we4.l10.3: the evolution of the us satellite ir sounding program – from the nimbus sirs and iris...

Hawaii 2010 IGARSS30th Anniversary July 25-30 2010

Honolulu Hawaii USA

NPOESSNimbus

The Evolution of the US Satellite IR Sounding Program –

From Nimbus to NPOESS William L. Smith1,2 and Henry E. Revercomb1

1University of Wisconsin-Madison2Hampton University

-Part 1-

Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding:

Might detect a bit of a WI perspective, but what do you expect?

-Part 1-

Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding: Nadir Sounding Concept: Vertical dimension from using

15 micron CO2, Louis Kaplan, 1959

-Part 1-

Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding: Nadir Sounding Concept: Vertical dimension from using 15 micron

CO2, Louis Kaplan, 1959

1st Space Demonstrations: IRIS & SIRS, 1969

The 1st Sounders (1969) were Spectrometers IR Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS B, Rudolf Hanel)Satellite IR Spectrometer (SIRS A, David Wark)

IRIS Spectrum with SIRS Channels

on Nimbus 3 & 4

-Part 1-



1st Space Demonstrations: IRIS & SIRS, 1969

Challenges: Trade coverage and resolution of space (x, y), wavelength (z), and time (GEO)

Temperature &Water VaporIR Sounders (Operational orPre-op Demos)

VAS (1980-) –1st Geo Sounder (Spin-Scan)

GIFTS (2015?)

(30)

(1200) IRT-MTG (2017)…

ITPR,VTPR (1972) / HIRS (1978-)

IASI / CrIS (2006- / 2011)

AIRS (2002-)

IRIS / SIRS (1969-70) –1st Sounders

(1200)

(2800/1200)

GOES Sounder (1994-) – (3-Axis)

(1200)

(150-300)

(30)

(30)

Spectral Resolving Power (/ )Resolving Power @ 14 m

Purple = Leo Blue = Geo

Temperature &Water VaporIR Sounder (Operational orPre-op Demos)

VAS (1980-) –1st Geo Sounder (Spin-Scan)

GIFTS (2015?)

(7-14)

(<10) IRT-MTG (2017)…

ITPR,VTPR (1972) / HIRS (1978-)

IASI / CrIS (2006- / 2011)

AIRS (2002-)

IRIS / SIRS (1969-70) –1st Sounders

(14)

(12/14)

GOES Sounder (1994-) – (3-Axis)

(4)

(160-100/230) nadir only

(15/30/20-10)

(8)

Spatial Footprint (km)

Purple = Leo Blue = Geo

Key Enabling Technological Advances

Spacecraft Payload Capacity:

Detectors: Longwave Photovoltaic (AIRS, CrIS, GIFTS, IRS) & Detector Arrays (AIRS, GIFTS, IRS)

Mechanical Coolers (AIRS, GIFTS, IRS) FTS Advances: Dynamic alignment (CrIS),

Laser sample control (CrIS, GIFTS, IRS), Techniques for radiometrically accurate imaging FTS (GIFTS)

Signal Processing Electronics: ADC & DSP speeds CrIS, GIFTS, IRS)

Mass (kg) Power (W) IRIS (Nimbus 3, 1969) 13 16 SIRS (Nimbus 3, 1969) 41 24 AIRS (Aqua, 2002- ) 166 256 IASI (Metop, 2006- ) 236 210 CrIS (NPP, JPSS, 2011- ) 146 110 GIFTS (2015 ??) 200 535

-Part 1-



1st Space Demonstrations: IRIS & SIRS, 1969 Challenges: Trade coverage and resolution of

space (x, y), wavelength, and time (GEO)

Value of high spectral resolution and broad coverage:-Proven by HIS aircraft instrument, 1986-Incorporated in AIRS (2002-), IASI(2006-), CrIS (2011-)

Aircraft & Ground-based Instruments: Development of 1. S/C Instruments 2. RT Model 3. Algorithms 4. Validation

VAS (1980-)

ARM AERI (1993-)

GIFTS (2015?)

(30)

(1400)

(1200) IRS-MTG (2017)

ITPR/VTPR (1972) , HIRS (1978-)

IASI/CrIS (2006- / 2011)

AIRS (2002-)

HIS (1986-1998)

IRIS, SIRS (1969-70)

(1200)

(2800/1200)

GOES Sounder (1994-)

S-HIS/NAST-I (1998-)

(1200)

(150-300)

(2000)

(30)

(1400/2800)

(30)

(/ )Resolving Power @ 14 m

20 yrs

20 yrs

HIS Aircraft Instrument (1983-1998) U2 Shadowed in background, 1985

Dynamically Aligned Interferometer, Henry Buijs, Bomem

HIS (1985)• Demonstrated that state-of-the-art FTS is well suited to

achieving accurate calibration (even for a warm instrument without active thermal control)

While traditional phase correction ormagnitude analysis yielded large errors

Good 280.2 K result from complex calibration(using 300K, 77K blackbodies)

16 K

Revercomb, et al., Applied Optics, 1988

UW Scanning HIS(1996-present)

Ambient Blackbody

Hot Blackbody

Scene Mirror Motor

Interferometer & Optics

Electronics

Data Storage Computer

LW/MW overlap MW/SW overlapLW/MW overlap MW/SW overlap

Longwave Midwave Shortwave

CO

N2O

H2O

N2O CH4

CO2

O3CO2

Scanning-HIS RadiometricCalibration 3-sigma Error Budget

21 November 2002 on ER2, TABB = 260K, THBB = 310K

LW

SW

MW

0.2 K

200K Scene Tb 300K

Wav

enu

mb

er (

cm-1)

Tb

Err

or, 3

-sig

ma

(K)

0

1

NIST TXR S-HIS

AERI BB

January 2007, testing at UW/SSEC

S-HIS / TXR Side-by-side radiance intercomparison shows agreement

within 60 mK (3) at 10µ.

Mean = -22 mKMean = -60 mK ±90 mK

TXR 10 µ Channel

NIST TXR Validates S-HIS Radiances

TXR is the NIST Thermal-infrared Transfer Radiometer

chamber AERI blackbody

TXRCh1

TXRCh2

Scanning-HISspectra

AERI Cavity Blackbody ( > 0.999)

BlackbodyCavity

ElectricalConnector

Case

ThermalInsulation

Aperture(6.90 cm)

(dedicated feedbackthermistor is located at base of cone section)

Handle

CircumferentialHeater

CavityStructural Support(thermal isolator)

SenseThermistors (3)

(Aero-glaze Z306)

Cavity Shape fromUW Pioneer Venus / Sydnor, JPL, 1970

High emissivity coupled with T accuracy & stability from ultra stablethermistors and careful calibration are key to high accuracy of AERI

Best et al., Calcon, 2003; Knuteson et al., J. Atm, & Oceanic Tech., 2004

[YSI 46041]

AIRS 4 May 2002 Launch

AIRS14 June 2002

Calculated

NASA Aqua

• Excellent agreement Demonstrated!

AIRS Calibration Validation with S-HIS

11/21/2002 Gulf of Mex

1st demo of direct airborne validation of satellite radiance

Tobin et al., JGR, 2006

High Accuracy IR Radiances-CLARREO

IASI on Metop 19 October 2006 launch

- full cross-track scan - 2x2 12 km pixels

sample 50x50 km

Spectral Coverage of GIFTS/IRS/HES*

Compared to IASI, CrIS, AIRS, S-HIS & NAST-I

wavenumber

IASI L1C

Deapodized

1cm MaxOPD

AIRS

CrIS

S-HIS

NAST-I

GaussianApodization

AIRS

CrIS

AdvancedGEO

Sounders

*HES option

Joint Airborne IASI Validation Expt (JAIVEx)

4/19/2007 SGP ARM Tobin

wavenumber

IASI, NAST-I, S-HIS Mean spectra

BT

(K

)D

iff (

K) IASI minus NAST-I, IASI minus SHIS

0.09 K0.16 K

0.07 K0.12 K

Excellent agreement with Scanning HIS and NAST-I on NASA WB57

Joint Airborne IASI Validation Expt (JAIVEx)

4/19/2007 SGP ARM Tobin

Excellent agreement with Scanning HIS and NAST-I on NASA WB57

wavenumber

IASI, NAST-I, S-HIS Mean spectra

BT

(K

)D

iff (

K) IASI minus NAST-I, IASI minus SHIS

0.12 K0.20 K

0.04 K0.03 K

-0.19 K-0.08 K

IASI / AIRS Direct ComparisonsMay 2007-Jan 2008

Dave Tobin

wavenumber

NORTHERN SNOs (73.8N)

SOUTHERN SNOs (73.8S)

Sample SNO Spectra

}0.1K

}0.1K’’

Excellent agreement, but issues > 0.1K remain

-Part 1-

Evolution of Radiance Measurements for IR Sounding: Nadir Sounding Concept: vertical dimension from using 15 micron



space (x, y), wavelength, and time (GEO) Value of high spectral resolution and broad coverage:

-Proven by HIS aircraft instrument, 1986-Incorporated in AIRS (2002-), IASI(2006-), CrIS (2011-)

NPP/JPSS Operational Sounder Ready: CrIS delivered to S/C contractor-Superior performance in a small package!

Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) for NPP/JPSS

Mass: < 146 kg Power (Avg): < 110 WData Rate: <1.5 Mbps

from Williams, Glumb and Predina, ITT, August 2005 SPIE

Current Generation

HIRS(20 ch)

Next Generation

CrIS(1307 ch)

Noise: NEN Comparison with AIRS(AIRS, CrIS random, CrIS Spec)

AIRS for 250K scene,

CrIS for 303 K(SW NENs similar for

300K scene)

CrIS NEN 4x smaller in 15m CO2

CrIS Expected On-orbit Accuracy

Will be <0.2 K 3-sigma for all Scene T’s!

3-sigma Brightness Temperature Accuracy(color coded for each of 9 FOVs)

-Part 1-






NPP/JPSS Operational Sounder Ready: CrIS delivered to S/C contractor

Global Trace Gas Capability Proven by AIRS and IASI: More species with higher spectral resolution (IMG, 1996/7; TES, 2004- : Gosat, 2009- )

-Part 1-


CO2, Louis Kaplan, 1959 1st Space Demonstrations: IRIS & SIRS, 1969 Challenges: Trade coverage and resolution of



NPP/JPSS Operational Sounder Ready: CrIS delivered to S/C contractor Global Trace Gas Capability Proven by AIRS and IASI: More species

with higher spectral resolution (IMG, 1996/7; TES, 2004- : Gosat, 2009- ) Climate Quality Calibration: High resolution FTS will

enable new climate benchmark for CLARREO

Technology Developments for theCLARREO Benchmark Climate Mission

High Performance FTS

Spectral line shapefrom laser source

A New Class of Advanced Accuracy Satellite Instrumentation (AASI) for the CLARREO Mission

NASA IIP

31TEMPERATURE referenced to multiple phase change signatures

Pulse-tube detector cooler

OARS:Standard for

On-orbitCalibrationTraceability

f

October 1959 - October 2009

-Part 1-






NPP/JPSS Operational Sounder Ready: CrIS delivered to S/C contractor Global Trace Gas Capability Proven by AIRS and IASI: More species

with higher spectral resolution (IMG, 1996/7; TES, 2004- : Gosat, 2009- ) Climate Quality Calibration: High resolution FTS will enable new

climate benchmark for CLARREO

Hawaii 2010 IGARSS30th Anniversary July 25-30 2010

Honolulu Hawaii USA

NPOESSNimbus

The Evolution of the US Satellite IR Sounding Program – Part 2

Evolution of Sounding Retrieval CapabilityWilliam L. Smith1,2 and Henry E. Revercomb1

1University of Wisconsin-Madison2Hampton University

-Part 2-

Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability: Physical Concept

IRIS Spectrum with SIRS Channels

Nimbus

-Part 2-

Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability: Physical Concept

-Part 2-

Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability: First Satellite Sounding

First Satellite SoundingKingston, Jamaica

April 14, 1969

Wark & Fleming

Nimbus

SIRS data started being used by the US

Weather Bureau (NMC) in the final

analysis used to initialize extended range Numerical

Weather Forecasts on May 22,1969, less

than 6 weeks after the launch of Nimbus 3.

First Numerical First Numerical WeatherWeather

Prediction Prediction Validation Using Validation Using Satellite Infrared Satellite Infrared

Sounding DataSounding Data(SIRS-A)(SIRS-A)

Nimbus

Nimbus

3-day forecast errors over the

western US reduced by 50%

using Nimbus sounding data over the mid-Pacific in the initial analysis

Shortwave ridge predicted with the

use of Nimbus soundings in the initial analysis

The problem with Nimbus -3 and Nimbus-4

Temperature Profiles was that >95 % of SIRS

and IRIS Sounding Fields of View ( 150 km IFOV) contained cloud

which greatly compromised the

accuracy of the derived soundings

-Part 2-

Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1969-1971): Clear Vs Cloudy

-Part 2-

Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1972-2014): High Horizontal Resolution

Nimbus TIROS-N NOAA

TIROS/NOAA HIRS (TOVS)

Temperature Profile Errors

TOVS (HIRS/MSU) Weighting Functions and RMS Differences with Raobs (+/- 3 Hrs and 200 km) during the GWE

ITPR/HIRS HIRS

The high horizontal resolution (~ 20 km)

filter radiometer sounders (ITPR, VTPR,

and HIRS) provided soundings for partially

clouded FOV with almost the same

accuracy as obtained for clear sky FOVs

ITPR

Per

cen

t C

orre

lati

on o

f F

orec

ast

Vs

Ob

serv

ed

Year

By 2001 A SH forecast was as good as a NH forecast and a 6-day SH forecast was as good as a 3-day forecast made at the beginning of the GWE (1979)

HIRS

TIROS-N NOAA

-Part 2-

Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1979 - ): Improved Global NWP

-Part 2-

Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1979-2002): Poor Vertical Resolution

ITPR

The Problem The Problem With the TOVS With the TOVS

waswas Lack of Lack of Vertical Vertical

ResolutionResolution

-Part 2-

Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1985 - ): Ultra-spectral Resolution

ITPR

A/C HIS, NAST-I & S-HIS (1985, 1998 -, 1999- )

IASI (2006)

• Broad Spectral Coverage • High Spectral Resolution • Thousands of Spectral Channels • High Information Content

-Part 2-

Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1985 - ): High Vertical Resolution

ITPR

High Vertical Resolution a result of sharper weighting functions and much higher S/N from very large number of radiance observations (1000’s Vs 10’s)

-Part 2-

Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1985 - ): Profile Information Content

ITPRN

um

ber

of

Pie

ces

of I

nfo

rmat

ion

Radiosondes AIRS/IASI/CrIS HIRS/TOVS

-Part 2-

Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (1986 - ): High Vertical Resolution Soundings Demonstrated With Aircraft HIS & NAST-I

ITPR

300

Distance (75 km)

Alti

tude

(km

)

Radiosonde NASA ER-2 A/C Ultraspectral Sounder

Ultra-spectral resolution sounder provides 1 K / 15% temperature and moisture accuracy for 1-2 km layers

Impact is amazingly considering only 1% of the radiance measurements were used in the assimilation process (clear-only, spatially and spectrally thinned)

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Forecast [days]

An

om

aly

Co

rrela

tio

n

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Forecast [days]

An

om

aly C

orrelatio

n

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ops

Ops+AIRS

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ops

Ops+AIRS

(J. LeMarshall, 2004)(J. LeMarshall, 2004)1-27 January, 2004

Northern Hemisphere)

Southern Hemisphere)

-Part 2-

Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (2002 - ): EOS Aqua AIRS Provides Large Positive Impact on Global Weather Forecasts

NNATIONAL ATIONAL PPOLAR-ORBITING OLAR-ORBITING OOPERATIONAL PERATIONAL EENVIRONMENTAL NVIRONMENTAL SSATELLITE ATELLITE SSYSTEMYSTEM

Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS)

NPP/JPSSLTAN 1330

“Early-Afternoon”

METOPLTDN 0930

“Mid-Morning”

Launches Lifetime Atmospheric Sounders METOP [2130] ~2006, 2012, 2018 7 yr IASI/AMSU/MHS NPP/JPSS [1330] ~ 2011, 2014 7 yr CrIS/ATMS

ITPR -Part 2-

Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (2006 - ): JPSS IASI Validation (4/19/2007)

ITPR

April 29 2007 IASI and AIRS data used to demonstrate IASI/CrIS Diurnal Change Measurement Capability

-Part 2-

Evolution of IR Sounding RetrievalCapability (2012 - ): JPSS Time Change Capability

• Quasi-continuous NAST-I demonstrates that the major differences between IASI and AIRS water vapor soundings are due to the time variation of mesoscale features of the atmosphere.

NAST-I Shows the Continuity between IASI and AIRS NAST-I Shows the Continuity between IASI and AIRS

-Part 2-

Evolution of IR Sounding Retrieval Capability• First Satellite Soundings: SIRS and IRIS (1969-1971) successfully demonstrated

the sounding retrieval concept but poor horizontal resolution restricted their utility under cloudy sky conditions

• High Horizontal Resolution Sounders: ITPR, VTPR, and HIRS (1972-) provided dense global coverage and great improvements in Numerical Weather Predictions

• Poor Vertical Resolution: Poor vertical resolution provided by poor spectral resolution filter sounders led to the development of the ultra-spectral resolution sounding concept first demonstrated from aircraft (1986)

• High Vertical Resolution:-Proven from aircraft: HIS( 1986), NAST-I (1998), and S-HIS (1999)-Demonstrated by AIRS (2002-) and IASI (2006-); soon by CrIS (2011-)

• NPP/JPSS : IASI and CrIS will provide global high vertical (1-2-km) and temporal resolution (4-8 hourly) sounding observations which will lead to improved weather and air quality forecasts and climate change observations

• Note: Combined MetOp-A/MetOp-B and NPP/JPSS may enable 30-minute atmospheric sounding tendencies and water vapor motion wind profiles to be derived

we4.l10.3: the evolution of the us satellite ir sounding program – from the nimbus sirs and iris...

Documents

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