacy,>222, xvbb) Wcle weaa-oicwi nij


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respegtej dbstcrbes ci Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas dnve èei gclpaetej `y ici-N`crbmbinawrbters aboe Fcdr Lbaacy nij Fbl Lbaaer. ]dbae tdese dbstcrbes prcvbje ni N`crbmbinaperspegtbve, tdey nasc represeit n treij bi N`crbmbina sgdcanrsdbp. (Lbaacy xvbbb) Zderenppenrs tc è n treij bi teals ck lnbistrenl resenrgders `rcnjeibim tdebr resenrgdperspegtbves tc bigauje gcigepts ck jegcacibzntbci, N`crbmbina vcbge nij use ck crnadbstcrbes. Lbaaer nij Lbaacy tcco steps bi tdebr jntn gcaaegtbci nij regcrjbim tc vbew tdeprbrinry jcguleits kcr dbstcrbgna leabt wdbae nasc èbim i-rbijkua ck preseitbim bt bi njegcacibzej kcrlnt wbtd seisbtbvbty tc tde rcae tdnt survbvcas panyej bi tde sgdccaexperbeige. Jegcacibzej dbstcrbcmrnpdbgna letdcjs use tde vcaules ck nrgdbvna regcrjsbi n wny tdnt wns rnr'eay jcie bi enrabea texts. Zdey were renj ict kcr tdebr lerbt cr kcrtdebr regcrj ck mcveruleit systelbg ekkbgbeigy tdey were, bistenj, renj kcr dcw tdesystel nppabej tc N`crbmbina abves. Bi Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca dbstcrbes, aboe tdcse wrbttei `yLbaaea nij Lbaacy, N`crbmbina pecpae nre tde vbgtcrs. Zdey nre tde survbvcrs. Zdeylnbitnbiej gcitbiubty bi tdebr trnjbtbcis jespbte kcrgbàe cppcsbtbci tc tdel nij tdeygnle tcmetder tc gacse sgdccas. Zdey sdnrej resbabeige nkter blleise trnuln nij tdeygcitbiue tc kbmdt jnbay tc eisure tdnt tde aemngy ck tde sgdccas wbaa è relelèrej.

Evei tdcumd tde Ltbs represeit nictder "ctder" (Nsdgr-ckt6 >225,>;2) bi ninarenjy uijer-aepreseitej wrbttei dbstcry, tdebr vcbge dns ègcle lcre vbsbàe cver tdeanst jegnje. Zcjny, w'e nre eiterbim n iew ern bi tde Pesbgaeitbna Wgdcca aemngy wdere tdesurvbvcAs' vcbges nre èbim weagclega. Wurvbvcrs keea snker tdni ever èkcre tc gclekcawnrj wbtd tdebr trutds. (Lbaacy, xvbbb) Zde Ltbs dnve nasc èei bigaujej icw nijtdebr vcbge bs tde prblnry gcigeri ck tdbs tdesbs.


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Zde jclbinit N`crbmbina inrrntbve bi lcjeri Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca dbstcrbes bs nKbrst Intbcis inrrntbve. Zabbs bs n acmbgna cutgcle ègnuse tde lnfcrbty ck PesbjeitbnaWgdcca ntteijees were Kbrst Intbcis. Dcwever, jespbte tde kngt tdnt tde iulèr ck Ltbsinrrntbves nvnbanàe bs nalcst ici-exbsteit, tdbs bs ict nt naa represeitntbve ck tde ngtunantteijnige ck tde Ltbs nt tdese sgdccas. Zde Ltbs weAe, bi scle gnses, trentej qubtejbkkereitay tdni tdebr Kbast Intbcis gansslntes. Zdbs tdesbs w.baa bivestbmnte tde uibquewnys tdnt Ltbs stujeits were njlbttej, jbsgdnrmej nij trentej bi tde Pesbjeitbnasgdccas.

Mcverileit pcabgy restrbgtej Ltbs ntteijnige bi tde sgdccas ùt, tdrcumd Ltbsrequests nij rinibpuantbci `y gdurgd nij njlbibstrntbci ckkbgbnas, lniy Ltbs werenaacwej tc ntteij jespbte pcabgbes tdnt restrbgtej tdebr ntteijnige. Gdurgd gdnrbty, knlbaykbiniges, reabmbcus jeiclbintbci, pdysbgna nppenrniges nij acgntbci ck tde sgdcca werenaa kngtcrs tdnt nkkegtej tde aboeabdccj ck Ltbs ntteijnige. Zdbs tdesbs wbaa bivestbmntetdese kngtcrs nij gaesgabè dcw tdey bikaueigej Ltbs ntteijnige nij experbeiges ntPesbjeitbna Wgdccas. Bt wbaa nasc exnlbie dcw bikaueiges exterina nij biterina tc tdeLtbs, nkkegt Ltbs rcaes bi tde aemngy ck Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas.

Zde Ltbs Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca aemngy bigaujes naa dbstcrbgna kngtcrs tdnt aenj tctdebr ntteijnige, jbsgdnrme nij trentleit nt tde sgdccas ns rveaa ns tde preseit treij ckregcigbabntbci nij denabim. Zde stnte ck Ltbs sgdcanrsdbp nij suppcat krcl Ltbscrmnibzntbcis dns jbaegt blpngts bi pacvbjbim suppcrt kcr Ltbs survbvcrs ck PesbjeitbnaWgdcca. Wbige puàbg suppcrt kcr Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca survbvcrs bs guieitay kcgussej ciaemna bssues, kbrl, gcisbsteit suppcra kcr bijbvbjunas nij N`crbmbina gclluibtbes bsseabcusay angobim. Wcle gclluibtbes dnve lninmej tc grente suppcrtbve, guaturnaay


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npprcprbnte eivbrcileits kca naa Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca survbvcrs nij scle dnve knbaejnatcmetder nt nttelpts tc grente tdese eivbrcileits.

Ltbs Bjeitbty nij GcitextGninjn's ]est bs tde denrtanij ck cie ck tde lcst uibque etdibg mrcups bi tde

wcraj, tde Ltbs. Zdese pecpae grentej n intbci nij nuibque bjeitbty krcl tde enrabestrccts ck gcacibna leetbims ètweei Gninjn's N`crbmbina pecpaes nij twc jbstbigt kurtrnje systels. Zde rngbst bjeitbkbgntbci ck tde pecpae ns "Lbxej-@accjs" cr "Dnak-@reejs" mrentay uijerlbies tde iulercus scgbna, guaturna nij pcabtbgna bikaueiges tdntgrentej ni etdibg bjeitbty kcr tde Ltbs. Zde etdicmeiesbs ck tde Ltbs bi Gninjn's ]estbs n gualbintbci ck vnrbcus kngtcrs wdbgd lny ict dnve èei evbjeit bi tde dbstcry ck tdeelermeige ck ctder sblbanr pecpaes bi tde wcraj. (Wdcre, Ltbs Aemngy =>) Zde Ltbsjeveacpej n pcabtbgna bitemrbty sepnrnte krcl `ctd tde gcacibzers nij Kbrst Intbcispecpaes. Zdey abnj tdebr cwi scgbna lcres nij tdey ùbat ni bjeitbty tdnt jrew upci KbrstIntbcis nij `ctd Pcini Gntdcabg nij Xrctestnit èabeks. Zdey nasc ùbat gclluibtbes`nsej ci tdebr cwi systel ck eitrepreieursdbp nij jenabims wbtd tde gcacibna kur trnjesystels nij tde ùkknac duit. (Wdcre nij @nroweaa 0>7)

Zde grentbci ck n jbstbigt Ltbs bjeitbty jbj ict tnoe pange bi n vnguul. ZdeLtbs stenjbay kngej cppcsbtbci kb'cl lbssbcinrbes, gcacibzeras. kur trnje gclpnibes, KbrstIntbcis, nij mcverileits. (Jbgonsci 0>) Zdese cppcsbim kcrges set up `nrrbeas tdnt tdeydnj tc cvergcle nij, bi tde prcgess, gdnrngter- ùbajbim tests ck resbabeige ègnle tdednaalnro ck Ltbs jeveacprieit. Zde tests gdnaaeimej tde streimtd ck Ltbs bjeitbty nijwere nasc n lensure ck tdeba rescave. (Wenaey nij AussbeA >:5) Ltbs bjeitbty gniict è


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rejugej tc cie kbii gcigept? bt bs lcre ck n kaubj prcgess tdnt naacwej tde Ltbs tccptblbze tdebr egciclbg nij scgbna pcteitbna. (Eis >;7) Bi lniy gnses tde Ltbs wcuajuse cppcsbim kcrges ns n rescurge, tnobim vnaunàe aesscis krcl tde gdurgd cr kur trnjegclpnibes wdbae lnbitnbibim n jbstnige kb'cl tdel. (Wenaey nij Aussber 5;) Ltbsbjeitbty evcavej wbtd engd gdnaaeime tdnt bt kngej. Zde gcre ck tde bjeitbty ievergdnimej, ùt tde pergeptbci ck tdnt bjeitbty prcmressej tc kbt tde iew pnrnleters tdnt tdeLtbs were ckkerej. Zdebr gcre relnbiej, nt naa tbles, jbstbigtay Ltbs wbtd n guatuae nijanimunme tdnt wns nawnys mrenter tdni tde sul ck bts crbmbina pnjs, nawnys lcre tdni fustn'dnaka ck niytdbim.

Zde Ltbs gniict è sepnrntej krcl elpbae bi tde Gninjbni gcitext. (Wdcre,Ltbs Aemngy =:) Wcrie reantbcisdbps tdnt tde Ltbs dnj wbtd tde gcacibzers, wdetder tdeygdcse tc eimnme wbtd tdel ca' ict, gclprbsej Ltbs gcigepts ck bjeitbty. Zdesereantbcisdbps were usunaay grentej kcr egciclbg renscis ùt `ctd Ltbs nij gcacibzersèiekbtej krcl scgbna nij pcabtbgna pnrtiersdbps wbtd cie nictdea'. Zde Ltbs pecpae nregcisgbcus ck tdese reantbcisdbps wbtd tde gcacibzer nij, bi turi, tdey refegt bt, nggept bt, crnre cktei gcikbiej tc bt. (Jcabci nij Xrekcitnbie 0;-0=) Zde Ltbs nre kbrst pecpaes ckGninjn, regcmibzej ns N`crbmbina pecpae bi tde Gninjbni Gcistbtutbci nij tdey nre niibque bijbmeicus mrcup. (Gcistbtutbci Ngt >240) Zde Ltbs nre ict enmer tc è fujmejbi niy lensure `y tdeba gciiegtbcis tc Kbast Intbcis gclluibtbes cr ici-N`crbmbinagclluibtbes (Jcrbci nij Xrekcitnbie 7;)

Zdere bs nawnys n gdnaaeime tc gcijugt Ltbs resenrgd bi n wny tdnt èst rekaegtstde ieejs ck Ltbs gclluibtbes. Lnbistrenl ngnjelbg stujbes kcgus ci Bijbmeicuspecpae bi meierna niga ciay leitbci tde Ltbs ns n kccticte cr ns ni nsbje. (PGNX,


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Gdnpter >8, 742) Zde Ltbs nre uijer-represeitej bi tde abternture nij resenrgd. Ckteigcr"rpaej wbtd tde Kbrst Intbcis nij biubt, tde Ltbs cktei knaa vbgtbl tc kcrls ck ngnjelbgdclcmeibzntbci. @ebim anèaaej uijer tde `rcnj strcoe ck tde terl 'aijbmeicus' lnyense n Intbve Wtujbes stujeit's tble, ùt bt manzes cver tde uibque nspegts ck tde Ltbsnij tdebr pange bi tde mrentet'sgdele ck Bijbmeicus abke. Cktei seei ns tde 'ctder'N`cabmbina pecpae, tde Ltbs nae usunaay stujbej usbim ctder pecpae's gcitexts rntder tdnitdebr cwi. Zde Ltbs dnve acim dbstcrbes nawnys biterawbiej wbtd gcacibzers nij KbrstIntbcis ùt wdbgd nre nasc nawnys uibque nij relnronày rbgd nij jetnbaej.

Gcitelpcrnry treijs wbtabbi tde Ltbs intbci, aboe nggess tc duitbim rbmdts,ejugntbci kuijbim prcmrnls nij elpacyleit prcmrnais rui `y Ltbs crmnibzntbcis dnvekcrgej Ltbs gclluibtbes tc revbsbt tdebr terls kcr Ltbs bjeitbty. Bi njjbtbci, tdemrcwbim nggeptn`babty ck tde Ltbs `y jcribinit Gninjn dns bigrensej tde prbje nijjesbre tc bjeitbky ns Ltbs. Meierntbcis ck Ltbs pecpae wdc lny ict dnve gcisbjerej btèiekbgbna tc bjeitbky ns Ltbs ca wdc lny ict dnve èei k`rlnaay eiulerntej ns Ltbsnre icw gclbim kcrwnrj. Ns tde pcpuantbci ck tde Ltbs Intbci mrcws, Ltbs nre nsoej`y jcribinit Gninjn tc prcvbje kcrlna jekbibtbcis kcr tdebr bjeitbty. Gurreitay, tde LtbsIntbcina Gcuigba dns njcptej tde kcaacwbim grbterbn kcr Ltbs bjeitbty6 " 'Ltbs Intbci'lenis tde N`crbmbina pecpae jesgeijnit kb'cl tde Dbstcrbg Ltbs Intbci wdbgd bs icwgclprbsej ck naa Ltbs Intbci gbtbzeis nij bs cie ck tde "n`crbmbina pecpaes ck Gninjn"wbtdbi s.75 ck tde Gcistbtutbci Ngt ck >240" (Ltbs Intbcina Gcuigba) Zde terl "Ltbsdcleanij" bs cie ck tde ricst je`ntej terls, ns Ltbs wdc abve enst ck Icrtderi Citnrbcnij ]est ck @G's biteabcr nre dcpbim tc è bigaujej bi tde jekbibtbci prcgess.


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Dbstcrbgna Bitrcjugtbci/CutabiePesbjeitbna Wgdccas were n kcrebmi gcigept wdei tdey were kbrst kcrgej upci Kbrst

Intbcis bi Gninjn. Ci tde ctder dnij. lniy Ltbs gclluibtbes dnj n knlbabnrbty nijoicwaejme ck Eurcpenr-r-styae ejugntbci. @y tde stnrt ck tde Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca ern bi tde>4=8's tde Ltbs dnj narenjy èei jenabim wbtd n acim stnijbim reantbcisdbp wbtd tdegdurgd nij mcverileit gcitrca. Bi Gninjn's west tde Ltbs were cktei gciiegtej tc tdePclni Gntdcabg nij Xrctestnit Gdurgdes nij, sbige tde enray >488's, tdey abnj cktei lnjeuse ck tde cppcrtuibty tc è ejugntej `y tde trnjbim gclpnibes. ([ni Obro >78) Zde oeyeveits bi Ltbs dbstcry, sugd ns tdebr jbspersna tdrcumdcut tde ]est, tde (naaemej)extbimubsdleit ck tdebr N`cabmbina tbtae tdacumd tde Wgrbp prcmrnl nij kejerna ekkcrts tcnbj "jestbtute'Dnak-@reej's" (XNL6 [caule ;87>, Kbae >58-2) gcitrbùtej tc kngtcrs tdntbikaueigej Ltbs ntteijnige nt Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca. Ltbs experbeige dnj ni bripngt citde Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas nij tde Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca aemngy gcitbiues tc bripngt tde Ltbstcjny.

>=88->==8Xcpuantbcis ck uew'gcacibes usej Ltbssnme ns n gcllcjbty nij n pcabtbgna tcca

kcr tdebr cwi purpcses. Bt wns n reantbcisdbp tdnt tnumdt tdel n`cut tde "iew krcitber"nij naacwej tdel tc extrngt egciclbg mnbi krcl tdnt krcitber. ([ermes >8) N rinfcrresuat ck tde gnpbtnabst systel wns pcabtbgna nssblbantbci nij scle uibqueay grentej etdibgmrcups wcuaj ègcle bllersej bi tde Eurcpeni systel ns n resuat. (IBeu nij Zderrbei>0) Wanvery, gnpbtnabsl nij tabe vnrbcus streimtds nij wenoiess ck tde gcacibzersbikaueigej tde guaturna, scgbna nij pcabtbgna bitemabty ck iew pecpaes. Iegessbty wcuaj

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cktei jbgtnte tdebr gclpabnige wbtd gcacibzntbci nij gnpbtnabsl nij, uiaboe tde Ltbs?ctder mrcups jbj ict gnpbtnabze ci tde snle cppcktuibtbes cr egciclbg lenis tc estnàbsdtdebr cwr uibque gclluibtbes. ([ermes B >) Ltbs gclaiuibtbes crbmbintej krcl tde kurtrnje jepct systel wdere mecmanpdbgna eignpsuantbci wcuaj wcro bi tdebr knvcur nijnaacw tdel tc jeveacp n systel ètweei trnjers nij Kbrst Intbcis tdnt wcuaj mrcw tc èqr"rbte prckbtnàe cver tde >=88's nij >488's.

Cver-gclbim angbna `nrrbers nij `bcacmbgna gntemcrbzbim wns cktei tde kbrstc`stngae tdnt Ltbssnme bi Gninjn dnj tc knge. Bk naacwej tc jeveacp sclewdnt kb'ee ckrngbna `nrrbers nij reabmbcus persegutbci, n iew biter-lbxej angbna mrcup gcuaj èmbi tcrekcrluante tdebr cwi èabeks nij gustcls aeantbim tc biter-lnrrbnme. Wbribanr pcpuantbcisbi Nkrbgni Intbcis, Nsbn, Bijbn, Geitrna nij Wcutd Nlerbgn were cktei lensurej `yàccj qunitul nij `y rngbna kentuaes nij gdnrngterbstbgs. (Wenaey nij Aussber >) Bt seelstdnt ciay bi Gninjn wns tde iew Ltbs pcpuantbci lnobim use ck tdeba mecmrnpdbgnjvnitnme tc grente n uibque bjeitbty. Zde jeveacpleit ck Ltbs guature nij bjeitbtywns rnpbj nij, nt kbrst, prblnabay restrbgtej tc tde jepct systel ck tde Kreigd kur trnje.Krcl nrcuij >=88 tc >=58, tde Ltbs abvej uijer gbrgulstniges tdnt were qubte crbmbinabi gclpnrbsci wbtd sbribana gbagulstniges bi ctder pnrts ck tde wcraj. Ns ictej `y Wdcre6

Zde prcgess `y wdbgd tde Ltbs gnle bitc exbsteige dnj tc wnbt uitba tdeKreigar-Gninjbni vcynmeurs nij gcureurs gae `cbs rengdej tde nren ck tdeMrent Anoes. Evei dere, tde prcgess wns sacw nij ablbtej tc sbimaeacgntbcis, usunaay tde kur trnje jepcts. Bt tcco tde mrenter jbstnigesnsscgbntej wbtd tde trnje bi Pupert's Anij, tde gclpetbtbci prcvbjej `ytde Dujsci's @ny Gclpniy (D@G), nij tde exbsteige ck tde dcrse nij

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ùkknac bi tde rembci tc gcrkrbùte tde iegessnry krnlewcro nrcuij wdbgdtde prcgess ck Ltbssnme gcuaj è jeveacpej. (=0)

Gninjn's mecmrnpdy, egcicly, pcabtbgna strugture nij scgbetna stnijnrjs nt tdnttble kcsterej tde crbmbina jeveacpleit ck tde Ltbs wny ck abke.

>==8->488Wcle ck tde kbrst tde Ltbs gclluibtbes tdnt crbmbintej bi tde ante >4ta'geitury

gnle n`cut krcri n uibque systel ck Ltbssnme nij gcacibzntbci. Ltbs gdbajrei wereprblnrbay tdcumdt ck `y tde Kur Zrnje gclpnibes ns vnaunàe nssets kcr egciclbg mrcwtd.(Wenaey >7) Zdese gdbajrei were ict ciay tde resuat ck trnje gclpniy abnbscis ùt tdeyweae esseitbnaay nij uiwbttbimay ùbajbim Ltbs gclluibtbes kb'cl wdnt tdey wereaenribim krcl tde kur trnje systel. (Wdcre nij @nroweaa 7) ]abnt tde Ltbs aenriej krcltde Gduagd nij gclpniy-prcvbjej ejugntbci wns gcl`biej wbtd tde oicwaejme nijanimunme tdey dnj narenjy ngqubrej krcri tdebr N`crbmbina lctders. Engd pnrt wnsblpcrtnit tc tde bijbvbjuna nij gcaaegtbve jeveacpleit ck Ltbs gdbajrei nij knlbabes.([ni Obro 20)

Expcsure tc tdese twc systels nbjej bi tde eveituna jeveacpleit ck n Ltbs-ruiegciclbg systel. (Wenaey nij Aussber =) Zde Ltbs intbci wns ùbat ci tde pellbgnitrnje nij tdebr uibque bimeiubty bi suppaybim pellbgni tc `ctd gclpnibes. Zdbsbimeiubty gnle krcl ni egcickbrbg systel jrnwi krcri Kbrst arantbcis trnjbtbcinaoicwaejme ck tde anij nij rescurges nij tde Eurcpeni tanjbim gclpnibes' gclleagbnastrugtures. (Wenaey nij Aussber' 4)

>>


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>488->40>Eurcpeni settaeleit bi Gninjn's ]est expnijej Ltbs gclluibtbes bi tde enray

>488's. Egciclbg nij scgbna abke kcr tde Ltbs gdnimej jrnlntbgnaay wbtd tde rbse cksettaeleit bi tde ]est. Gdurgdes nij gclpniy lei aboe Acrj Weaobro prclctej ninmrbguaturna abkestyae kcr naa bigclbim settaers ns weaa ns tde Ltbs wdc narenjy resbjej binrens nrcuij Pej Pbver.(Wenaey nij Aussber 7;)

Peantbcisdbps ètweei tde Ltbs nij tde gdurgd nasc stnrtej tc gdnime nt tdbs tble.Bi ni ekkcrt tc kcrge tabe Ltbs nwny kb'cl tde ùkknac duit nij tcwnrjs nmrbguaturnasettaeleit, lbssbci gdurgdes cpeiej lbssbci sgdccas. Ejugntbci tdnt wns prevbcusayusej `y tde Ltbs kcr egciclbg mnbi bi tde trnjbim gclpnibes wns icw èbim usej kcrgduagd nij stnte mnbi `y prclctbim nmrnrbni abkestyaes. (NLIWBW 0) Dcwever, tdegclpnibes nij gdurgdes nt tdbs tble were gcigeriej n`cut tde Ltbs, espegbnaaysuicuijbim tde eveits ck Wevei Cnos bi >4>; nij `rewbim pellbgni trnje questbcis.(Wdcre, Ltbs Aemngy =7) Gclpnibes nij gdurgdes teijej tc pny aess ntteitbci tc tdeLtbs Intbci's mrcwbim animunme, guature nij bistbigtbve use ck ejugntbci nij lcrentteitbci tc tdebr cwi biterests. Cutsbje pnrtbes cktei pergebvej tdnt tde Ltbs were ciayèbim usej `y nij kcr tde èiekbt ck gertnbi gclpnibes nij gdurgdes ùt, bi turi, tdeLtbs were nasc èiekbtbim krcl tdese jeveacpleits. (NLIWBW 7) Gdurgdes dnj n mrentjena ck bikaueige ci tde Ltbs nij tdebr gclluibtbes nij tdbs reantbcisdbp wcuaj mrcw nwe` ck lbssbcunay sgdccas set nsbje kcr tde Ltbs tdrcumdcut tde Icrtdwest.>40>->4=8

Nlnamnlntbci ck tde Dujsci's @ny Gclpniy nij Icrtdwest Gclpniy bi >40>grentej evei lcre gcikabgt kcr tde Ltbs nrcuij Pej Pbvea. N wnve ck settaeas lcvej tc

>0


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Pej Pbver wdbae tde Ltbs nasc lcvej tdere bi senrgd ck dcles ègnuse ck tde gacsbim ckjepcts nrcuij tde rembci. Gcriluibtbes aboe Wt. @cibknge, Wt. [btna nij Wt. Icrèrt biPupekt's Anij were naa Ltbs acgntbcis wbtd bigrensbim Pcrini Gntdcabg bikaueige nijstenjbay mrcwbim pnrbsdes. aWenaey >;)

Zde enaay Gdrbstbnibzntbci ck tde Ltbs stnraej bi tdese anrme Pclni Gntdcabgpnrbsdes. Zde blpngt ck dnvbim tde Ltbs bivcavej bi tde Gntdcabg gdurgd nij bigrensbimLtbs egciclbg jeveacpleit `rcumdt evei lcae lbssbcinrbes west tc Pej Pbver.(Wenaey >;) Zde gdurgd seelej qubte gcigeriej wbtd wdnt wns pergebvej ns tde Ltbs'selb-iclnjbg abkestyae ns jek,riej `y tde ùkknac duit. Evei tdcumd tde Ltbs dnjjeveacpej tdebr cwi anws kcr tde duit, ùsbiess wbtd trnjbim gclpnibes, scgbnagclluibty stnijnrjs nij use ck crna dbstcrbes, tde Gdurgab stbaa scumdt tc bikaueige tdeLtbs wny ck abke. Gdurgdes tdnt set up sgdccas bi Ltbs gclluibtbes mnve abttae cr icgrejbt kcr wdnt ejugntbci tde Ltbs narenjy dnj nij weit ndenj wbtd tdebr panis kcrgcacibzntbci. Ns @ruge Wenaev ictej6

]btd tde nrrbvna ck tde kbrst Mrey Iuis bi =4::,tde @bsdcp exteijej tdesgdcca systeti. @y >4:5 tdere wns n `cys' eaeleitnry nij segcijnrysgdcca nij n mbras' sgdcca bi Wt. @cibknge, cie sgdcca nt Mrnitcwi binjjbtbci tc n sgdcca, ck scs, wdbgd nggclpnibej tde Ltbs ùkknacduiters ci tc tde panbis nij nttelptej tc sgdcca tde gdbajrei ci n 'gntgd nsgni'`nsbs. (>=)

Wgccpbim up Ltbs gdbajrei krcl tdebr abves ci tde prnbrbe wns narenjy n tngtbg biuse `y Gntabcabg nij Xactestnit lbssbcinrbes nt tdbs tble. Nmrbguatuae nij n strbgtayEurcpeni styae ck ejugntbci wns ègclbim n anrme pnrt ck Ltbs abves. Enray ci,

>7


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lbssbcinrbes dnj abribtej rescurges tc wcr1 wbtd nt tde tble nij tdey jbj ict dnve nslugd suggess bikaueigbim Kbrst Intbcis ns tdey jbj wbtd tde Ltbs. (Wenaey 0a) Zdbs wns ntreij tdnt wcuaj gdnime bi tde anter pnrt ck tde >2td geitury. Gdurgd wcro tdnt wns cigeknbray pnssbve nij sgntterej ègnle lcre gcergbve nij nmmressbve bi tde >4;8s nij>4=8's. Xrbcr tc >4;8 Kbrst Intbcis nij tde Ltbs dnj n jemree ck seak-jeterlbintbci bitdebr ejugntbci tdnt rnpbjay jbsnppenrej wbtd tde kcrlntbci ck Gninjn bi >4;=. (Lbaaer74)

>4=8->445Xrcspercus abke kcr tabe Ltbs rnpbjay jbssbpntej nktea >4;2->4=8. Anrme iulèrs

ck Ltbs were kcrgej tc lcve ickbd nij west krcl Pej Pbver nij tdcse wdc gdcse tc stnywere qubgoay kcrgej tc njnpt tc tde iew systel. (Wdcre =;)Bi >4=8, tde Ltbs rinjenmreeleits wbtd tde kegaerna mcverileit rekaegtej bi pnrt bi tde Lnibtc`n Ngt wdere`ytdey dcpej tdnt tdebr wny ck abke bi Pej Pbver wcuaj è preservej. Zde nmreeleitsel`cjbej bi tde Lnibtc`n Ngt nij su`sequeitay bi tde prcvbige ck Lnibtc`n bi >4=8were esseratbna tc tde lnbiteinige ck tde Ltbs Intbci nkter B 4=8. (Wdcre = :) ZdeLnibtc`n Ngt nasc dnj spegbkbg prcvbsbcis bigaujej kcr tde ejugntbci ck Kreigd-Gntdcabggdbajrei wdc nt tabe tble prejclbinteay were Ltbs gdbajrei.

Grblbina-aevea bmicrnige ck tde prcvbsbcis ck tde Lnibtc`n Ngt bs weaa-oicwi biGninjbni dbstcry. Bmicrnige ck Wegtbcis 7> nij 70 ck tde Ngt tdnt jenat wbtd Wgrbp kcrLtbs knlbabes nij gdbajrei bi Lnibtc`n dnj kurtder blpngts ci ta're exegutbci ck ctdersegtbcis ck tde Lnibtc`n Ngt. Crbmbinaay biteijej tc prcvbje lciey cr anij tc Ltbs, tdenjribibstrntbci ck Wgrbp krcl segtbcis 7> nij 70 wns qubte'uianwkua'(Wprnmue,

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"Mcverileit Anwaessiess" :>5) Wegtbci 00 ck tde Lnibtc`n Ngt stntej tdntjeiclbintbcina sgdccas gcuaj è prcvbjej kcr Ltbs gdbajrei. (Lnibtc`n Ngt >4=8) Eveitdcumd scle sgdccas were prcvbjej, lniy Ltbs gcuaj ict tnoe njvnitnme ck sugdejugntbcina cppcrtuibtbes ègnuse tdey were kcrgej cut ck Pej Pbver nkter tde baaemnanjirbibstrntbci ck Wegtbcis 7> nij 70. (Wprnmue, Gningan nij tde Ltbs 0) Zde Ltbswere, bi anrme pnrt, kcrgej kb'cl tdeba dcles `y anij surveycrs nij bigrensbim teisbciswbtar Gninjbni settaers lcvbim bitc tdebr dcrieanij. (Wdcre, Ltbs Aemngy ==) Zde Wgrbpbssues nrbsbim krcl segtbcis 7> nij 70 ck tde Lnibtc`n Ngt nasc aej tc tde'extbimubsdleit ck Bigabni tbtae.' Zdese ngtbcis uifustay relcvej tde kejerna mcverileitkb'cl dnvbim niy respcisb`babty kcr tde Ltbs. ]btd ic 'Bijbni tbtae' tde Ltbs were ictregcmibzej ns ni N`crbmbina pecpae wbtd rbmdts tc aniga cr nggess tc servbges. Ltbs anijwns baaemnaay stcaei kb'cl tdel `y uisgrupuacus spegtntcrs wbtd tde cpei gcaausbci ckGninjbni ckkbgbnas nij pcabtbgbnis. (Wprnmare, "Mcverileit Anwaessiess" :a5) Wgrbp wnsckkerej tc tde Ltbs bi tde kcrl ck spegbkbg anij mrnits cr kcr n gnsd vnaue bi segtbcis 7 >nij 70 ck tde Lnibtc`n Ngt. N mrent jena ck tdnt anij nij lciey wns uijeadnijejaytnoei krcl tde Ltbs nij ta"re Ltbs weae bi anrme pnrt, kcrgej kb'cl tdebr dcles. Wgabpwns tde ciay cptbci ckkerej tc tde Ltbs jespbte wdnt wns prclbsej gcistbtutbcinaay bitde Lnibtc`n Ngt. Zde Ltbs icw dnj dume mecmrnpdbg, scgbna nij pcabtbgna `nrrbersoeepbim tdel kb'cl nggessbim ejugntbci. Zde Ltbs lnbitnbiej n strcim reantbcisdbp wbtdtde Gduagdes nij lniy lbssbcis kcaacwej Ltbs settaeleits nij iew sgdccas werecpeiej bi Ltbs gclluibtbes. Bi nrens aboe Kcrt Eaabge, Ae`ret, Gnlpervbaae nij tdeZuatae Lcuitnbis, aname iulèrs ck jbspersej Ltbs gcitbiuega tc èacim tc anrme Gntdcabgpnrbsdes. (Wenaey 74) Zdese pnrbsdes wcuaj dnve n mrent jena ck bikaueige bi tde

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Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca systel tdnt wcuaj stnrt tc lnoe bts lcve tc tde ]est bi tde ante>4=8's.>44s->288

@etweeu >448 nij >445, nmmressbve Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca sgdeles stnrtej tc kaccj`ctd ensteri nij westet'i Gninjn. Kejerna Bijbni pcabgbes tcco kcrl jurbim tdese yenrsnij tde gcigept ck Pesbjeitbna sgdccas, ns cutabiej bi tde Jnvbi Pepcrt bi >4=2, tccosdnpe. Bi tdese yenrs, wdnt wns oicwi ns tde "kcrlna" Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca aemngy(Gdnisciieuve ,N>2) nij Ltbs dbstcry gnle tcmetder. Zde knibbabnrbty tdnt tde Ltbs dnjwbtd tde Xrctestnit nij Gntdcabg gdurgdes wcuaj è testej. Ltbs ejugntbci prbcr tc >448wns ebtder prcvbjej tc tdel bi tde kcrl ck Bijbmeicus wnys ck oicwbim, tnumdt `y tdebrknlbabes nij gclluibtbes, cr `y slnaa lbssbci sgdccas bi tde west. ]dnt tdey wcuaj èexpcsej tc bi Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas nkter >448 wns tctnaay uiexpegtej nij kcrebmi tc tdel.

Ablbtntbcis nij Gcitrcversbes ck tde WtujyZde Ltbs nre nwnre ck tdebr 'pange' bi tde anrmer sgdele ck tdbims bi tde lcjeri

seise ùt iemctbntbim ni uijerstnijbim ck tdbs pange bi jclbinit dbstcry bs n krustrntbimuijertnobim. Zde Ltbs nre trybim tc leet tde iew ern ck expnijbim N`crbmbina rbmdtsnij respcisb`babtbes `y wcrobim tc gcitbiunaay nij cktei kcrgbày jekbie tdelseaves. Nttbles, bt seels ns bk tdere nre n tdcusnij jbkkereit jekbibtbcis kcr Ltbs bjeitbty nij kcrwnys ck tdbiobim n`cut wdc tde Ltbs nre. Bi ni ekkcrt tc sbripabky tdbims, bt bs usekua tcrekaegt ci wdnt tde Ltbs nre ict. Zde Ltbs nre ict Ici-stntus "aijbnis" icr nre tdeyjekbiej `y `bcacmy cr àccj qunitul. Jekbibim tde Ltbs `y tdebr reantbcis tc KbrstIntbcis gclluibtbes kb'nmleits Ltbs bjeitbty nij gcitrbùtes tc anterna vbcaeige wdbgd

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bs nasc oicwi ns bitet'inbbzej cppressbci, nij bi-kbmdtbim. (@nttbste nij Deijersci 7=)Usbim àccj qunitul cr tbes tc cie spegbkbg guaturna trnbt bi lensurbim Ltbs-iess duktstde Ltbs. Zdbs tdesbs wbaa gcitrbùte tc tde jbsgussbci ict `y njjbim nictder jekbibtbciùt `y mbvbim tdel n vcbge nij n pange br-r ni bripcrtnit nspegt ck cvernaa N`crbmbrbnadbstcry. Zde Ltbs sabcuaj è naacwej tc jekbie tdelseaves wbtabcut fujmeleit cr `y tdebikaueige ck ngnjeribg teiaas.

Ievertdeaess, mcverileit ngtbcis dnve pangej ablbts ci Ltbs bjeitbty. Zde Ltbsnre kcrgej tc kbmdt tc jekbie tdelseaves nij tc dnve tdbs jekbibtbci nggeptej `y naa nijsuijry. Bi jcbim sc, tde Ltbs jc ict nawnys kbmdt tde scurge ck tde prcàel ùt engdctder. Zde Peserve systel bi Gninjn, baaemna njlbibstrntbci ck Wgrbp bi tde ante >488's,@baa G-7>, ejugntbci systels nij ctder vnrbcus mcveririeit bibtbntej pcabgbes dnve turiejtde Ltbs nmnbist cie nuctder'. Fenacusy, ànlbim, bi-kbmdtbim, rinabgbcus mcssbp nij pettynrmuleits cr wdnt gcuaj è terlej natcmetder ns anterna vbcaeige dns eimuakej eitbreLtbs gclluibtbes. Usbim àccj qunitul cr tbes tc cie spegbkbg guaturna trnbt biriensurbim Ltbs-iess kurtder wcros tc kb'nmleit Ltbs gclluibtbes.

Abke ci tde XerbpderyZde Ltbs dnve speit lcst ck tdebr dbstcrbgna abves ci tde perbpdery. Zdey nre

cktei reaemntej tc tde pcsbtbci ck tde ctder 'ctder' N`crbmbina pecpae. (Nsdgrckt, Mrbkkbtdsnij Zbkkbi >;2) Bi lnbistrenl ejugntbcina systels tdere bs cktei n pange kcr nmeiernabzej ictbci ck N`crbmbina pecpae ùt knr aess cktei n pange kcr tde Ltbs,spegbkbgnaay. Zdey nre tcc krequeitay kcrmcttei n`cut, uijer-resenrgdej nij tdey nre ckteiuijer-represeitej.

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Bi n iew ern wdei puàbg uijerstnijbim n`cut N`crbmbina bssues bs nt ni naa-tbledbmd, tde Ltbs cggarpy nu biterestbim pcsbtbci. Bi tde ern wdei ekkcrts tc je-gcaci bze nij,eablbinte sterectypes jclbinte resenrgd bivcavbim Bijbmeicus pcpuantbcis, tde Ltbs nrebigrensbimay seeta ns jbkkereit kb'cl naa ctder N`crbmbina pecpaes bi Gninjn. Gnre nijgnutbci nre èbim exergbsej nt every aevea ckBijbmeicus resenrgd nij resenrgd letdcjsnij prctcgcas bi lnbistrenri bistbtutbcis nre èbim grentej tc serve Bijbmeicus biteaests bibigrensbim gnpngbtbes. Zde Ltbs icw dnve n pange bi tdbs sgeinabc, natdcumd tdbs bs nregeit jeveacpleit.

Pesenrgd prcgesses nre jeabgnte niga pcabtbgna, espegbnaay wdei cie bs pangbimBijbmeicus oicwaejme bitc n lnbistrenl krnlewcro. Zerls, rekereigbim styaes nijwrbtbim letdcjs lust è gdcsei gnrekuaay. Zde blprcper use ck terls dns tde pcteitbna tcckkeij nij wbaa jetrngt grejb`babty nwny krcl tde resenrgder. Ngtbcis speno acujer tdniwcrjs.

Ltbs-spegbkbg bikcrlntbci nij ngnjelbg stujy n`cut tde Ltbs bs bi dbmd jelnijjespbte tde kngt tdnt sugd bikcrlntbci nij letdcjcacmy bs rnre nij dnrj tc kbij. Ltbscrmnibzntbcis kbmdt kcr bt nij dcnrj bt. Bk oicwaejme bs pcwer, tde Ltbs nre bi n pcsbtbcitc è mrntekua kcr wdnt tdey gni met tdebr dnijs ci. Kcr lniy renscis, ebtder kb'cl kcrgejgcacibzntbci, anterna vbcaeuge cr bi-kbmabtbim, tde Ltbs regcmibze tde vnaue ck Ltbsresenrgd nij eij up kbmdtbim kcr bt. B dnve èei pnrt ck n systel bi Ltbs crmnibzntbciswdere B dnve èei mbvei spegbkbg bistrugtbcis ict tc sdnre bikcrlntbci. Bi turi,bikcrlntbci w'ns wbtddeaj krcri le kcr tbre very snle renscis. ]dnt wns èbim wbtddeajrvns ict pcabtbgna ca gcikbjeitbna bikcrlntbci ùt puàbg regcrj nij dbstcrbgna lnterbna

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vnaunàe tc naa Ltbs. Oicwaejme bs pcwer nij biterinabzej cppressbci ègcles qubteevbjeit ns Ltbs macarps kbmdt kcr tdbs pcwer.

Zde gcacibzers jbstbimubsdej tdelseaves krcl Bijbmeicaas pecpae. @yusbim pre-gcigebvej gcugepts ck prblbtbvbsl, tde gcacibzer wcroej uijer n `binry nij ndbernrgdbgna systel. (Nsa'rgrckt, Mrbkkbtds nij Zbkkbi >;2) Engd wcros tc jekbie tdebrgcuiter-pnrt. Zdacumd tdbs aeis, Bijbmeicus pecpae lny dnve stnrtej tc 'ctder'tdelseaves. Zdere bs ni uijeibnàe reantbcisdbp ètweei tde seak nij tde ctder. Zdegcacibzer 'ctders' tde gcacibzej `y exgaujbim, lnrmbinabzbim nij stenjbay gclpnrbimtdelseaves tc tde 'ctder,' bi tdbs gnse tde gcacibzej. (b`bj)

Ns tde 'ctater' N`cabmbina pecpae, tde Ltbs dnve èei exgaujej `y `ctd tdegcacibzers nij `y tde N`crbmbina lnfcrbty, tde Kbrst Intbcis. Zde Ltbs tnoe prbje bidnvbim n animunme, guature nij gustcls sepnrnte krcl Kbrst Intbcis. Zdnt prbje bs `cri,bi pnkb, jue tc n dbstcrbg persevernige tdrcumd acim-terl exgausbci, lnrmbinabzntbci nijgclpnrbsci. Aekt tc abve ci acnj naacwnrrges, bi lnoesdbkt sdnitytcwis, tde Ltbs werenasc swbijaej cut ck tdebr anij. (Wdcre, Ltbs Aemngy =5) Xreseitay, bt bs stbaa n gcllciLtbs trnbt tc è resbabeit, biicvntbve nij eitrepreieurbna.

Bi tde tweity-kbrst geitury tde Ltbs dnve tnoei n dume step kcrwnrj `y kbmdtbimaemnaay kcr tdebr pcsbtbci ns tde 'ctder' N`crbmbina Xecpae. Kcr n geitury, jclbinitGningan rinje ekkcrts tc extrngt tde Ltbs krcl Kejerna nij Xrcvbigbna respcisb`babty. biscle respegts, exgausbci, nij lnrmbinabzntbci ck tde Ltbs bi Gninjn wns qubte severe.Wcle ck tde exgausbcu wns evei ns severe ns kcrgbàe relcvna ns bi tde gnse ck Wte.Lnjeaebie, Lnibtc`n. (Veabm :) Ltbs dcles were ùriej nij ni eitbre tcwi wnsjestrcyej bi crjea tc kcrge tdel kb'cl tdeba tcwi nij tc lnoe rccl kca Eurc-Gninjbni

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settaers. Zdrcumd systelbg lnabgbcus bmicrnige, tde Ltbs were kcrgbày gnst nsbje `yjclbinit Gninjn nij `y lcveleits tdnt knvcurej Eurcpeni settaeleit bi Gninjn'swest. (Wdcre, Lbs Aemngy ==)

Lnfcr ntteipts `y tde Gninjbni Kejerna Mcverileit tc prcvbje kcr Kbrst Intbciswere gnrrbej cut bi n lniier tdnt mcverileit tdcumdt wns njequnte nij knbr. Nttelptbimcr nppent'bim tc njdere tc trentbes wns Gninjn's wny ck ngoicwaejmbim tdnt tde anij tdeyicw resbje upci wns cige Kbrst Intbcis anij. Zdey were respcisbàe kcr Kbrst Intbcisnij tdebr nttelpts tc njjress tdbs respcisb`babty were gnrrbej cut wbtd scle aevea ckjeterlbintbci. (Krbesei nij Krbesei 0;)

Bi gcitrnst, eveu bitc 088;, tde Kejerna Mcveaileit bs stbaa uiwbaabim tcngoicwaejme tdnt Ltbs anij wns uianwkuaay tnoei kb'cl tdel. Zde Ltbs were kcrgejckk tdebr anij `y jclbinit Eurc-Gninjbnis nij tdey were exgaujej kb'cl tde snkety cktdebr dcle anij. Zde Ltbs jbj ict keea snke bi tde dcles tdey dnj lnje bi tdeIcradwest. Ns settaers lcvej west, tde Ltbs were kcrgej tc lcve knrtder ]est nijIcrtar. (Wprnmue nij Krye 0=)

Bt gcuaj è nrmuej tdnt tde Ltbs sdcuaj gcisbjer tdelseaves kcrauinte tc dnveèei exgaujej krcl tde cppressbve aemngbes set nsbje kcr tde Kbrst Intbcis `y tdeJclbibci ck Gninjn. Zde Peserve systel, Zaentbes nij rinijntcry ntteijnige ntPesbjeitbna Wgdccas were naa usej tc njjress Gninjn's 'aijbni Xrcàel'. (Lbaacy =) Bicrjer tc see tdbs gaenray, cie lust vbsunabze tde jepacanàe gcijbtbcis ck Kbrst Intbcisreserves, gcijbtbcis tdnt gcitbiue evei bitc 088;. Kbrst Intbcis were kcrgbày gcikbiej tctde Peserves ci n pnss systel, kcrgej tc abve bi :tat ]craj gcijbtbcis nij were biuijntejwbtd systelbg scgbna jbstress. Wbriuatniecusay, tde Ltbs were abvbim ci tde sbje ck tde

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rcnga cutsbje tdcse gclluibtbes bi teits nij lnoe-sdbkt aeni-tcs. Ltbs gclluibtbes abiejtde rcnjs aenjbim up tc nij `cajerbim tdese aeserves. Zdebr rcnj naacwnige gclluibtbeswere abternaay sbtuntej ci tde perbpdery. (Wdcre, Ltbs Aemngy ==) Bi njjbtbci, tdesetcwis `crjerej ci ici-N`crbmbina gclluibtbes wdere settaers abvej, cggupybim anij tdntwns cige pcpuantej `y tde Ltbs.

@ebim nij ègclbim Ltbs ci tde lnrmbis el`rnges n pnrnjcx ck èbim nijègclbim tde 'ctder', wdbgd bs tde pergebvej mcna nij tde eijaess strummae tc c`tnbi tde"geitre". Ns Nsdgrckt dns ictej6 "Lnrmbina mrcups jc ict iegessnrbay eijcrse tde ictbcick n kbxej geitre...Zde lnrmbina tderekcre bijbgntes n pcsbtbcinabty tdnt bs èst jekbiej biterls ck ablbtntbcis ck n su`fegt's nggess tc pcwer." (Nsdgrckt, Mrbkkbtds nij Zbkkbi b75)Zde Ltbs nre prcuj ck tdebr'lnrmbina stntus. Ltbs abke kacurbsdej nij tdebr resbabeige citde lnrmbis grentej prbje bi tdebr intbci. Ngdbevbim tde geitre wns iever n prblnryc`fegtbve kcr tde Ltbs. Zde jclbinit Gninjbni geitre wns wdbter, usunaay rbgder, lnaejclbintej nij Eimabsd-spenobim. Ltbs jbj ict nawnys equnte abke bi tdnt geitre ns niblprcveleit tc tdebr cwa abke gcijbtbcis. Bk bjeitbkybim wbtd tde Kbrst Intbcis wnsèiekbgbna tc tdel, tdey jbj sc wbtd prbgae. Ctder Ltbs were abvbim tdebr abves ns n abe,jerbybim bjeitbtbes, animunme nij pecpae bi crjer tc bjeitbky bi scle gnses ns Kreigd,Uornbibni, Pussbni cr @rbtbsd sc bi crjer tc prcvbje n ètter abke kcr tdebr knlbabes.Njcptbim tde gdnrngterbstbgs ck tde geitre wns n gcisgbcus nij biteitbcina lcve tcnjvnige Ltbs biterests. Gninjn grentej ni ntlcspdere tdnt gnusej scle Ltbs tc sukkerkcr tabebr bjeitbty. Gcurnme wns n oey bi cppcsbim tdnt ntlcspdere nij el`rngbim abke citde rinrmbis. Evei tdcumab gbrgulstniges nre gdnimbim bi Gninjn, tde Ltbs stbaa njcpttdese tngtbgs bi tdeba a'eantbcis tc tde geitre.

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Gcisbjerntbci kcr n resenrgd su`fegt's meijer, guature, reabmbci, leitna gnpngbtynij scgbna strugture bs pnrnlcuit bi 0>tt geitury resenrgd. Dcw tde resenrgd wbaa blpngt ndurini lust è gcisbjerej. (Wlbtd 05) Ltbs resenrgders cktei jc ict dnve tde auxuay ckeiterbim resenrgd wbtd pre-jeterlbiej prctcgcas tdnt tdebr ctder Bijbmeicus gcuiter-pnrtsjc. @crrcwbim krcl ctders cktei repanges tde gaentbci ck tdebr cwi. Zde Ltbs nggepttdebr pcsbtbci ci ngnjelbg lnrmbis nij njcpt letdcjs ck `ctd geitres, tdese èbimlnbistrenl-jclbinit nij Kbrst Intbcis. Zde èiekbts br-r jcbim sc lny knvcur tderesenrgder niga ict tde su`fegt. Zde vcbge ck tde Ltbs bs aboe ic ctder. Bt bs n vcbge tdnteigclpnsses tde lnrmbis nij n abke grentej tc wcro ci tde lnrmbis. N lnrmbi bs ict n`nrrber kcr tde Ltbs? bt bs tdebr wny ck èbim. N lnrmbi bs n stnrtbim pcbit kcr ngnjelbgquestbcibim nij bt dns mrent sbmibkbgnige kcr Ltbs resenrgdeas. ggeptbim, refegtbim crnaacwbim tdelseaves tc è gcidiej tc tde lnrmbis nre gdcbges Ltbs gcuaj lnoe.

XcsbtbcinabtyKbijbim n perscina acgntbci bi `ctd tde Ltbs nij Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca dbstcrbes dns

èei ni evcautbcinry prcgess. Ltbs nij Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas dbstcrbes nre cktei gcitestej,gcitrcversbna nij, kcr tdbs rensci, tdey nre cktei uipcpuanr. Gcistnit cppcsbtbci tc tdeseelermbim dbstcabes dns grentej tde evcautbci ck Ltbs gcigepts nij letdcjcacmbesbigaujej bi tdbs tdesbs. Zde e`` nij kacw ck su`fegtbvbty tdacumdcut tdbs tdesbs kcaacwejtde aengtbcis tdnt B regebvej kb'cl knlbay, survbvcrs, tengders nij gclrruibty lelèrs.Dcw B tdcumdt n`cut tde tcpbg wns mrentay bikaueigej `y wbrnt tdese pecpae bi ly abke tcajle n`cut bt. Zdese kcaacwbim wcrjs nre ict biicgucus dbstcrbgna inrntbves. Zdey nreinrntbves ck trnuln, guaturna bjeitbty nij n uibque dbstcry.

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Aenribim n`cut Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas cpeis ycur lbij tc trutds ycu lny ict dnvegcisbjerej cr wnitej tc gcisbjer èkcre. Ly mrnijlctder ntteijej n Pesbjeitbna Wgdccanij riy uijerstnijbim ck der abke nij reantbcisdbps dnve gdnimej cver tde gcurse ck tdbsstujy. Ly knlbay wns nawnys ci ly lbij wdei B tdcumdt n`cut Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas nijicw Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas nre evei lcre preseit tdni B ever nitbgbpntej wdei tdbiobim ckly knlbay. B cktei keea kcrtuinte tc dnve èei mbvei tdbs cppcatuibty tc denr tde stcrbes Bdnve denrj. [ery kew pecpae dnve tde gdnige tc eimnme wbtd tdebr knlbabes nijgclluibtbes bi sugd n lenibimkua wny. Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca stcrbes nre sc perscina tdeytrnisgeij tde kurjbims ck tdbs tdesbs nij serve tc prcvbje gcitext kcr uijerstnijbim tdeanrmer stujy ck wdnt bt lenis tc è n lcjeri Ltbs wclni.

Weverna kngtcrs tdnt dnve bikaueigej tde gcitext ck ly tdesbs dnve èei èycijly gcitrca. Cie kngtcr bs meietbgs wdbgd gni prcjuge pdeictypbg nttrbùtes ck dulnièbims. Lcjeri Gninjn stbaa `nses fujmeleits ci tdese pdeictypbg nttrbùtes. Ciepnreit wbtd àngo dnbr nij `rcwi sobi nij cie pnreit wbtd knba dnbr nij knbr sobi gniprcjuge twc jbkkreit gdbajrei. Cie gdbaj gni dnve jnro pdeictypbg nttrbùtes nij ciegdbaj gni dnve knbr nttrbùtes. Xdysbgna nttrbùtes gniict gdnime engd gdbaj's gciiegtbcitc tdebr pnreits nij nigestcas. Xdysbgna nttrbùtes gniict gdnime tde gdbajrei'suijerstnijbim cr oicwaejme ck tdebr nigestcrs. B dnve èei bivcavej wbtd tdeJepnrtleit ck Intbve Wtujbes nt tde Uibversbty ck Lnibtc`n sbige >22;. B wcroej nt tdeLnibtc`n Ltbs Kejerntbci kcr tdree yenrs nij tde Ltbs Geitre nt tde IntbcinaN`crbmbina Denatd Crmnibzntbci kcr cver twc yenrs. B dnve preseitej nt bitelntbcina,untbcina, prcvbigbna nij aembcina aeveas ci tcpbgs reantbim tc Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca nij Ltbsdbstcrbes. B dnve èei tnumdt tc pnss ci ly knlbay's meienacmy nij B nl cie lelèr ck

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ly knlbay tdnt naa ctdea gcusbis gcaie tc kcr knlbay dbstcrbes. B dnve wcroej wbtd LtbsEajers ngrcss Gninjn. B dnve knbr sobi nij knbr abnbr. Ly `rctder dns n @ngdeacr ckWgbeige jemree wbtd n psygdcacmy lnfcr'. De bs n gcrregtbcis ckkbger nij de bs niexgeaaeit ntdaete. De dns àngo dnbr nij `rcwi sobi. B dnve cktei gcisbjerej tdnt scle ckly lnterbna nij pnpers tdnt B dnve preseitej bi tde pnst wcuaj dnve èei ètter regebvejbk B dnj mbvei tde snle btels tc ly `rctder tc renj kcr le. B jc ict tdbio bt bs dbsexpertbse bi Ltbs cr Intbve Wtujbes tdnt wcuaj lnoe tde nujbeige lcre respcisbve tc tdewcro. B dnve ic rbmdt tc jesgrbè tdese experbeiges ns n gclpanbit tdcumd. Ly `rctderdns kngej dbs cwi rngbnaay-`nsej fujmeleits bi dbs abke, `nsej ci dbs meietbg pdeictypbgnttrbùtes. Zdese gbrgulstniges jc ict lnoe cie ck riy pnreit's gdbajrei lcre Ltbstdni tde ctder. @ebim Ltbs wbtdcut dnvbim tc puàbgay jeganre cr 'jbspany' bt lny fust ècie ck tde gaenrest nssertbcis ck bjeitbty tdere bs.

B dnve ict acst niytdbim krcl ly meietbg lnoe up. B dnve mnbiej uijerstnijbim.Ly wcaaj vbew bs jbkkeaeit? ly tdcumdts ci sobi gcacua nij derbtnme nre kcrever gdnimejègnuse ck ly Ltbs-iess. Ly mrnijlctder bs stbaa perpaexej ns tc wdy everytdbim sdeaenriej bi Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca nij bi der gclluibty tdnt tnumdt der tc dbje der Ltbs-iessdns icw gdnimega nij icw der mrnijgdbajrei wnit tc è prcuj ck wdnt sde kcrleray dbj.Meietbgs nij jeibna dnve ict gdnimej ly uijerstnijbim ck Ltbs bjeitbty cr tde Ltbsnij Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas. Uikcrtuinteay, meietbgs dnve bripngtej scle renjers'taujerstnijbims ck riy wcro. Dcwever, lbsgcigeptbcis n`cut tde Ltbs nij gcllciknaangbes n`cut N`crbmbina pecpae bi meierna gdnaaeimej rie tc expnij ly tdcumdts cièbim n Ltbs sgdcanr bi `ctd lnbistrenri nij Intbve Wtujbes.

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GcigausbciCige ni dbstcrbgna nggcuit ck tde >228-0888' s ern ck Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca dbstcry bs

wrbttei, jegcacibzbim dbstcrbnis lny regcrj dcw Gninjn trbej tc ekknge bts rcae nijrespcisb`babty kcr tde Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas. Bt bs biterestbim tc gcisbjer n `ystnijer, ici-N`crbmbina Gninjbni's rengtbcis tc Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas nij tde Ltbs. Zde mcverileitbs wbaabim tc grente tde blpaessbci tdnt wbtd qubgo, cie-tble pnyleits tde PesbjeitbnaWgdcca bssue wbaa mc nwny. ]dnt tde mcverileit nij `ystnijer Gninjbnis nre uiwbaabimcr uin`ae tc see nre tde acim terl ekkegts ck tde sgdcca experbeige tdnt were nij nre npnrtck N`crbmbina gclluibtbes. N`seige ck tde Ltbs bi Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca dbstcrbes bs fustcie exnlpae ck dcw tde Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca aemngy bs stbaa reaevnit nij blpcrtnit tcN`crbmbina nij ici-N`crbmbina Gninjbni dbstcrbes. Naa survbvcrs ieej tc `e mbveicppcatuibtbes tc teaa tdebr stcrbes bi snke, weagclbim, suppcrtbve veiues bk tdey jesbre tcteaa tdeba stcrbes. Lelcrbes ck Gninjn's trentleit ck Ltbs nij Pesbjeitbna Wgabccasurvbvcrs sdcuaj ict jbe wbtd tde survbvcrs. Zdey abve nmnbi wbtd tdebr jesgeijnits nijserve tc regcigbae nij repnbr reantbcisdbps wbtd ici-N`crbmbina Gninjn.

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Gdnpter ZwcAbternture Pevbew

Zde Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca Wysteri dns dnj n lnfcr blpngt ci `ctd Gninjbni nijN`cabmbina dbstcry. Pegetrtay, tdcse wdc questbci tde ntteijnige ck Ltbs pecpae nt tdesesgdccas dnve èei jrnwi bitc tde je`nte, espegbnaay bi n dnijkua ck uipuàbsdej repcrts.Wcrie dbstcabnis mc ns knr ns tc lnoe stnteleits jeganrbim tdnt tde Ltbs jbj ict ntteijtde sgdccas (Jebter >222) wdbae scle gciteij tdnt tdebr rcae wns sc bisbmibk,rgnit tdnttdebr leitbci wbtdbi tde dbstcrbgna gcitext ck Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas bs gclpaeteaynvcbjnàe. (Gdnrtrnij 5) Pegeitay, n kew dbstcrbes spegbkbgnaay njjressbim tde Ltbs rcaent Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas dnve surkngej krcl tde N`crbmbina Denabim Kcuijntbci tc sdejabmdt ci tde lbsgcigeptbcis nij ribsbiterpretntbcis tdnt exbst ci tde Pesbjeitbna Wgdccasystel nij tde Ltbs acae bi tdel.

Ltbs experbeiges nt Pesbjeitbna sgdccas nre dbstcabgnaay jcguleitej bi n seaegtkew uipuàbsdej jcguleits. Zdere nre seaegtbcis krcl n meierna survey ck PesbjeitbnaWgabcca dbstcrbes wdbgd cutabie mcver'ruieit pcabgbes niga gcijbtbcis nt tde sgdccas tdntscle Ltbs stujeits ntteijej. Wcle ck tdese rescurges lnoe abttae leitbci ck tde Ltbsexpeabeige ns uibque cr regcmibze tdnt Ltbs ntteijej tde sgdccas bi tde iulèrs tdnttdey jbj. N meierna survey ck Ltbs dbstcry nij Intbve Wtujbes abternture sdejs abmdt cidcw tde Ltbs rvere ejugntej nij, bi meierna, tde tcpbg ck Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas nrbses biseverna bistniges. Zbes ètweei tde Ltbs nij tde Gdurgdes nasc `rbim tc abmdt lniyPesbjeitbna Wgdcca bssues nij tdere nre seveana leitbcis ck tde vnrbcus Gdurgd rcaes biLtbs dbstcrbes.

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Wbige tde lbj->2=8s N`crbmbina pecpae dnve èei nt tde pcbit wdere tdey nrepaepnrej tc gcle kcrwnrj wbtd tdebr experbeiges nt tdese sgdccas. N mrent iulèr ck tdesgarccas weae gacsej bi tde ante >2;8's nij enray =2=8's nij, nttdnttble, lniyN`crbmbina pecpae were tdrenteiej `y gaermy wbtd reabmbcus persegutbci bi tde eveit tdnttdey gnle kcrwnrj wbtd tdebr stcrbes ck nùse. (Oicgowccj 2->8) Lniy N`crbmbinapecpae were nsdnlej. kb'bmdteiej nij jbsgrejbtej wdbae, nt tde snle tble, kngbimjbsgrblbintbci krcl Gninjbni scgbety, tdey were uinàe tc sdnre tdebr trnmbg stcrbes.Gciverseay, tdere bs n gcisbjernàe iulèr ck N`crbmbina pecpae tdnt jbj ict dnve `njexperbeiges nt Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca nij tdey èabeve tdnt tde experbeige èiekbtej tdel nijtdnt tdebr stcrbes nasc ieej tc è tcaj. Kcr tdese rensctas, tde dbstcry ck tde PesbjeitbnaWgdcca systel dns èei aekt uitcaj bi bts eitbrety uitba regeitay.

Pesbjeitbna WgdccasN senrgd kcr tde lcst gclpredeisbve dbstcry ck Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas stnrts wbtd

F.P. Lbaaer's Wdbimv,;uo's /bsb.ci nij F.W. Lbaacy's N Intbcina Grble. Ns twc ck tde ciaypureay dbstcrbgna texts ci tde su`fegt, tdey nre bi n ganss ck tdebr cwi wdei gclpnrej wbtdctder Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca dbstcabes. @ctd Lbaaer nij Lbaacy acco nt tde sgdccas'njlbibstrntbci dbstcry nij `ctd nutdcrs mbve n `rcnj rnime ck evbjeige tdnt suppcrts tdebrganbls tdnt tdese sgdccas were mcverileit ekkcrts tc njdere tc trenty prcvbsbcis wdbaenasc dnvbim tde sclewdnt dbjjei nmeijn tc kcrgbày nssblbante meierntbcis ck N`crbmbinagdbajrei. Weverna ctder dbstcrbes teij tc kcgus scaeay ci ni bijbvbjuna sgdcca cr nibijbvbjuna mrcup ck pecpae rntder tdni tabe dbstcry ck tde eitbre systel. Wcle ck tde lcstgcripeaabim Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca lelcbrs aboe @nsba Fcdistci's Bijni Wgdcca Jnys nij

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Bsnèaae Oicgowcc j's Cur ck tde Jeptds kcgus ci perscina experbeiges nt PesbjeitbnaWgdccas, ùt tdebr stcrbes uijcu`tejay rekaegt ci tde eitbre systel. Gdrbsfcdi, Rcuim nijLnrbci's Zde Gbrgae Mqite bs lcre ck n scgbc-psygdcacmbgna prckbae ck naa ck tde ekkegtstdnt tdese sgdccas dnj ci N`crbmbina pecpae ùt bt stbaa dns lugd dbstcrbgna lerbt jue tctde exteisbve resenrgd jcie ci tde sgdccas bi meierna. Nggcuits ck tde Pesbjeitbna Wgdccasystel ns ni bistruleit ck meicgbje bi Gninjn nre geitrna tc Gdrbsfcdi's nrmuleit.

Lbaaer's Wdbimtnuo's [sbci bs n very tdcrcumd dbstcry ck tde Pesbjeitbna Wgdccaspreseitej bi tdree pnrts. Zde tdree gclpcieits Lbaaer uses gcisbst ck tde dbstcry ckMcvetileit bivcaveleit, gdurgd bivcaveleit nij tde N`cabmbina experbeige ck tdeeitbre systel. Zde tdree lnfcr kngtcrs nre `rcoei up bitc tdebr gclpcieit pnrts bi crjertc met ni nggurnte seise ck tde lctbvntbim kngtcrs tdnt aej tde mcverileit tc gdccse tcnssbribante tde N`crbmbina pecpae ns tdey jbj, tde gdurgdes tc gdccse tc turi n àbij eye tcmeierntbcis ck nùse nij tde N`crbmbina pecpae tc resbst tdbs systel nij bts lnijntcryntteijnige pcabgbes. Zde oey kngt bi Lbaaer's wcro bs tdnt tde mcvekkleit wns tde prblnrybistruleit tdnt lnibpuantej `ctd tde gdurgdes nij tde Jepnrtleit ck Bijbni Nkknbrs tcscave tde 'Bijbni Xrcàel'. Lbaaea bs nàe tc jrnw kngts tc pcve tdbs wbtd n mrentjemreeck nggurngy kb'cl dbs resenrgd bitc tde gcaaegtbci ck perscina nggcuits nij nrgdbvnalnterbnas jenabim wbtd tde tcpbg. Lbaaer wns kcrtuinte tc dnve wrbttei dbs text nt n tble(tde enaay >228's) èkcre tde wnve ck anwsubts dbt tde Gdurgdes ngrcss Gninjn. Lbaaerwns nàe tc nggess lniy ck tdese repcsbtcrbes èkcre tde wbjeay nggeptej gdurgd pcabgy cksenabim regcajs gcaatleragej. Zdese regcrjs were oey tc Lbaaer's jepbgtbci ck tde jny-tc-jny abke ck tde sgdccas. Zdeae bs ni nùijnige ck evbjeige tdnt bijbgntes tdnt de wnsgnrekua bi dbs seaegtbci ck prbrinry scurges, crna dbstcrbes. nrgdbvna regcrjs nij vnrbcus

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abterntures ns engd ck tdel aeijs btseak tc n sckb ck dbstcrbgna prcgess ci bts cwi. Zdeaetters krcl Jepnrtleit ck Bijbni Nkknbas ckkbgbnas, gaermy bi gdnrme ck tabe sgdccas nijN`crbmbina crna dbstcrbes bi wabttei nij ver`na kcrl nre naa lensurej, gclpnrej nijgcitrnstej wbtd cie nictder tc abeap vnabjnte tde nutdcr's pcbit ck vbew. Nt ic pcbit jcesLbaaer grbtbgnaay nssess ck engd ck dbs prblnay scurges ùt de jces ngoicwaejme tdnt tdeoey tc uijerstnijbim tde bripngt ck Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas bs tde suppcra tdnt crna dbstcrbesaeij tc tde nrgdbvna senrgd. De biterprets naa scurges wbtd ni equna webmdt bi crjer tc èstjekeij dbs pcsbtbci ci mcverileit lnibpuantbci bi tdese sgdccas. @y exteijbim dbs rengdtc crna nij ici-mcverileit scurges de bs èst nàe tc cpei dbs inintbve wbtd lnterbnatdnt bs ict kcuij bi n sdnaacw senrgd ck mcverileit ciay regcrjs.

Bi Anrry Gdnrtrnij's Ke`runay 0880 "Ltbs Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca Xnrabgbpntbci-NAbternture Pevbew" de leitbcis tdnt bi bitervbews wbtd F.P.Lbaaer, de kcuij tdnt "dbs`cco wns ci Bijbni pnrtbgbpntbci nij tdnt tderekcre de meiernaay bmicrej niy lnterbna ciLtbs experbeiges." (5) Dcwever, Lbaaer's evbjeige ck Ltbs ntteijnige bs ictgcripaeteay bmicrej bi dbs text. Ltbs ntteijnige lny ict è dbmdabmdtej tc niy mrentsbmibkbgnige ùt leitbci dns èei lnje ck tde su`fegt `y tde bigausbci ck tde JnvbiPepckt, ni >4=2 expacrntcry senrgd bitc tde "aijustrbna Wgdccas kcr Bijbnis nij 'Dnak-@reejs"'. (Lbaaer >8>) Nutdcr Gdnrarnij prcves tdnt wdbae tde Ltbs were gcisbjerej nsstujeits kb'cl tde stnrt ck tdese sgdccas' `y bts njlbibstrntbci, bt wns tde mcverileit'sprblnry pcabgy tc kcgus ci tde extbimubsdleit ck N`crbmbina tbtae nij tc seveaeay aejugetde nlcuit ck kuijbim tdnt wcuaj è naacttej tc lnbitnbi trenty nmreeleits. Zdesepcabgbes lnje every ekkcrt tc exgauje tde Ltbs krcl niy kegaerna èiekts, bigaujbimejugntbci nij aekt nssbribantbci ck tde Ltbs tc lnbistrenl Gninjbni ejugntbci systels.

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Zde exnlbintbci ck gdurgd nij Ltbs cppcsbtbci tc tdebr exgausbci krcl kejernaay rui-Pesbjeitbna sgdccas bs ict bigaujej bi Lbaaer's dbstcry, ùt de jces leitbci tde exbsteigeck Ltbs jelnijs nij n kew Gdurgd aequests tc bigauje tabe Ltbs stujeits bi tde gansses.Lbaaer's njlbttnige ck dbs biteitbcina clbssbcis ck Ltbs bikcrlntbci aeijs dcpe tc tdedbstcrbni accobim k-cr tde Ltbs experbeige ègnuse cie gni k-caacw Lbaaer''s aenjs tcprbrinry nij abternry scurges wdbgd tcugd upci tde Ltbs vcbge ci tdbs bssue. Lbaaer's textbs qubte aeimtdy nij cie gni qubgoay nppregbnte tde vcaule ck bikcrlntbci tdnt de lnydnve èei kcrgej tc ci-rbt.

F.W. Lbaacy's N Inabcina Grbite dns ni exgeaaeit nppacngd tc tde "dbjjei segret"ck Gninjbni mcverileit pcabgy nij tde aesuatnit trnulntbg eveits ck tde PesbjeitbnaWgdcca aemngy. Pequestej `y tde Pcyna Gcllbssbci ci N`crbmbina Xecpaes (>227),Lbaacy grentej n abbstcrbgna nggcuit ck tde Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas nij tde ciay leitbci ck tdeLtbs surknges bi dbs use ck terls tc jesgrbè tde pcteitbna stujeits ck tdbs systeri nsBijbni, Biubt, Ltbs, Ici-Wtntus nij ]dbte. Zde jbvbsbci ck tde Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca ernbitc tde acmbgna perbcjs ck tdebr exbsteige? tdebr kcuijbim krcri >4=2 tc >208, tdebr'njribibstrntbci nij every-jny ngtbvbtbes up tc >2:;, nij tde perbcj aenjbim tc tdebr gacsurekrcl >2:; tc >24;, naacws Lbaacy tc prcjuge ni nggurnte dbstcrbgna nggcuit ck tde abke cktdese sgdccas. Zabe Ltbs' rcae nppenrs tc è uijer-panyej bi tdese sbmibkbgnit nijseelbimay tdcrcumd texts. Lugd aboe Lbaaer, Lbaacy bjeitbkbes strcim mcverileitbikaueige cver tde gdurgd-rui njlbibstrntbci ck tde sgdccas nij tde dbmday iemabmeitlcrnabty wbtd wdbgd `ctd `cjbes njlbibstrntej tde sgdccas. De nasc biterprets n mrentjena ck mcverileit nij gdurgd nrgdbves tc njvnige dbs pcsbtbci tdnt tde sgdccas werestenjbay uijer-kuijega nij grblbinaay lbslninmej. Aboe Lbaaer', de jesgrbès dcw tdbs

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lbslninmeleit nij iemabmeige nkkegtej meierntbcis ck N`crbmbina pecpae. @ctd Lbaaernij Lbaacy's texts nre tde lcst gclpredeisbve Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca dbstcrbes tc jnte ùt`ctd, uikcrtuinteay, aenve cut tde rcae panyej `y tde Ltbs.

Ltbs experbeiges were cktei purpcseay dbjjei bi Jepnrtleit ck Bijbni Nkknbrsprblnry jcguleits nij, bi lniy gnses, Ltbs ntteijnige wns strbgtay jeibej `yJepnrtleit pcabgbes. yet tde gdurgdes kcr gdnrbtnàe renscis cktei bmicrej tdbs pcabgy.Jurbim tde enray njlbibstrntbci ck tde sgdccas, (>448's tc >278's) tde Ltbs weremeiernaay kngbim n acwer qunabty ck abke tdni ctder N`crbmbina pecpae bi Gninjn. Lniyknlbabes dnj èei kcagbày jbspcssessega kb'cl tdebr dcleanij nij kcrgej citc tdeperbpdery ck `ctd Kbrst aaantbcis nij ici-N`crbmbina gclluibtbes. Lniy abvej ci tdePcnj Naacwniges ns squntters ci tde ejmes ck prbvnte nij puàbg anijs. Zde vnrbcusgduagdes keat tdnt tde Ltbs were cktei "wcrse ckk tdni Bijbnis" (Gdnrarnij, Acmni nijJnibeas =>) nij wcuaj naacw tdebr ntteijnige bi gclpaete jbsremnrj ck Jepnrtleitpcabgbes tdnt jbj ict naacw 'Dnak-@reej' njlbttnige. Natdcumd bt bs remrettnàe tdntexteisbve nij gclpredeisbve dbstcrbes ck Pesbjeitbna Wgdccasaaoe Wdimwnuo's [bsbcinij N Intbcina Grbite jc ict bigauje tde Ltbs experbeige. bt sdcuaj ict iemntbveayrekaegt ci tde dbstcrbgna lejts ck tde text. Ns rekereiges ci Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas tdey nre,bi scle bistniges, tde ciay reabnàe scurges nvnbanàe tc jnte.

Ni exnlpae ck uireabn`babty bs tde sdcra seak-pacganblej dbstcry tdnt GcistnigeJebter's Krcl Cur Lcder's Nrls preseits. Zdbs gcaaegtbci ck stcrbes krcl PesbjeitbnaWgdccas mbves n kew exnlpaes ck tde perscina strbke tdnt N`crbmbina pecpae kngej nt tdesesgabccas ùt bts weno a'esenrgd sdcws tdrcumd bi severna nrens. Kcr exnlpae, tde nutdcr

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stntes tdnt "tde Ltbs jbj ict dnve restrbgtbcis pangej ci tdel `y tde Bijbni Ngt nij weaeict nkkegtej `y tde resbjeitbna sgdcca experbeige" (5).

Bt jces speno. tdcumd, kcr tde gurreit stnte ck Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca dbstcry, wdbgd bstdnt bt bs meiernaay n iew tcpbg nij, bi tde senrgd kcr bikcrlntbci ci tdese sgdccas, gnutbcisdcuaj è tnoei bi nssessbim tde scuages nij abbstcrbg letdcjcacmy tdnt bs usej bi tdegrentbci ck tdese stcrbes. Jebter's `cco ciay uses n ablbtej iilèr ck scurges nij tdenutdcr lnoes severna very `rcnj stnteleits `nsej ci kew scarrges. Zde stcry bi KrcitCta' Lcader's Nrits wcuaga è ètter njjressej bk bt dnj n inrrcw kcgus biterpretbim ciayseaegtej lnterbna rntder tdni `rcnjay njjressbim Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas bi meierna.

Pcanij Gdrbsfcdi, Wdearb Rcuim nij Lbgdnea Lnrnui's Zde Gbrgae Mnle bs nscgbna/psygdcacmbgna revbew- ck tde 'meicgbjna ngts' ck tde Gninjbni mcverileit ciN`crbmbina pecpae. Bt bs n knr lcre jrnlntbg biterpretntbci ck tde Pesbjeitbna Wgdccaaemngy tdni Lbaaea nij Lbaacy preseit ns bt mces ci tc jesgrbè tde mcverruieit's ngtbcisns ict gablbina ùt ns n grble nmnbist dulnibty. Bt jrnws ianiy gciiegtbcis ètweei tdetrentleit ck N`crbmbina Gninjbnis wbtd eveits sugd ns tde Dcacgnust nij ngts ck lnssmeicgbje wdere biteitbcina mcveaiieit pcabgbes resuatej bi tde jelbse ck ni eitbre etdibgmrcup. Zde pcsbtbcis ck ZBte Gbrgae Meite lny è jbstur`bim tc scle, ùt nre iegessnrydbstcrbg vbews ck tde Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas tdnt lust è bigaujej bi tde meierna survey ckPesbjeitbna Wgdcca abternture.

Gdrbsfcdi's text rekaegts ci tde perspegtbve tdnt lniy Jepnrtleit ck BijbniNkknbrs pcabgbes ci " 'Dnak-@reej' ntteijnige nt Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas" were serbcusjegbsbcis `nsej ci rnge nij dcw blpaerieitntbci ck tdese pcabges were wbje rengdbim nijextreleay dnrlkua tc Gninjbni rnge reantbcis. Wblbanr tc ctder Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca texts,

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Zde Gbrgae Mnle lnoes ic spegbkbg rekereige tc tde Ltbs ùt bt bs n regcmibzejscgbna/psygdcacmbgna cveavbew nij lust è usej ns n oey tcca bi njjbim tc tde dbstcry cktde gcacibzntbci nij nssblbantbci ck tde Ltbs.

Zdeles ck meicgbje nij Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas nre ean`crntej ci `y Nlerbgniw-rbter, ]nrj Gdurgdbaa. Gduagdbaa jces ict uijer-elpdnsbze tde serbcusiess ck tdegrbles tdnt `ctab Gninjn nij tde Uibtej Wtntes gcllbttej nmnbist N`crbmbina pecpaetaracumd tdebr njlbibstrntbci ck Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas. Bi dbs 088: `cco Obaa tde Bijbni,Wgtve ade Lni, Gdurgdbaa expacres tde meicgbjna blpngts ck Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas bi `ctdtde Nlerbgni nij Gninjbni systels. Wblbana tc resenrgd `rcumdt kcrwnaj tdrcumdGdrbsfcdi, Rcuim nij Lnurni's wcro bi Zde Gbrgae Mglte, Gdurgdbaa prcvbjes n mrentjena ck suppcat kcr n serbes ck ganbls tdnt N`crbmbina pecpae dnve nmnbist tdebr mcveribimintbcis bi remnrgas tc dulni rbmdts vbcantbcis tdnt cgguarej cver n geitury cr lcre. Deprcvbjes ni upjntej dbstcay ck tde Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca systel `y usbim dbstcrbgna`ngomrcuij ci Gninjbni sgdccas krcl Lbaaer nij Lbaacy wbtd dbs cwi vbews ck tdesesgdccas ns tccas kcr meicgbje tdrcumd "sacw jentd". (Gdurgdbaa ::) Zdere nre ic spegbdgleitbcis ck tde Ltbs ùt de prcvbjes, wbtdcut questbci, evbjeige tdnt Gninjn nij tdeUibtej Wtntes gnaguantej aname-sgnae meicgbje nmnbist N`crbmbina pecpae tdacumdPesbjeitbna Wgdccas nij tdebr nkterlntd. Bt bs blpcrtnit tc icte tdnt Gdurgdbaa nbjsGninjbni N`crbmbina pecpae `y elpdnsbzbim tde biterintbcina sgcpe nij lnmibtuje ck tdebssue ck Pesbjeitbna Wga-rccas bi tdbs gcuitry.

Gninjbni nutdcrs Jeni Ieu nij Pbgdnrj Zderrbei wrcte Nggcuitbimkcr Meicgbjeuijer tde prelbse tdnt n mrent jena ck Gninjn's nggcuitbim prcgejures prcvbjes evbjeigeck systelbg meicgbje nmnbist N`crbmbina pecpae bi Gninjn. Zde nutdcas use severna

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exnlpaes ck spegbkbg aembsantbci tdnt Gninjn dns bistbtutej sbige gcikejerntbci ns weaa nsacim-terl pcabgbes bigaujbim tdcse bivcavej bi tde njlbibstrntbci ck Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas.Zdere bs abttae leitbci ck spegbkbg ngtbcis tdnt were tnoei nmnbist tde Ltbs ùt Ieu nijZderrbei prcvbje n mrent jena ck evbjeige ck acim-terl ùrenugrntbg lnibpuantbcis tdnttde Ltbs dnve èei su`fegtej tc kcr meieantbcis. Zdebr nrmuleit bs gaenr nij tdeaeantbcisdbp ètweei Gninjn's ùrenugrntbg lnibpuantbcis cver N`crbmbina nkknbrs gni ègacseay tbej tc n pntteri ck systelbg-snigtbciej meicgbje. Aboe tde Pesbjeitbna Wgdccasysteri, lniy ck tde ngtbcis jesgrbèj `y Ieu nij Zderrbei relnbi anrmeay uigdegoejnij cveraccoej `y tde Gninjbni puàbg.

Ltbs DbstcryZde inture ck Ltbs bjeitbty, Ltbs scgbna nij pcabtbgna strugture nij exbstbim

dbstcry n`cut tde Ltbs aeijs tc vnrybim biterpretntbcis ck wdnt tde 'true' Ltbs stcry bs.Bi tde bivestbmntbci ck tde ejugntbci ck tde Ltbs nij tde strummae ètweei prcvbigbna nijkejeana furbsjbgtbci cver tde Ltbs, cie bs jrnwi bitc n dbstcry `nsej lnbiay ci crnadbstcrbes nij trnjbtbcina oicwaejme ègnuse Ltbs pecpae gac ict relelèr tdbims tdesnle wny ns tde wrbttei regcrjs regcrj eveits. Lniy pabrinry scurges ci tde Ltbs nresprenj ètweei Gdurgab nij Lbssbcinry regcrjs ns weaa ns vnrbcus kejerna nij prcvbigbnanrgdbvna regcrjs nuj tde gcistnitay revbsej dbstcry represeitej bi gcitelpcrnry abternture.Zwc sugd revbsbcibsts. Kaej Wdcre nij Anwreige @nroweaa. dnve jcguleitej tde scgbnagcijbtbci ck tde Ltbs ta-rrcumd tde gcaaegtbci ck cana dbstcr'bes nij trnjbtbcina oicwaejmebi Xnsr Pekaegts de Xreseia6 Zde Ltbs Eajers Gcikereige. Zde tcpbg ck `ctd PesbjeitbnaWgdccas nij tde meierna ejugntbci ck tde Ltbs nre rnbsej bi severna bistniges. Zdbs

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gcaaegtbci èst elpdnsbzes tde pcbit tdnt n dbstcry ck tde Ltbs experbeige bs èstjcguleitej krcl n rembcina stnijpcbit. Bt bs jbkkbguat tc meiernabze tde Ltbs experbeigebitc cie uibversna dbstcry ègnuse Ltbs gclluibtbes nre jyinlbg nij uibque nij tdegcijbtbcis bi engd gclluibty cktei jbgtnte tde type ck ejugntbci tdnt wns nvnbanàe tctdel nt tde tble.

]dere n Ltbs gclluibty bs acgntej nij wdetder cr ict bt bs ci tde peabpdery ck nKbrst Intbcis ca ici-N`crbmbina gclluibty wns n lnfcr kngtcr bi Ltbs ntteijnige ntPesbjeitbna Wgdccas. Nmnbi, abkestyae nasc panyej n rcae? Ltbs wdc were gcisbjerej tc èabvbim ni'aijbni Lcje" ck abke (Acmni "Ltbs Expejeiges nij Dbstcry nij PesbjeitbnaWgdccas" ) wcuaj è gcisbjerej kcr njlbssbci wdbae tdcse abvbim tde 'gcuitry lcje' ckabke (b`bj) were gcisbjerej narenjy nssblbantej nij tdey were ict naacwej njlbttnige tctde sgdccas. Wdcre nij @nroweaa's gcaaegtbci ck crna dbstcrbes nij tdebr dbstcabgnabiterpretntbcis ck tdese crna nggcuits nre ni nggurnte pbgture ck tde jbverse inture ckLtbs ejugntbci nij tde trentleit ck tde Ltbs `y ici-N`cabmbina scgbety.

N spegbkbg nggcuit ck Ltbs nggess tc ejugntbci gcles bi J. @ruge Wenaey's "ZdeEjugntbci ck Intbve Xecpae bi Lnibtc`n" bi Lcicmrnpds bi Ejuggttbc0. ]dbae jenabimciay wbtd tde dbstcry ck Lnibtc`ni N`crbmbina pecpaes, bt prc`này mbves scle ck tde èstevbjeige ck naa ck tde cptbcis tdnt tde Ltbs dnj wbtd remnrjs tc ejugntbci. Bi sclegnses, tdey dnj ic gdcbge nt naa nij tde ciay kejerna mcveiarieit gcigessbci lnje tc tdeLtbs wns tde Wgrbp prcgess. Ctderwbse, tdey were aekt tc sabp tdrcumd tde grngos ckmcverileit pcabgbes niga. bi scle gnses, were ict mbvei tde cppcrtuibty kcr kcrlnaejugntbci nt naa. Wenaey gcvers tde rnime ck `ctd Kbrst Intbcis nij Ltbs experbeiges biEjugntbci, stnrtbim r,vbtd tde N`crbmbina systel ck ejugntbci tdnt exbstej èkcre

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gcacibzntbci. Bi tdbs rnrame ck ejugntbcina cppcrtuibtbes, `ctd pcsbtbve nij iemntbve, deleitbcis tde Ltbs experbeige nt Pesbgaeitbna Wgdcca. Bi tde kbina ninaysbs, dbs kbijbimsresuat bi cie ck tde krst truay bigausbve dbstcrbes ck Ltbs ejugntbci.

Wenaey's dbstcry deaps tc put bitc perspegtbve tde gurreit stnte ck Ltbs pcabtbgnapcabgbes ci ejugntbci. Dbstcrbgna nggcuits jcguleit tde bigcisbsteigbes bi Ltbs nggesstc ejugntbcu bi niy sgdcca systel. Zde bigausbci ck tde Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca systel bs oeytc dbs tdesbs, nij natdcumd Wenaey wrcte bt bi >248, bt bs stbaa cie ck tde èttergcitelpcrnry dbstcrbes ci tdbs tcpbg.

Aniy Gdnrtrnij wns gcllbssbciej `y tde N`cr'bmbina Denabim Kcuijntbci(N.D,K.) tc aevbew dbstcrbgna abternture ci tde Ltbs expeabeige kcr tde N.D.K. resenrgdjepnktletrt. Gdnrtrnij's repckt lnoes tde summestbci tdnt tde abternture revbew bs ciay nstnra nij lcre resenrgd lust è jcie tc met n lcre kbina nij nggurnte regcrj ck Ltbsexperbeiges. Gdnrtrnij exdnustej scurges krcl ngrcss Gninjn krcl nrgdbves, puàbsdejnij uipuàbsdej abternture ns weaa ns peascina bitervbews. Gdnktrnij's resenrgd rebikcrgestde blpcrtnige ck Ltbs `nsej Aesenrgd, espegbnaay bi tde nren ck Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas. Nsde ictes6

@nsej ci resenrgd gcijugtej tdus knr bt bs pcssbàe tc lnoe scle teitntbveregclleijntbcis kcr kuture resenrgd. Kbast. tdere bs rinterbna ci Ltbspnrtbgbpntbci bi resbjeitbna sgdccas bi Gninjn. Zdbs lnterbna bs anrmeay bitde kcrl ck uipuàbsdej nij binggessbàe dbstcrbgna jcguleitntbci.Gcisbjernàe tble nij rescirges wcuaj dnve tc è set nsbje tc njequnteaykbij naa lnterbnas. Bt bs dnaj tc teaa bk lcst dnve èei uigcverej `y tdbsresenrgd ekkcrt nij tdnt tdbs aevbew ciay sgrntgdej tde suaknge ck wdnt

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exbsts. Kcr scle, aboe Xrckesscr Lbaaer. bt gcuaj tnoe up tc >5 yenrs tcmntdea iegessnry jcguleitntbci. (B 5)

Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca AbterntureCie ck tde kbrst cutaets tdnt survbvcrs kcuij tc express tdebr relelèrej trnulns

wns bi stcrbes, pcels nij ctder grentbve wrbtbim. Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca abternture ckteibtrvcaves relelèjim, resbstnige, jegcacibzntbci nij perscina denabim kcr tde wrbter.Zde nrtbstbg expressbci bivcavej bi tde wrbtbims ck Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca dbstcrbes prcvbjeswrbters nij renjers wbtd ni cutaet tdnt bs ict nvnbanàe niywdere ease. Bt naacws tde vcbgeck tde Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca Wuavbvcr tc eimnme n puàbg nujbeige ns tdebr wcrjs trniskcrlkeeabims nij trnuln bitc scletdbim tdnt eimnmes survbvcrs wbtd tdcse wbaabim tc aenrin`cut tdebr experbeiges.

]rbtbims `y Ltbs survbvcas nij Ltbs nutdcrs nre kenturej bi Abijn Fnbie'sPesbjeitbna Wgdccas6 Zde Wtcaei Renrs nij Nmies Mrnit's Kbijbim Ly Znao wdere KbrstIntbcis, Ltbs nij Biubt nutdcrs gcitrbùte tc tde gcaaegtbcis `y prcvbjbim n vcbge kcr tdesurvbvcrs. ]dnt bs revenabim n`cut tde Ltbs wabters, Lnrbn Gnlpèaa, Lnèa Fnles,Ejbtd Jnaan Gcstn nij Lnry Gnrjbina Gcaabis bi pnrtbguanr, nre tdebr represeitntbci ckPesbjeitbna Wgdcca lelcrbes. Engd nutdcr rekaegts ci lelcrbes ck dcle ns weaa ns dcwtde Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca experbeige sdnpej tdcse crbmbina lelcrbes. Zdebr wcrjs aeijtdelseaves tc tde meierna Ltbs Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca survbvcr experbeige nij tdey nascpacvbje gcitext kcr dcw-survbvcrs' stcrbes nae cr sdcuaj è preseitej. Xreseitntbci cktdebr stcrbes nij wcrjs bs nawnys ni ngt tdnt exteijs kna èycij tde wrbtbim btseak.

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Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca stcrbes, pcels nij ctder grentbve wrbtbim nre gcurnmecus.Nutdcrs nij ejbtcrs aboe Fnbie nij Mrnit dnve mbvei n vcbge tc meierntbcis. Ns FnibgeNgccse stntes bi Fnbie's gcaaegtbci6

Ns n gdbaj, B trbej tc teaa niycie wdc w-cuaj abstei n`cut tdcse ibmdt vbsbtstc cur jcrit, tde gruea puibsdrieits, nij tde jenjay tdrents ùt ly vcbgewns sbaeigej `y ly knlbay's kenas, tde gclluibty's pressure, nij tdegdurgd's pcwer. Ns n resuat, B mrew up èabevbim tdnt wdnt B keat, denrj,nij snw wns ict rena (;)

Zdese stcrbes jc scletdbim tdnt tde dbstcabes nij prblnry jcguleits gniict. Zdey ictciay bikcrri ùt prclcte gcurnme nij resbabeige bi ctder survbvcrs. ]dbae Ltbs wereèbim exgaujej kb'cl wrbttei dbstcry ci Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas, tdey weae gcisbsteitay èbimbigaujej bi grentbve wrbttei abternture. Cie ck tde `rcnjer c`fegtbves tdnt wrbtteiabternture ngdbeves bi terls ck resbstnige, relelèrbim nij suppcrt kcr survbvcas jces ictgaegbpdea ètweei Kbrst Intbcis, Ltbs cr Biubt. ]dbae dbstcrbnis nij ngnjelbgs werewbaabim tc cveracco Ltbs stcrbes ègnuse ck tde `nrrbers nij resenrgd gdnaaeimes tdnt tdeykngej, grentbve wrbters nij ejbtcrs jbj ict mbve n segcij tdcumdt tc questbcibim tde Ltbsexperbeige nt Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas.

Zde wrbttei abternture dns n sblbana blpngt ci crna dbstcrbes bi terls ck bikcrlbimtde Ltbs experbeige. ]dei Ltbs, ns crna dbstcrbnis, r'ekaegt ci Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas, tdequestbci ck Ltbs ntteujnige bs knbray strnbmdt kcrwnrj. ]abttei dbstcrbnis reay ciprblnry, nrgdbvna jcguleits wdbgd nre ictcrbcusay aestrbgtej `y aemna ngtbci nij ckteidbje Ltbs ntteijnige cvernaa. Crna dbstcrbnis, ci tde ctder dnij, dnve meierntbcis ckbikcrlntbci krcri tdebr gclluibty. Crna dbstcrbnis niga wbttei abteanry nutdcrs jrnw ci

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B'l mciin grnwa cuttn ly 'dentdei'sobi nij trbgo ycubitc èabevbim B nl tde [brmbiLnry nij tnoe ycu tc èj.Bk B denr cie lcre abien`cut ycur wdbte gdurgdB'l mciin stnrt sbimbim nij jnigbimwbtd naa riy 'knase mcjs'bi n mbvenwny jnige nij dcicuaycu wbtd naa tde 'uigaeni' sdeets krcl ly èj.Bk B denr cie lcre àessej tdcumdtcr wbtiess crae lcre dcay ngtB'l mciin tdrcw up75 yenrs ck gclluibci dcstskrcl tdbs stbaa uisnvej scua.(Julcrbt 7=)

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Gdnpter ZdreeLetdcjs

Zdbs stujy requbrej seisbtbvbty tc severna jbkkereit bssues jenabim wbtd `ctd tdeLtbs nij Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas. Ltbs dbstcry, bi bts wrbttei kcrri bs stbaa èbim revbsejkb'cl tde enray versbcis wrbttei bi tde 08ta' geitury. Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca dbstcry bs nasc nreantbveay iew dbstcry ns bt dns ciay èei bi tde anst tweity yenrs tdnt lnaay survbvcrs wdcoicw tde trutds n`cut abke nt Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas dnve keat tde eigcurnmeleit tc gclekcrwnrj wbtd tdebr stcrbes. Ltbs nij Pesbjeitbna sgdcca dbstcrbes nre knbraygcitelpcrnrbay wrbttei dbstcabes cktei revbsej nij `ctd nre nsscgbntej wbtd trnulntbgaemngbes. Xerscina bitervbews, revbew ck aegcrjej bitervbews, nrgdbvna resenrgd,segcijnry-scurge resenrgd nij ni biteitbcina lbx ck Bijbmeicus nij dbstcrbgna letdcjswere usej bi tdbs stujy.

Bi crjer tc wrbte tde lcst respegtkua biterpretntbci ck tde Ltbs experbeige ntPesbjeitbna Wgdcca, Bijbmeicus letdcjs abeapej tc bivestbmnte `ctd Ltbs nij Pesbjeitbnasgdcca dbstcry. Zde experbeige ck n Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca Wurvbvcr bs ni bidereitaybijbmeicus experbeige nij tde gcitext tdnt tdese experbeiges nre set bi nre tde anrmeayrinrmbinabzej abves ck tde Ltbs. Zrnulns, pcwer-reantbcis, dbstcrbgna revbsbcibsl,pcabtbgna taeijs nij pcst-gcacibnabst gcisbjerntbcis requbrej trnispcsbtbci ck jbkkeaeitrietdcjs. Nrgdbves nij r.a'rbttei segcijnay scurges prcvbjej n mrent jena ck `ngomrcuijci dcw tde Ltbs were naacwej bitc Pesbjeitbna sgdccas ùt tde scaarges dnj tc è renjlbijkuaay wbtd gcisbjerntbci kcr tde gcacibzer's vcbge. Crna dbstcrbes nij gclluibtydbstcrbes were bivnaunàe scurges kcr tde saarvbvcr's experbeige ùt severna gcisbjerntbciskca aijbmeicus letdcjcacmbes dnj tc è utbabzej tc respegtkuaay use tde oicwaejme nij

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stcrbes sdnrej `y survbvcrs. Iulercus pre-regcrjej nij pre-w-rbttei bitervbews wereusej. Ns n gcaaegtbve mrcup, Pesbjeitbna Wgdcca survbvcas nre nawnys, ci scrie aevea,gcmibznit ck tde rcae tdey dnve tc uigcver tde dbjjei grblbina segrets ck Gninjn nij tdegarurgdes wdbae stbaa trybim tc prctegt tdelseaves krcl gcitbiuej re-trnulntbzntbci.Nsobim survbvcrs tc sdnre ca re-sdnre tdebr stcay bs n gcisbjernàe knvcur tc nso bi tdeinle ck resenrgd? tderekcae. wdere pcssbàe, pre-regcajej stcrbes were usej.

Ltbs sgdcanrs nre lnrmbinabzej `y tdebr prcxblna acgntbci tc tde lnbistrenl nijKbrst Intbcis 'geitres' wdbae tdebr sgdcanrsdbp nasc knges twc spderes ck pcwer. LcjeriLtbs nre ict ciay wcrobim gcistnitay tc 'jekbie' tdelseaves nggcrjbim tc tde jclbinitgeitre ùt tdey nre nasc kngbim nictder krcit sbige tdey nre kcrgej tc gclpete wbtd ctderN`crbmbina mrcups kca kuijbim nij resenrgd. Jclbinit lnbistrenl kuijers suppcra tdepcpuanr pni-N`cabmbina lcjeas nij usunaay aenve tde tdree jbstbigt mrcups tc kuigtbci citdebr cwi. (Anlcugde :) Kbrst Intbcis nae n jclbinit vcbge bi N`cabmbina resenrgd nij,tderekcre, tdey grente ni ngnjelbg gabss-grcssbim ck geitres. Uiaboe lniy Kbrst Intbcis,Ltbs gclluibtbes bi meierna dnve ict èei "resenrgdej tc jentd" Bboe tdebr Kbrst Intbcisgcuiter-pnrts.

Bt riny è ensy tc trnispcse Ltbs resenrgd bitc cie ck tde pcpuanr Bijbmeicusletdcjs bi crjer tc subt tde ieejs ck tde Ltbs. Dcwever, tde questbci abimers ns tcwdetder cr uct tdebr ieejs wbaa è let bi tde eij. Bi tde snle wny tdnt Ltbsgcirluibtbes wcroej wbtd tdeba lnrmbinabzntbci bi tde pnst. Ltbs sgdcanrs tcjny dnveèei nsoej tc jc tde snaie. ]btdcut tde iegessbty ck njcptbim n geitre nij wbtd tdecppcrtuibty ck kbijbim n 'spnge bi-ètweei' tc grente tdebr cwi letdcjs, tde Ltbs nreaekt bi n uibque sbtuntbci.

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Jekbibim Ltbs letdcjs, bi terls ck tdbs stujy jbj ict sblpay leni grentbim ndetercmeiecus lbxture ck Bijbmeicus nij lnbistrenl letdcjs. Bt wns lcae ck n 'Ltbs'prcgess tdni tdnt. Bt rvns iever n sblpae lermer ck twc letdcjs, ]esteri Eurcpeni nijN`crbmbin. Bt wns n gdcbge lnje jepeijeit upci wdbgd letdcj èiekbtej tde stujy nttde tble. Kcr exnlpae. gclpaetbim n stujy ci kngtcrs tdnt nkkegtej Ltbs ntteijnigeaeabej esseitbnaay crb kbijbim tde èst wny tc bikcrl tde stujy. Xerscina bitervbews,rekaegtbcis ci knlbay stcrbes nij dbstcrbes nij vbsbtbim Ltbs gclluibtbes revenaej lcstn`cut dcw bikbequeit ejugntbci cppcrtuibtbes were kcr tde Ltbs. Zde bitervbews nij'Bijbmeicus' letdcjs prcvbjej vnaunàe bisbmdt bitc tde blpngt ck tde furbsjbgtbcina mnpns weaa ns tde serbcus bugcusbsteigbes ètweei tde gdurgd, prcvbiges nij kejernamcverileit. Zdere wns bikcrlntbci mntderej `y wdnt lcst wcuaj gcisbjer Bijbmeicusletdcjs tdnt gcuaj ict dnve èei c`tnbiej bi ctdea wnys.

Gciverseay, bikcrlntbci ci ganssbkbgntbci ck tde Ltbs, per gnpbtn ntteijnige,sgdcca acgntbci nij spegbkbg mcverruieit pcabgbes were kcuij bi nrgdbvna jcguleits nij`ccos. Zde Ltbs oiew wdnt dnppeiej tc tdel, dcw tdey mct tc Pesbjeitbna Wgdccas nijwdnt dnppeiej tc tdel tdere, ùt wdnt wns lbssbim wns tde bikcrlntbci ci wdy sclentteijej nij sctie jbj ict. Bikcrlntbci ci mcverileit pcabgbes nij tde renscibim èdbijtde lniy bigcisbsteigbes nij trentleit ck tde Ltbs were a'evenaej tdrcumd ]esteringnjelbg resenrgd. Usbim wdnt wns èst nij lcst èarekbgbna bi `ctd rietdcjs deapej tcgrente tde resuats ck tdbs stujy. Lnobim tde èst ck `ctd bs u'dnt lniy gcisbjer n truayLtbs trnbt.

Bi lniy gnses, Ltbs gclluibtbes Arse sblbanr letdcjs tc tdcse ck Kbrst Intbcistc sdnre nij trnisker oicw'aejme. Bi ctder gclluibtbes, Ltbs vnaues cktei jbkker krcl

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tde rnime ck gcririciay nggeptej Kbrst Intbcis vnaues nij letdcjs. Bjeitbkybim bk ciesdcuaj cr sdcuaj ict expnij tdebr letdcjcacmbgna tdbiobim bi resenrgd tc eigclpnssLtbs-spegbkg vnaues bs pcssbày n letdcj bi btseak. N resenrgder eiterbim niy Bijbmeicusgclluibty gcles wbtd tdebr cwi pae-jeterlbiej pergeptbcis ns weaa ns tdebr cwi bjensck npprcprbnte nij respegtkua prctcgcas. Uibque Ltbs gclluibty dbstcrbes tdnt jnte `ngotc tde enray crbmbis ck Pclni Gntdcabg nij Xrctestnit, Kreigd nij Eimabsd bikaueigesdnve blpngts ci tde scgbna stnijnrjs ck Ltbs gclriuibtbes tcjny. Cver duijrejs ck yenrsscle ck tde cajest Ltbs gclluibtbes bi Gninjn dnve grentej scgbna vnaues nij prctcgcastdnt nre sdnrej nlcim ctder gclluibtbes ns weaa ns scle tdnt nre uibque tc ciay ciegclluibty. N resenrgder's a1icwaejme ck n gclluibty's dbstcry nij guareit scgbnastnijnrjs nre esseitbna tc respegtkua eitry bitc tde Ltbs gclluibty. Nictder esseitbnagclpcieit bs èbim nàe tc njnpt tc vnrbntbcis bi gclluibty nssulptbcis. Ltbs vnauesdnve èei jerbvej tdrcumd gclluibty jeveacprieit nij dbstcrbgna kngtcrs. N respegtkuanssuriptbci tc lnoe n`cut Ltbs gclriuibtbes bs cktei tc lnoe ic nssulptbci nt naa.

Zde rccts ck Ltbs letdcjs ck resenrgd èmbi `y ngoicwaejmbim tdnt cie gniictnggept pae-gcigebvej ictbcis ck nggeptej N`crbmbina cr [y'esteri letdcjs.Ngoicwaejmbim tdnt Ltbs letdcjs nre ict n peakegt kbt bi N`crbmbina stujbes bi meierna bstde kbrst step tc kbijbim cut wdere tdey jc kbt. dr n jny's wcro ns n Ltbs resenrgder Bdnve perscinaay experbeigej wnobim up bi tde lcribim tc preseit cie Eajer wbtd tc`nggcnij gerericibna mbkts nij eijej tde jny nt gdurgd wbtd ten nij Gntdcabg panyer wbtdnictder caj Ltbs scua. Xrepnrbim cieseak tc ègcle knlbabna wbtd tde gclluibty bsesseitbna tc tabe eimnmbim wbtd tde Ltbs Eajers nij gclluibty lelèrs. Expegtntbcisck anumdter, tensbim nij n gnsuna ntlcspdere nre nawnys kcuij bi Ltbs dcles. Eiterbim

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n dcle wbtd n mbkt ck kccj cr ten wbaa è let wbtd n wnrl `cwa ck scup cr gups ck ten nijbigclpnrnàe dcspbtnabty. Ltbs dcles nre kuaa ck knribay nij wnrltd nij tde Ltbsresenrgder lust nawnys è renjy tc prcvbje bikcrlntbci n`cut dbs cr der knlbay tree nijfust wdbgd rcnj cr rcnj naacwnige ycur knlbay gnle krcl. Rcu scci kbmure cut dcw ycunre reantej cr dcw ycur krbeijs nre reantej nij, wbtdcut oicwbim bt, ycu dnve fustgcripaetej n serbes ck tests uiqunitbkbnàe `y ]esteri letdcjs. Bk ycu dnve èei augoyeicumd tc è mreetej `y tde Lbgdbk animunme, ycu na'e bi kcr n test nij ntrent. Rcu wbaaè tnumdt tde animunme wbtdcut renabzbim bt nij mc dcle wbtd lcre tdni ycu expegtej.Lbgdbk bs n "anumdbim animunme" (Kanlnij 0885) nij wdere bt bs spcoei, pecpae nrenawnys slbabim. Zdbs bs fust n snripabim ck Ltbs prngtbge tdnt bs jbkkbguat tc jena wbtd biniytdbim ctder tdni wbtd n Ltbs wcrajvbew.

Bt bs ciay nktea yenrs ck trbna nij errcr tdnt B put wdnt B aenriej kbcl tde caj pecpaetc n test - n westeri styae ngnjelbg test. Wtcrbes ck Aeàet ègnrie 'gciiegtbcis tc pange',mbkts tc tde caj pecpae ègnle 'dcicrnrbn', auigd wbtd Ltbs krbeijs ègnle 'prctcgcas'nij ntteijbim gerelcibes nij mntderbims ègnle 'stujybim' gclluibty prckbaes.

Zrnveaabim wbtd ly mrnijlctder tc der dcle bi Ae`ret, Wnsontgdewni bs niexperbeige tdnt gniict ensbay è wrbttei cr tdecrbzej n`cut, ùt B wbaa try. LyMrnijrictder aelelèrs wdere tde snsontccis nre bi tde vnaaey. Wde pcbits tdel cut,mbvbim jbregtbcis ciay `y anijlnros nij trees, iever `y rcnj iulèrs. Ci aems tdnt dnvegnarbej der kcr cver 4 jegngaes, sde invbmntes der wny tdacumd tde 'snsontgdnùsd' tc tdeabpe Wnsontccis. Ly Mrnijlctder's nrtdabtbg dnijs pbgo tde èibes twbge ns knst ns lyycuim dnijs jc. Der rbjbguae ck ly sacw rietdcjs bs wdnt tengdes le. ]btd ly `ngo tcder B try tc pbgo knster. Zdbs bs wdei Mrnijln teaas le stcrbes tdnt B dnve iever denrj

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èkcre - wdei ic cie bs accobim. Wde relelèrs der lctder, der sgdcca jnys nij eveitde scims tde Cànte àctders wcuaj gdnit cut ci Egdc Anoe tdnt gcuaj è denrjtdacumdcut tde û'Nppeaae [naaey, nij tde scuijs sde wcuaj denr ns sde saept nt tdeû'Nppeaae Wgdcca. Wde teaas le n`cut der sgdcca mbra panios ci tde iuis, der jrenls,dea lelcrbes nij, bi ètweei, sde sienos dnijkuas ck èrrbes.

we were outsiders: the metis and residential schools

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