weaving sikkim(1)

8/3/2019 Weaving Sikkim(1)

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Artistic Textiles of Sikkim Diagnostic study and Business

Development Plan

Table of Contents

I. Methodology for Diagnostic Study ........................................................................................................3

II. Location of Artistic Textile clusters in Sikkim ........................................................................................5

III. Introduction Artistic Textiles of Sikkim ...............................................................................................6

Lepcha handloom ...................................................................................................................................... 6

Carpets weaving ........................................................................................................................................ 7

Thangka paintings ...................................................................................................................................... 7

IV. Artistic Textiles of Sikkim: Craft Production Process .............................................................................8

Lepcha handloom ...................................................................................................................................... 8

Carpet weaving ........................................................................................................................................ 10

Thangka paintings .................................................................................................................................... 12

Current Scenario ...................................................................................................................................... 13

Steps Ahead ............................................................................................................................................. 16

Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................. 16

V. Product Review ................................................................................................................................... 18

VI. Value Chain Analysis of the Artistic Textile Weaving of Sikkim .......................................................... 20

a. Value Chain of Carpet Weaving ....................................................................................................... 20

b. Value Chain of Lepcha Weaving ...................................................................................................... 24

c. Value Chain of Thangka paintings ................................................................................................... 26

VII. Artistic Textiles of Sikkim: Business Development Plan ..................................................................... 27

1. Objectives of Intervention ............................................................................................................... 27

2. Intervention Strategies .................................................................................................................... 28

3. Interventions under AHVY scheme ................................................................................................. 28

4. Project Output Targets .................................................................................................................... 30

5. Project Budget ................................................................................................................................. 30


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I . Methodology for Diagnostic StudyA detailed methodology was followed to gather information on the cluster, identify the

main actors and collect trade and business data from them. A range of tools including

one-on-one interviews, focus groups and surveys were used to collect the requiredinformation. The following is a break-up of the methodology used:

I . Desk research and Set-up of first f ield visit o Gathered information on cluster actors and contacts through interactions with

a range of institutions including Crafts Council India, Dastkar, Crafts Revival

Trust, Dastkari Haat Samiti, Fabindia, NID, NIFT and Asian HeritageFoundation.

o Identified and contacted NGOs, individual artisans, master crafts persons andentrepreneurs working in the area to explore as potential local project partnersand resources. Also scanned for existing government schemes in the area.

o Identified design and other professionals with previous work experience[through steps A & B above] relevant to the cluster and initiated discussions

to explore their use as project consultants and resources.

o Scanned books, documents and other reading material for initial archivalmaterial on crafts process, design repertoire, local dynamics and existing

linkages to markets.

I I . Initial field scan , field visit and local hireso Initial field visit for 7-10 days to meet the artisans, groups and the

organizations working in the area.

o Identified and interview local staff to carry out the survey of the artisans in thearea.

o Second field visit to oversee survey.

I I I . Existing Product Profile Reviewo Collected samples to from cluster to review for design, quality of product and

marketability. The samples were review by a panel of experts assembled byAIACA.

o Reviewed the costing process and the marketability of the product in that cost.

o Reviewed appropriateness of production methods, raw materials and toolsused.


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I V . C raft Production Process Documentationo A detailed documentation of the craft production process was carried out.

Ascertained original higher-skill techniques that were being used and how the

process has changed over time.

V . Survey of Ar tisanso Demographic profiles of artisans and ancillary workers, including geographic

locations; selection and survey of 1000 artisans carried out. The data was then

entered into a computerized format to get aggregate statistics from survey

forms.

V I . Value Chain M appingo A detailed mapping of the Artistic Textiles of Sikkim value chain was carried

out. The mapping identified actors in the cluster involved in the business of

crafts production and sales including raw material suppliers, master craftsmen,

traders and other marketing intermediaries.

o Conducted detailed analysis of existing commerce in the cluster includingcurrent sources of credit accessed by artisans and traders.

V I I . Business Development Plano Based on the information collected through the steps above, analysis by

professional staff of Access and AIACA, and interactions with a range ofstakeholders in the crafts sector, a detailed Business Development Plan (BDP)

that clearly lists objective, strategies and targets for needed interventions were

developed.


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I I . Location of A rtistic Textileclusters in SikkimSikkim is a landlocked Indian state nestled in the Himalayas. The thumb-shaped state

borders Nepal to the west, the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north and theeast, and Bhutan to the southeast. The native Sikkimese consist of the Lepcha, Limbu,

migrating from Tibet; Bhutias, descendants of Buddhists who arrived from Nepal in the

15th century, and Nepali Sherpas, descendants of Hindus who arrived from Nepal in the19th century. The current population is approximately 13% Lepcha, 16% Bhutias and

67% Sherpa.1

Sikkim is divided into four districts- North, East, South and West. The North District has

the largest concentration of tribals, Lepchas and Sherpas.

Sikkim does not have any airports or railheads because of its rough terrain; however thenearest air link is Bagdogra Airport, which can be reached from Delhi in two and half

hours by air. Bagdogra airport is about 124 km or a 4 hour drive via NH-31 from

Gangtok. A regularhelicopterservice run by the Sikkim Helicopter Service connects

Gangtok to Bagdogra. The closest railway stations are Siliguri and New Jalpaiguri. TheSikkim National Transport runs bus and truck services, and taxi and jeep services also ply

throughout Sikkim.

1Ref: Sikkim: Sikkim People, [Online], Available:

http://www.bharatonline.com/sikkim/culture/people.html

Map of Sikk im
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepcha_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepcha_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdogra_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jalpaigurihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jalpaigurihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdogra_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepcha_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepcha_people


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I I I . Introduction Art istic Textiles of Sik kimIn Sikkim, ancient customs and traditions keep alive decades-old styles and forms of

craftsmanship. There are over sixty monasteries in the state that preserve the ancient

religious rituals, and are repositories of the traditional art and crafts. Among the bestknown works of craft from this region are handlooms, woolen carpet weaving, mask

making, metal craft, wood carving and Thangka paintings. The three most prominent

ethnic tribal communities, Lepchas, Sherpas and Bhutias, are the chief practitioners ofthese crafts.2

The Artistic Textiles would cover three important crafts in Sikkim Lepcha weaves,Woolen carpets and Thangka paintings.

Lepcha handloom

Handloom weaving in Sikkim is synonymous with the Lepcha weave. It is woven

enhances the quality of the fabric. The weave frame ismade from bamboo or various types of wood which is available. The Lepcha population

is concentrated in the northern part of the Sikkim. This is the area that encompasses the

confluence of Lachen and Lachung rivers in the Dzongu region of North Sikkim.

Sikkim stays cold for most part of the year and people generally wear woolen clothes

made out of the fabric woven by Lepchas women. The Lepchas reuse and convert the oldand used woolen blankets into bags, shawls, jackets and dolls. Traditionally sheep wool is

used, but with the intervention of the Directorate of Handlooms and Handicrafts now

cotton and acrylic is also being used.

2Ref: Sikkim Art and Crafts, [Online], Available: http://www.whereincity.com/india/sikkim/arts.php,

Lepcha weaving


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Carpets weaving

The tribal women of Sikkim practice one of the oldest forms of hand-knotted carpet

weaving in the world. A frame (upright) loom is used for carpet weaving. The women of

the Bhutia community are the best of carpet weavers. The warp is prepared from cottonand weft piles are made in wool or acrylic. The color scheme and motifs are essentially

Buddhism inspired. The patterns commonly woven onto the carpets are a dragon holding

a ball in his mouth, the eight auspicious Buddhist symbols or stylized floral motifs.

Geometrical patterns are popular too. Most patterns depict the surrounding beauty of thelandscape and remind one of snow clad mountains surrounded by the sky and the brownand red earth and flowing waters.

Thangka paintings

The Thangka paintings of Sikkim originally are a medium of reverence, through which

the highest ideals of Buddhism are evoked. Thangka painting became popular among

traveling monks because the scroll paintings can be easily rolled and transported from

monastery to monastery. These Thangkas served as important teaching tools depicting thelife of the Buddha, various influential lamas and other deities and bodhisattvas. One

popular subject is The Wheel of Life, which is a visual representation of the Abhidharmateachings (Art of Enlightenment). White stands for serenity, golden for the birth or life

and enlightenment; red for the intensity of passion both love and hatred; black for anger;yellow for compassion and green for consciousness. There are three types of Thangkas.

One depicts the life of Buddha, his birth, his disillusionment with life, his search forenlightenment and his understanding of life. The second type of Thangka is more

abstract. These paintings represent the Buddhist beliefs of life and death. The third type

of the Thangka consists of paintings that are often used as a tool for meditation or as

Carpetweaving


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offerings to the deities. These paintings are usually done against a white

background. Thangkas are created on cotton canvas and often framed with silk.3

Traditionally, Thangkas were made by Buddhist priests and monks and specific ethnic

groups. The skills were passed from generation to generation. Today commercialization

has helped spread this art form among a larger group of people. The revenue earningsfrom this art have also helped the monasteries and its practitioners keep it alive.

Traditionally the colors used were all vegetable dyes or mineral dyes extracted from the

nature, and each color has a special significance. A fine quality Thangka can take as long

as four or five months to complete.

I V . Art istic Textiles of Sikkim: C raft Production ProcessThe production processes of the artistic textiles of Sikkim, namely Lepcha handloom,

woollen carpets and Thangka paintings are quite different from each other in terms of raw

materials as well as the tools and implements used. The processes for these three distinct

crafts can be summed up as follows:

Lepcha handloom

The Lepchas are the indigenous inhabitants of Sikkim, and are concentrated in the district

of North Sikkim. The Lepcha women traditionally weave the fabric for their attires.Along with this, they also weave woollen blankets, which are made out of sheep wool.

1. Raw MaterialThe raw material used by the Lepchas for their garments is cotton, and for blankets theyuse sheep wool. Acrylic is now used as an alternative. Lepchas rear their own sheep for

the wool and some wool is also bought from local traders. Most of the cotton and acrylic

is distributed throughout the state from Gangtok, where traders source it from Kolkata.

3Ref: Sikkim Art and Crafts, [Online], Available: http://www.whereincity.com/india/sikkim/arts.php,

Thangka artist atwork


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The cotton (2/20s) is available at Rs.132 per kg and acrylic at Rs.253 per kg.

2. ToolsThe tools necessary for weaving consist of yarns (acrylic, cotton or wool), spindle,

spinning machine, warp drum or pegs, and a loom.

The various loin loom implements are:

Front bar

Bamboo bar Heald bar

Sword

Shuttle

Breast bar

Back strapMost of these tools are either made of bamboo or sometimes wood.

3. Process:

Lepchas use a loin loom for their weaving, which is made out of bamboo or wood. It is

also called the back strap loom. A common loin loom consists of:

Front bar- The front bar is a circular wooden bar put in between two loops affixedto the wall of a house.

Breast Bar- The warp is fixed between the front and the breast bar. The breast bar isalso a circular wooden bar.

Sword- The sword is a flat wood piece and rests in the front warp, one end of thissword is blunt and the other end is pointed.

Heald bar- The heald bar is made of bamboo and is circular in shape

Circular bamboo bar- This is another circular bamboo bar but is a little longer thanthe former and is placed after the heald-bar.

Lease rod- It is a rod or a bar positioned between front bar and circular bar,separating the warp in two sets.

Back strap- This is made either of leather or cloth. There are two loops at the endsof the back strap, which are attached to the notches of the front warp bar.

Nearly all types of weaves can be woven in the loin loom. On a loin loom, the

possibilities of weaving pattern are unlimited. The weaver sits with a loom fixing the

Setting upthewarp


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back strap, keeping her legs against the footrest, which is adjustable for maintaining the

tension in the loom. The weaving process in the loin loom is governed by the shedding

motion, the picking motion and the beating motion. The heald bar is lifted up with the lefthand and the circular bamboo bar is presses down by the right hand simultaneously. The

sword is then placed in the shed and kept vertical and the weft is passed from the right

side by the right hand by means of the shuttle and picked up by the left hand. The weft isthen beaten up by the sword. The sword is then taken out and the center shed is made through which the shuttle is passed by the left hand and is picked up by the right hand.

The sword is then again placed to beat the weft. The process is repeated. When theweaving has just begun, the two-bamboo splits work as the first weft. This is the

technique of plain weave of one up and one down and the process is continued until a

pattern is woven.4

Carpet weaving

The woollen carpets, woven in sheep wool, are made by almost all the tribals across thestate. But the Bhutia women are the best of carpet weavers, carrying on to this day one of

the oldest carpet weaving traditions.

1. Raw MaterialThe yarns used to weave the carpets are wool, 50% wool or acrylic for the weft piles and

cotton for the warp and back layer. Most of the yarn is procured from Kolkata.

The cotton (2/20s) is available at Rs.132 per kg and acrylic at Rs.253 per kg.

2. ToolsThe tools necessary for weaving consists of yarns (acrylic, cotton or wool), spindle,

spinning machine, warp drum or pegs, and an upright frame loom.

The various loom implements are: Frame with two horizontal beams set apart by approx. 1 mtr.

Metal gauge rods One or more of these roods depending on how many weaversare working on the carpet as the pile length (average = 1.25 cm) is determined by

the diameter of the rod.

Cutting tool or knife- This is to cut the loops and form the piles on the gauge rod

Comb beater (panjaorchak-tak)- To beat down the weft

4Ref: Crafts of North-East: Types of Looms, [Online], Available: http://ignca.nic.in/craft258.htm

Rawmaterial and implementsforcarpetweaving


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Mallet (fong) - To beat down the rod with the weft

Shuttle

A pair of scissors for trimming

3. ProcessThe carpets are woven on upright frame looms in a vertical or slightly sloping position.

The design of the carpet is usually drawn on graph paper and hangs down from the top of

the loom or is unrolled, row by row, as a guide to the weaver. The weaver begins to

weave, usually with a row of end blinding followed by four lines of plain weave usingdouble or treble thickness of the warp cotton thread for the weft.

For warping the loom is placed horizontally on the ground. The weaver squats inside the

frame and leads the ball of warp yarn, usually four-ply cotton, around the beams, overand under the cross sticks and in u-turns round the warp lock-stick (axis rod). When the

warping is completed, the loom is put upright against a wall. The loom is constructedaccording to the size of the carpet to be prepared. A wooden bar is fixed at the bottom ofthe frame. The knots are made on an iron bar held above the first bar in a parallel

position. When a design is to be introduced the woollen yarn is snapped leaving an open-

ended knot that are made all over the iron bar, it is pushed down by fong( from one end)and the woven row is further compressed by the tool known as panja . The fork-likepanjais used to adjust the knots so that these occupy appropriate positions with respect tothe cotton yarn. A cutting tool is then used to cut the excess open ended yarn left

previously. It is further leveled off using scissors. To weave another row, cotton weft isinserted through the space between the front and the rear cotton yarns, and the above

process is repeated. Actual weaving is carried out as required by the designs to be

produced. Finally, the edge of the carpet is woven and the process is completed.5

It takes about 7 to 8 days for one weaver to prepare a carpet, and 10 days for a

5Ref: Nepal Crafts: Galincha-Woollen Knotted Pile Carpets, [Online], Available:

http://www.craftrevival.org/CraftArtDetails.asp?CountryCode=NEPAL&CraftCode=003582

Carpetweavercutting piles


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Thangka paintings

Thangka paintings depict the spiritual life of the Buddha and his teachings, and are hung

in the monasteries or used on ceremonial occasions. These were traditionally painted by

the monks in the monasteries, but gradually other artists have alsostarted to paint these.

1. Raw MaterialA Thangka artist requires canvas, brocades and paints to start working. Traditionally, for

paints, mineral pigments or vegetable dyes were used, but now fabric or acrylic paints arebeing used. All these materials can be procured from the local market or Gangtok, thecapital. The brocades are sourced from Kalingpong, the price ranging from Rs.350 per

metre for a simpler one, to Rs.1200 per metre for exclusive pieces.

2. ToolsThe tools or implements required by a Thangka artist are a wooden frame to mount the

canvas, animal hair brushes, a palate, and stitching equipment to mount the painting onthe brocade.

3. Process Preparation ofCanvasThangkas are normally painted on a cloth canvas. The canvas is put in lukewarm

water with glue and lime and stretched on a wooden frame with a string. White colourwith water is applied using a brush, cloth or a knife. The surface is then rubbed to

make it smooth and polishing continues until the canvas has acquired the desired

surface quality.

Sketching oncanvasThe sketching of the main figure begins with the construction of the linear grid to

conform to the physical dimension of the central deity. The marking of the four

borders follows with the artist leaving enough space of the edge for the brocade

frame, which is stitched on when the Thangka painting is completed. If the sketch issimple it is first drawn on paper to be used as a stencil. The sketch drawn on the

stencil is punched with needles thus creating small holes on the paper. The stencil isplaced on the canvas and red powder is then dusted on to it thus creating an outline

on the canvas. When the initial sketch has been completed the master checks the

proportions of each figure by comparing certain key measures of height and breadth

of each figure. The canvas is now ready for introducing the colours.6

F illing inthepaintsPainting involves filling in the areas with different base colours and subsequent

shading and outlining of these areas. Mud or mineral colours, and also acrylic based-

fabric paints are used. These paints are mainly prepared by the artists themselves. Oncompletion of the painting the canvas undergoes dry polishing on its back to make it

soft or pliant and resistant to cracking. A fine quality Thangka can take as long as

four or five months to complete.

6Ref: Bhutan Crafts: Painting-Lhazo , [Online], Available:

http://www.craftrevival.org/CraftArtDetails.asp?CountryCode=Bhutan&CraftCode=003519


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MountingthebrocadeOnce complete, Thangka paintings are mounted on brocade. The colour of thebrocade will depend on the colour of the Thangka. Every Thangka will have yellow

and red borders around it. A Thangka will also have a piece of cloth to cover it. The

cover is traditionally in two colours - yellow and red.

Product Range

The Lepcha handloom fabrics are being converted into jackets, waist-coats, ties, bags,cushion covers, table mats, napkins, purses and pouches, along with the woollen blankets.

The carpets are available in different sizes - are a few of the

available sizes. Car seat cover and sofa cover sets are also being produced.

Thangka paintings are now being commercialized, to be used as souvenirs or as decorative pieces removed from their original spiritual context.

Current Scenario

Textiles are an integral part of culture and tradition for the people of Sikkim. Theindigenous peoples of the state, Lepchas, Bhutias and Sherpas, all have their inherited

customs and rituals which have kept alive the decades-old styles and forms ofcraftsmanship.

The Bhutia women are the best of hand knotted woollen carpet weavers, whereas the

Lepcha women are adept at handloom weaving. These weavers essentially weave fortheir own consumption and some for sale in the local market. But with increasing demand

for their high quality products, weaving has been taken up as a commercial activity and is

Filling inthepaints


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being done by women in all the communities. Traditionally the woollen yarn made of

sheep hair for the carpets and the blankets was spun by these weavers themselves. Almost

all the households were engaged in sheep rearing. But with the introduction ofcommercialization and other yarn alternatives like acrylic, the yarn is now being procured

from Gangtok.

The Thangka paintings were traditionally painted by monks in the monasteries. But with

increasing demand for these high quality Thangkas in both domestic and internationalmarkets, other artists toohave been trained in this art and are practising it. The Thangkaswere done only when commissioned, but now these are painted specifically for sale in the

market. The Thangka artists are now using synthetic-based fabric paints instead of the

traditional mineral pigments or vegetable dyes.

With the influx of tourism in the state, the souvenir market has increased manifold. This

is the main market for these artisans. This has rendered most of these activities seasonal

vocations. During the lean season most of these artisans shift to other daily wage jobs,

working as drivers, waiters, or construction workers. The tourist season is from Octobertill December and March till June, during which periods most of these artisans sell their

products. The artisans sell most of their products to souvenir and antique shops where thetraders have monopolized the market and the rates fixed by the traders are not negotiable.

The emporia of Directorate of Handicrafts & Handlooms (DHH) is another alternate

marketing channel for these artisans/weavers, but DHH makes the payment for the

products after the sales, due to which the artisans/weavers are reluctant to sell theirproducts through DHH.

Trainingtheyoung weavers


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Most of the artisans/weavers work independently or with entrepreneurs. Only a handful

of these are organized under cooperatives or groups. These entrepreneurs and groups

have their own sales outlet besides supplying to DHH.

The problems faced by these weavers and artisans can be summed up as follows:

Non-availability of rawmaterials: The yarns, both acrylic and cotton, are eitherbeing procured from Kolkata or from local traders, the only sources for yarns as

there is no yarn depot or raw material bank. The availability of good quality raw

material is a major challenge faced by these artisans. Lack oforganization: Most of the artisans are working independently. There is

lack of awareness of the advantages of being organized under SHGs or societies.

Lack ofworking capital: Most of the artisans, after being trained at DHH, needfinancial support to start up on their own. This kind of support has not been

actively given to these artisans.

Loomupgradation: The existing loin looms have low productivity as compared tothe fly-shuttle frame looms, on which the productivity is almost double.

Lack of product diversification and market linkages: The existing sales arecurrently restricted to the local souvenir/tourist market. There is not much of

product development and diversification of the existing traditional textiles of

Sikkim.

The Directorate of Handicrafts & Handlooms (DHH), Government of Sikkim is thesingle largest organization which is providing integrated solution and assistance to the

artisans in Sikkim. This institute was established in 1957. The aim of the institute is to

preserve traditional art and crafts of the state. It provides training, research and design

development, marketing and financial assistance to the artisans. The institute offerstraining in various crafts, namely cane and bamboo (1 year), carpet weaving (2 years),

handloom (2 years), blanket weaving (2 years), mask making (2 years), multicrafts (2

years), wood carving (3 years) and Thangka painting (4 years). There are two wings of

DHH; Training and Production. Most of the pass-out trainees are engaged on wages in

Production Centers and the rest start-up on their own with some financial assistance fortools/implements and raw materials, and subsequently marketing support from the DHH.

But most of these ex-trainees could not utilize their knowledge and skill to continue to practice the craft they have been trained in and have shifted to other occupational

activities.

There are NGOs working in the region like Nayuma Wwas set up in 2001 to provide opportunity for self-employment and self-empowerment for

rural and urban women in the state. The society is promoting handicraft and handloom

products whose designs are drawn from the rich cultural and traditional heritage of themain ethnic communities of Sikkim viz. Lepchas, Bhutias and Sherpas. The women of

the society are practicing various arts and crafts such as carpet weaving, Lepcha weaving,wood craving, Thangka painting as well as the making of soft toys and cane and bamboo

products. The product range includes embroidery items, traditional dresses, aprons, pot-holders, bed sheets, pillow cases, cushion covers, hand bags, Thangka paintings and food

& grocery products amongst others. Currently, the society is implementing the AHVY

scheme of DC Handicrafts, under which, 317 artisans/weavers have been organized into

17 SHGs.


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Product Pricing

The price range of the Lepcha handloom products is Rs.70 to Rs.250. Purses cost Rs.70,sling bags Rs.150 and cushions Rs.250. The mark up for these products is between 10 %

and 20%.

The carpets start and go up to Rs.10,000 for bigger pieces.

The price range for high quality Thangka paintings starts from Rs.10,000 and higher. Butthe commercialized versions are also available for Rs.900 to Rs.2000.

Steps Ahead

The current situation of the crafts requires certain measures to be taken to address some

of the existing problems. These measures are as follows:

1. Organization of theexisting artisans/weavers: Most of the artisans spread acrossseveral villages are not organized. These artisans have to be made aware of the

need for forming collective and the focus should be on organizing them in groups.

Forming SHGs is essential for the economic stability of the weavers.

2. Re-induction oftheex-trainees: The ex-trainees from the DHH institute who haveshifted to other vocations should be identified, given work opportunities, and re-inducted in the production process.

3. Technical and tool upgradation: Most of the looms are loin looms and toincrease the productivity so as to start up the commercialization of the activity ona larger scale, the looms need to be upgraded to fly-shuttle looms. For this, the

looms, as well as the necessary training for their use, has to be provided to these

weavers, which can be done with the assistance of the DHH institute.Simultaneously, technical support needs to be given on the more efficient use of

loin looms to increase their efficiency.

4. Marketing linkages:The existing marketingchannels need to be strengthened, aswell as new channels provided for the artisans. The artisans need to be exposed to

the various marketing platforms so as to have a first hand review of their products

from the customers. The

5. Rawmaterial banks:Yarn depots or distribution centers need to be set in place, soas to streamline the raw material procurement process and to ensure and regulate

availability, quality control, and the price of yarns.

Bibliography

Golden JubileeSouvenir

SikkimArt and Crafts,[Online],Available: http://www.whereincity.com/india/sikkim/arts.php, [11

thSept, 2009]


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Carpets ofSikkimCrafts and ArtisansofIndia,[Online],Available: http://www.craftandartisans.com/carpets-of-sikkim.html, [11

thSept,

2009]

Bhutan Crafts: Painting-Lhazo,[Online],Available: http://www.craftrevival.org/CraftArtDetails.asp?CountryCode=Bhutan

&CraftCode=003519, [11th

Sept, 2009]

Nepal Crafts: Galincha-Woollen Knotted Pile Carpets, [Online],Available: http://www.craftrevival.org/CraftArtDetails.asp?CountryCode

=NEPAL &CraftCode=003582, [11th Sept, 2009] Sikkim: Arts and Crafts Tourism,[Online],

Available: http://www.indialine.com/travel/sikkim/arts-crafts.html, [11th

Sept,2009]

Sikkim:SikkimPeople, [Online],Available: http://www.bharatonline.com/sikkim/culture/people.html, [11

thSept,

2009]

Crafts ofNorth-East: TypesofLooms,[Online],Available: http://ignca.nic.in/craft258.htm, [5

thSept, 2009]

Field visit Sikkim, and interaction with the local artisans/weavers, govt. agenciesand craft groups.


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V . Product ReviewAIACA team purchased a few samples of tribal textiles of Sikkim to be reviewed by

were asked to give their feedback on the following attributes: quality, colour and design,

price, product potential in the domestic and the international market, and suggestions on

product range and designs.

The products varied in price range (Rs.150 Rs.625), the skill exhibited, the quality of

raw materials used and the products over all look.

The panelists included:

Kusum Tiwari, Director, Mura Collective: Kusum has over ten years ofexperience as a business woman and as a retailer of craft products. She started

with Mura Collective in 1998 specializing in Shibori (Japanese style of tie and

dye) and hand woven textile garments.

Niharika and Thomas Abraham, designers and owner ofPebbles: Niharika andThomas are NIFT graduates and have been working as design consultants in the

field of home accessories and textiles in the export sector for the past 13 years.

Pebbles-based design house catering to the European and Far-Eastmarkets. They showcase at international fairs such as Maison-Object, Paris and

Ambiente, Frankfurt.

AIACA in-house Design and Marketingteam:AIACA has an in-house design andmarketing team comprising designers from IICD, NIFT and University ofSydney. They have extensive experience working with the artisans on design,

product development and marketing.

Product 1, Rs.625 Product 2, Rs.150


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Below is the feedback on sample products from Sikkim and suggestions for future

product design and development.

1. Quality: The quality of the products is very good. Though one needs to look at thequality of raw material and the finish of the products for the urban markets. With

some more attention to the detailing, quality products can fetch a good price.

2. Colour and Design: The products have good color combinations and motif

placement. The designs, however, are very traditional, and more contemporizationis needed in terms of layout and placement. More experimentation needs to be

done with the design layouts such as those with the geometric patterns as well as

scaling up the floral designs.

3. Pr ice: The products are reasonably priced. They could fetch better prices with better finish, value addition, and accessorization of the products. An example

would be inbags fancy but natural-look buttons, buckles and flaps could beused.

4. Product potential inthe domestic and the internationalmarkets: The product hasgood potential in both domestic and international markets but needs more design

inputs and product range augmentation to penetrate the market effectively.

5. Suggestions on product range: Innovative ranges such as travel accessories/bags,runners, yoga mats, patio rugs can be introduced. TheEight Lucky Sign symbolscan really be developed as a brand and product collection developed around thistheme.


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V I . Value Chain Analysis of the Art istic Textile Weaving of Sikk imThere are primarily three key types of institutions that have been engaged in these tribal

crafts namely:

- Directorate of Handloom and Handicrafts (DHH), Govt. of Sikkim- Cooperative Societies- Entrepreneurs/Awardees/units

The DHH has been instrumental in reviving and revitalizing the traditional tribal crafts in

Sikkim. Since the 1990s, DHH has been providing skills training to the tribal artisans onvarious tribal crafts through its network of regional training centers spread across the

state. As per estimates, more than 10000 artisans have been imparted skills training.

Besides, providing skills training, DHH also has centralized production units wherein the

trained artisans are engaged full time on a job rate basis. The following section attemptsto elucidate the value chain of different products namely wood carvings, carpet weaving

(specific motifs and designs), Lepcha / Bhutia weaving, masks (of wood or paper mache),

and Thangka paintings.

In this section, the specific value chains are analyzed for the specific issues as well ascross cutting issues, alongside the opportunities.

a. Value Chain of Ca rpet Weaving1) Value Chain DescriptionCarpet weaving by tribals in Sikkim is unique for the designs and motifs used(primarily depicting the Buddhist figures, local tales and motifs). Traditionally, local

sheep wool was used but with gradual improvements, currently, mixed wool is used.

Most of the carpet weaving has been revitalized through the efforts of DHH wherein

regional skills training is initially conducted and thereafter, trained artisans areengaged in their production centers. Currently, there are around 60-70 carpet

weavers working in the centralized production center in DHH, Gangtok and around

100 trainees are being provided skills development training. DHH has a two yearsskills development program in carpets. During the first year, the trainees are paid a

stipend of Rs. 700/- per month, which in the second year, is increased to Rs. 900/-

per month. The trainees are selected or nominated through the local panchayats

/village councils.

The carpet weaving has been diversified to various products like car seat covers,mats, sofa seats etc. The raw materials and other infrastructural expenses are borne

by the DHH. The finished product is checked for quality and sold through the DHH

outlet in Gangtok. Most of the sales made through this outlet in local markets, out-station exhibitions and occasional bulk purchases. Very limited exports have been

done so far.


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2) Value Chain Mapping for Carpet Weaving (for

3) Positives in thecarpet valuechain1. Theskil led artisans with high potential ofdesign inputs:Carpet weaving has

been a traditional skill practiced and perfected by the tribals in Sikkim.

However, the raw material used has changed from being pure sheep wool to

mixed wool (owing to competing markets for the finished goods). The tribals

are skilled and can adapt to new designs and product diversification. Thisflexibility of both the product as well as the artisans provides a great potential

for creating better products and tapping larger markets.

2. Unique designs and product diversification:Carpet market is overwhelmed by the presence of various carpet clusters like in Uttar Pradesh and other

locations which boast of quality products and craftsmanship. However, theuniqueness of carpets in Sikkim, are the traditional motifs (Buddhist figures

and stories). These traditional designs however, have not been exposed or

recognized in the mainstream markets. The other advantage with the carpets

in Sikkim is they are early diversifiers of carpets, primarily to suit the local

demands (carpets have been diversified to sofa covers, square mats andothers).

3. Qualit y products: The intense two-year training program for the artisans incarpets results in highly skilled artisans and hence leading to good quality

finished products. Also the artisans are skilled to carry out a thorough quality

check and finishing.

Raw material:Wool: Rs. 126/- (500 gms @ 253/kg)Cotton: 66/- 500 ms 132/k

Job work: Rs. 350/-

Finishing (removal ofthreads, cleaning etc.)

Collection and sales

of the produceSelling price at theoutlet: Rs. 725/-

The raw material is procured by DHH from themarkets in Delhi or Ludhiana. The raw materialrequirement is more by the trainees (1

styr of training)

compared to skilled artisans (trainees use almost 7kg of wool in a month whereas skilled use 6.5 kgs).

Trainees take 10- carpet (get a stipend of Rs. 700 p.m.) whereasskilled take 7 days. Highly skilled artisans take3-4 days (get Rs. 700 per piece).

The job work for finishing is included in the overall jobwork provided to the artisan for making the products.

Net cost of production (excluding the administrativeand other expenses of the DHH) is Rs. 452/- (for a - (netprofit margin of Rs. 273/- this includes the handlingcharges and other administrative expenses)

DHH

providesthedesign

inputs,

marketsupportandskill

developmenttrainings


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4) Challenges in thecarpet valuechain1. Carpetmarkets: The mainstream market for carpets is flooded with various

quality carpets and products that suit the contemporary tastes of the

customers. The traditional designs though have their own market USP but

needs a well laid out strategy to create market awareness. So far the marketshave been limited to local, and hence have been doing well. But further

expansion needs would involve broadening the market base, and that would

mean adapting the traditional designs (while keeping alive its essence) tomainstream market needs.

2. Carpet as a businessmodel :The carpet business in Sikkim primarily revolvesaround the DHH wherein DHH creates skilled artisans through regional

trainings as well as has set up production centers. This model of DHH, on a

close look needs further revamping to develop it as a sustainable business

model. Currently, the DHH is supported through state funds and theoperational costs are borne by these resources. Further, the productions

happening at the training centers are highly subsidized i.e. the trainees are

provided a stipend ranging from 700 to 900 per month plus the raw materials

supply free of cost by the DHH. This often creates a dependency of thetrainees on DHH, and limits developing entrepreneurs. Also the support from

the state funds adds to further complacencies of the model, to graduate to the

next level of being an independent sustainable venture.

3. Productionsystems:Till date, since the beginning of DHH inputs in carpets,over 10000 artisans have been trained, however, only about 200 of them are

actively engaged in production (including about 100 existing trainees). Therehas been no follow up on the trainees who have been trained in the past.

During the diagnostics it was highlighted that most of the trainees after

completing the trainings have either left carpet weaving or have taken to other

jobs mostly owing to lack of business opportunities. This also is largelyattributed to the high levels of dependency on DHH. As of now, the markets

are limited to local markets and through outbound exhibitions and hence low production requirements that befits the existing market requirements.

However, to create more employment and income opportunities for the

artisans, newer and larger markets have to be explored. Once the markets are

further expanded there would be an urgent need to develop a good productionbase of skilled artisans (who may work on a contract basis as and when the

orders come in), beyond the existing institutional arrangements of DHH.

4. Institutionalmechanisms: One of the challenges that cuts across the entire

carpet based livelihoods in Sikkim is - lack of proper institutionalmechanisms that would empower and create self-sustaining enterprises. As of

now the only institutional system supporting carpet based livelihoods is bythe DHH i.e. network of training centers and a production center in Gangtok.

Efforts needs to be made to develop local community based institutional

strictures like the Producer Business Groups (PBGs) to create efficient

production systems as well as empower the artisans and make them self-sufficient profit centers.


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Also there are limited institutional arrangements and linkages for marketing

(only limited efforts of the DHH through its market outlet). To provide a

better access to larger markets institutional linkages and systems need to beput in place.

5. Lack of service providers: In the existing arrangements the major serviceproviders for services like design inputs, market information, technology up-

gradations, raw material supply etc. to the artisans, has been actively provided

by the DHH. Besides, DHH there are is no competing service provider in theregion for carpets. To establish and broaden the employment potentials of

carpets in Sikkim, the services have to made accessible to the larger artisan

base (beyond those directly linked with DHH) more such services need to beput in place like creating a group to ensure accessible and timely supply of

quality inputs, design inputs as well as other enterprise development and

business development inputs as required by the artisans. Few of these services

can be extended effectively by DHH like skill development, which can beeffectively complemented through collaboration with expert design institutes

and markets.

6. Gender perspective: North-East is general has active role of women in thefamily economies. Women are actively working as entrepreneurs and job-

workers contributing to the family incomes. Most of the artisans engaged in

carpet weaving are women, who mostly work on part-time basis (afterattending to their daily chores). The involvement of men folks could be

innovatively thought of to create an effective business initiative. The men in

the families can be trained on weaving, marketing and ensuring raw material

supplies, so that they also get some employment in the value chain.


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b. Value Cha in of L epcha Weaving1) Description of V alue Chain

Weaving in Sikkim is mostly practiced by a tribe called Lepcha and is called lepchaweaving.Lepcha weaving has been a traditional craft in the tribal households wherein theproduction primarily caters to the household requirements. Most of the traditional tribal

dresses are hand woven with specific motifs representing the specific tribes. Most of

these household weaving practices are not commercial and mostly done on loin loomsthat is more labor intensive.

The value chain analysis is done for a dresshaving the dimensions of 3mtr X on a loin loom. This product is made at the production center established by DHH where

the trained artisans are engaged as job workers.

2) Value Chain Mapp ing of Lepcha Weaving

3) Challenges and opportunities1. Up-gradation oftechnology andtools:The loin loom has been the traditional

weaving tool used by the tribals. It is labour intensive but produces the finest

quality products (good weaving quality). Moreover, as most of the production

is for household consumption, for commercial purposes and to scale up

production, the tools need to be modified i.e. introduction ofpower shuttleloomswould be essential. Loin looms also have their limitations as regardsthe dimensions of the products made on them. The maximum width that can

be woven from a loin loom is 14 to 18 inches, which suits the local

Spinning of yarn

Weaving (person days 2 days) i.e. job workof Rs. 200/-

Stitching Rs. 5-10/-per piece

The artisan is given the yarn and is responsible from startto finish of product i.e. spinning to weaving (stitching goesinto different rocess line

A skilled worker is paid around Rs. 3000 per month andtakes 2 days to spin and weave this dress. Semi-skilledtakes 7 days.

Net cost of production (excluding the administrative andother expenses of the DHH) is Rs. 320 and selling price saround Rs. 350/- (net profit margin of Rs. 30/- this includesthe handling charges and other administrative expenses)

D

HH

providesthedesign

inpu

ts,

marketsupportandskill

developmenttrainings

Raw material Rs.112/- for yarn

1 kg of yarn costs Rs. 160 and about 700 gms of yarn isused for a table runner of 3m X procured by DHH under the subsidized scheme of thegovernment

Finishing and salesSale price at outlet Rs. 350


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requirements of dresses. However, any product diversification like bed covers

or other decorative products would require more flexibility in dimensions.

This necessitates introduction of efficient and more refined tools as well astechnology that would suit the larger markets i.e. better looms, tools etc.

2. Organizing and aggregation: One of the limitations in the region, andspecifically in case of the lepcha weavers, is that they are mostly individual

artisans and work as independent weavers catering to the local marker. Any

access to larger markets would require ensured production volumes and thusaggregation of produce as well as producers. Limited effort at organizing

these weavers has been made by the DHH, who have a production center

where these weavers work under one roof. Largely, however, these weaversare still scattered in the villages.

3. Infusion of design: Most of the designs in the products are traditional andspecific to tribes. These designs have their uniqueness, however, they have ahuge potential for diversification to suit the taste of mainstream buyers. The

blend of tribal and contemporary designs is needed to ensure both

conservation of tribal designs and access to better markets.

4. Infrastructural requirements:Besides, the common production center createdby DHH, there are no other common working /production centers where the

primary artisans can collectively sit and work or even aggregate/package their produce, ensure quality control etc. The absence of such infrastructural

facilities often is detrimental to accessing better markets. Infrastructural

facilities like production centers, common training centers etc. would better

equip the primary link to better markets.

Nayuma Cooperative Society :

Registered in 2001, this cooperative has a membership of 45 women members (of which about30 are active), 80% being tribal. The cooperative was created to provide income opportunities for

women. Currently, the cooperative has diversified to new products using diverse raw materials(besides cotton) and has been dealing with bamboo products, wood carvings, Lepcha weaves,

Thangka paintings, and carpets in addition to traditional dresses. Most of the products are

sourced from local producers who sell the finished goods to the cooperatives. The members at the

cooperative finish and stitch the products that are primarily sold through their outlet, DHH and atexhibitions. With an estimated sales of around 20 lakhs the cooperative is working towards

enhancing livelihoods of the poor and mostly tribal women.


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c. Value Chain of Thangka paintingsThangka paintings are traditional and unique to Sikkim and this art form has been

practiced for generations. Mostly done by monks and tribals, these paintings depictBuddhist stories and motifs. The Thangka paintings are also considered very religious

and hence every Buddhist family has one such painting in their homes. However, the

markets are still limited to local markets, with an additional few sales to tourists. Owing

to low remunerations for the artisans from Thangka paintings, most of the artisans haveabandoned practice of the Thangka craft. Also, the sketching of motifs on fabric is ahighly skilled job and few skilled artisans who can do it are left. DHH realized this and

have imparted skills training to youth and other artisans. However, again owing toseasonality of the market as well as limited volume of sales and thus poor incomeopportunity, most of the artisans have quit.

Historically, the Thangka painting were done on silk, but with changing market pressuresof cost, currently poplin is being used (Rs. 25 per meter). Other inputs costs for a

Thangka painting (for a half mtr Thangka painting) other than cost of poplin are brush,

silk frame and wooden frame. The overall cost for production (including 7 days of labor

costs of Rs. 1500/-) is around 2800/-. These products are sold in the local markets for Rs.3000/- to 4000/-.


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V I I . Art istic Textiles of Sikkim: Business Development Plan

1. Objecti ves of InterventionIn the artistic textiles ACCESS and AIACA would be looking at Thangka paintings,

woolen carpet weaving and Lepcha handlooms. These crafts are practiced by the tribalsand intervention strategy is based on the principles of aggregating the existing artisans,

scaling up the operations to increase the income levels of the artisans, promoting

commercially sustainable production and improving marketing structures in the cluster.Based on these principles, the following will be the main objectives of intervening in the

cluster

Objecti ve 1: Reach out and work with the artisans across thesta teAs highlighted in the value chain, there are a number of artisans trained by DHH,working all across the state and mostly in north district of Sikkim. ACCESS and

AIACA would reach out to all the individual artisans, collectives, entrepreneurs and particularly women artisans trained by DHH. These artisans would be provided

services to scale up their operations and other inputs provided to assist in increasing

Objecti ve 2: Increase number of working days and wages of each artisanACCESS and AIACA would aggregate individual artisans into collectives and link

them up with the existing entrepreneurs. DHH trained artisans who have either left thecraft or do it only during certain months of the year would be provided more workyear round through design and product development support and market interventions.

Objecti ve 3: Upgrade the tools and implements to increase productivityTo increase productivity and incorporate more designs, tools and implement that are

currently being used need to be up graded and some new tools need to be introduced.

High and consistent quality products and economies of scale need to be achievedthrough the process.

Objecti ve 4: Develop new product lines moresui ted to urban mark etsACCESS and AIACA would feed in new design inputs and colour trends through theirmarket research. Product lines that are more suited to urban markets would be

developed. Key objective would be to highlight the handmade craft aspect and fetch

the appropriate price for the craft in the market. For each craft Thangka painting,carpets and Lepcha weaves specific design and product development would be donekeeping the craft uniqueness in mind.

Objecti ve 5: Create market linkages to multiple market segmentsIncreasing sales and wages of artisans will depend not only on developing newproducts, but also on ensuring that such products developed can be sold at higher price

points. ACCESS and AIACA will work towards linking the cluster actors to multiple

market segments within India and abroad. Each craft Thangka painting, carpets andLepcha weaving would be connected to appropriate markets.


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2. Intervention StrategiesTo achieve the objectives listed above, ACCESS and AIACA will primarily use the

following strategies while intervening in the cluster:

Strategy 1: Collaborate with DH H to reach out to the trained artisansDHH, over the years, has trained artisans in anumber of crafts. These training programsrun for 2-5 years and are very intensive. ACCESS and AIACA would collaborate with

the trained artisans and build upon their existing skills.

Strategy 2: Wor k with exist ing NG Os,ent repreneurs and master trainersACCESS and AIACA would collaborate with various stakeholders to reach out to 1000artisans. Emphasis would be on aggregating these artisans, providing design and

technical support to them and linking up with wider market segments. Existing market

channels would also be strengthened and enterprise support services would help establish

them as business entities.

Strategy 3: Diversify the raw material used and product lines created as per thecontemporary mar ket demand

Product lines and designs would be diversified and cater to wider audience rather thanjust the current tourist markets. Woolen products that are seasonal, new raw material base

would be introduced to increase their utility and marketability throughout the year. Theseinterventions are geared to provide artisans year round work and income.

d andcreating new mar ket linkages.Eight lucky sign symbols are very unique to Sikkim and other regions that have

Buddhist influence. ACCESS and AIACA would assist in developing this brand. Brand-

building initiatives will include developing new product ranges, developing a set ofmarketing materials that explain these symbols and their significance. A web-site and

product catalogue, holding a series of exhibitions in key markets to publicize new product profile along with Eight Lucky Signs of Buddhism, and representation of Sikkim

products at trade fairs in India and abroad.

3. Interventions under A H V Y schemeBased on the above objectives and strategies, the following interventions will be needed

under the AHVY scheme:

i) T raining of A rtisansGiven that currently, only approximately 1000 artisans have been working regularly

as part of existing value chains, skill-building trainings will be essential to scale upand strengthen the number of artisans capable of producing quality products. To do

this all 1000 will require training and skill-building inputs over the project period.

ACCESS and AIACA will undertake skill-building in a phased manner. 5 training

workshops will be held annually for a four year period to cover 1000 artisans, whowill be brought into the artisan collective.


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ii ) Integrated Design and Technical Development ProjectA significant design investment will be needed to diversify the product profile of the

cluster. An integrated design and technical development project will be initiated inyear 1 of the project. ACCESS and AIACA will identify appropriate designers and

hold a series of workshops in the cluster to develop a number of new product ranges

covering different product and market segments. Efforts will be made to diversify thebase skill and develop a new product range of garments, floor coverings and home

furnishings.

iii)Design and Technical Development WorkshopsThe Integrated Design and Technical Development Workshops will be augmented by

an annual Design and Technical Development workshops over a five year period tocontinue the process of skill up gradation, design development and to oversee and

fine-tune the production of new designs developed.

iv) O rganizing Exh ibitionsACCESS and AIACA will organize a series of exhibitions in major Indian metros,

market-test new product ranges and increase sales of artisans in the cluster. In

addition, AIACA will also work on representation of products from the cluster in

existing exhibitions across the country such the Dastkar Nature Bazaar. Selectedartisans will be taken to the exhibitions so that they can directly interact with

customers, get product feedback and also gain exposure to retail outlets in the major

metros.

v) Publicity MaterialsCatalogues and WebsiteACCESS and AIACA will develop marketing and publicity materials to help build

the Textiles of Sikkim brand and to enhance awareness of both commercial buyersand end consumers of the product profile, characteristics and craft production

process. A web-site for the cluster will be created, which will be handed over for

domestic buyers as well as importers across the world. Product catalogue for the

textile from Sikkim will be developed.

vi) Entrepreneurship Development ProgramSelected Artisans will be taken for the India Market Readiness Program (IMRP)

organized by Aid to Artisans and AIACA in Delhi in conjunction with the IndiaHandi

be put through the training program every year for three years to create a cadre of

trained professionals to run the collective.

vii)Trade Fair Part icipationThe new products developed in the cluster will be represented at three trade fairs -IHGF, the New York Gift Fair (NYGF) and Ambiente, Frankfurt so as to createlinkages with commercial buyers and generate bulk orders from year 3. Two artisan

representatives from the collective will also be taken to the IHGF to train them in

participating in trade fairs.


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viii)Computer , Printer and Internet Connection for A rtisan Society

collective through the project so as to enable them to interact with commercial buyersand generate required paperwork for managing customer orders and sales.

ix) Common dyeing facility and warehousing for Artisan SocietyStorage and office space, as well as a common dyeing facility will be provided to the

artisans collective through AHVY scheme to enable the Artisan Society to start

functioning and to scale up to cover a greater number of artisans.

x) Salary for Cluster ManagerA cluster manager will be hired to manage all initiatives at the cluster level, providelogistical support to Access and AIACA, and provide handholding support for the

artisan collective.

4. Project Output TargetsThe following will be the primary project targets over a five-year period:

Increase number of functioning artisans in the cluster to 1000 artisans Increase total sales revenue from cluster to 4 crores a year by the end of

project period.

Twenty five new product ranges developed more suited to the urban marketsin India and abroad.

Thirty new commercial bulk buyers linked to project cluster by end of projectperiod.

30% increase in number of working days and incomes of functioning artisansin the cluster.

5. Project BudgetThe total budget for proposed interventions over a five-year period is Rs. 1,52,25,360.

Appendix 1 with detailed budget break-up attached. In addition, Rs. 12,00,000 is the

weaving sikkim(1)

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